In a quality nursing care survey conducted in Israel, 1988-1990, the four nursing process com-pon... more In a quality nursing care survey conducted in Israel, 1988-1990, the four nursing process com-ponents were examined. The survey covered 13 hospitals with 119 medical and surgical wards, in which the nursing care quality for a sample of 2065 patients was assessed. Instruments used were (a) the Patient Classification Form, to assess patient dependency level, and (b) Monitor—an index of the quality of nursing care for acute medical and surgical wards [Goldstone et al., Polytechnic Products, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1982], a British adaptation of the Rush
The effect of gender on the use of cognitive structuring (CS) is examined in three studies (n = 3... more The effect of gender on the use of cognitive structuring (CS) is examined in three studies (n = 356). Study 1 showed that Israeli men use less diagnostic information (display more confirmation bias) than Israeli women. Study 2 demonstrated that Polish adolescent male but not female were influenced by implicit cues in a judgment task a Study 3 showed that the correlation between trait anxiety and the state anxiety measures, in first degree relatives of patients in a cardiac intensive care unit in Israel, was significantly higher for Israeli men than for women. According to the findings of the three studies, women use cognitive structuring to a lesser degree than men do.
This research explores the hypothesis that the relationship between need for cognitive structure ... more This research explores the hypothesis that the relationship between need for cognitive structure (NCS) and the use of cognitive biases is moderated by the perceived ability to achieve cognitive structure (AACS). NCS is defined as the ex-tent of preference to use cognitive structuring vs. piecemeal processing as a means to achieve certainty. AACS refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they are able to use information processing processes (cognitive structuring or piecemeal) that are consistent with their level of NCS. To examine this hypothesis, Study 1 explored the effect of the NCS by AACS interaction on the use of confirmation bias. Study 2, demonstrated this effect on the use of framing heu-ristic. The results of the two studies confirm the hypothesis.
The present study examined the effect of experience with the attitude object on the relationship ... more The present study examined the effect of experience with the attitude object on the relationship between the cognitive (Ac) and affective (Aa) components of attitude, and their differential ability to predict behavioral intentions (BI). It was hypothesized that experience may lead to a greater accessibility of Ac and thus to its better ability to predict BI if the latter is of a cognitive nature. Participants in the study were 250 nursing department students, with various levels of experience with nursing research activities. Their Aa, Ac, and BI were assessed by a questionnaire. The results of a regression analysis confirmed the hypothesis: The weight of Aa in predicting BI decreased as the academic level of the subjects increased, and it became insignificant in the most experienced group. In contrast, the weight of Ac was insignificant in the least experienced group, and it increased as the academic level increased. The importance of the correspondence between the nature of experience and the nature of the tested behavior for predicting the relationship between each of the attitude's components and behavior is discussed. 1 Although Fazio defines attitude as an association between a given object and a given evaluation, when evaluation may be of affective or cognitive nature (cf. Fazio, in press), Fazio and his colleagues very often utilized either a measure or a manipulation of a unidimensional attitude which consists of the affective response (e.g.
Although a review of the social psychology literature reveals that stereotyping is considered a g... more Although a review of the social psychology literature reveals that stereotyping is considered a group-level phenomenon (e.g., Ashmore & Del Boca, 1981; Brigham, 1971; Wilder, 1981, 1986), most attempts to deal with stereotype change have focused on intrapersonal processes. Relatively few attempts have been made to study the effects of intragroup processes, such as leaders’ influence on followers, on stereotype change. More importantly, even in those cases in which the effect of leadership on ingroup members’ stereotypical thinking has been examined (e.g. Pettigrew, 1961; Weigel & Howes, 1985), the conditions under which such interventions succeed have not been defined.
A study is reported that focused on the role of self-anchoring in the definition of social groups... more A study is reported that focused on the role of self-anchoring in the definition of social groups. We assumed that group members give meaning to a novel ingroup by defining it as similar to the self. Moreover, the need and ability to engage in cognitive structuring should affect this process. A minimal group study in which self, ingroup and outgroup evaluations were obtained supported these hypotheses. Regression analysis revealed that self-evaluations predicted ingroup evaluations, but that this effect was qualified by an interaction with ability and need for cognitive structuring. Participants high both in the need for cognitive structure and the ability to achieve cognitive structure relied most heavily on the self as a heuristic for ingroup evaluations.
Maintaining a healthy nutrition lifestyle is a challenge associated with a high risk of quitting.... more Maintaining a healthy nutrition lifestyle is a challenge associated with a high risk of quitting. However, it has been shown that healthcare providers who are perceived as having a high degree of epistemic authority (EA) can influence compliance. The aim of this study was to examine the individual level of compliance required to maintain the healthy lifestyle recommended by nutritionists with different levels of expertise. Specifically, the aim was to examine whether the degree of EA affects patients' compliance and whether active or passive dietary recommendations can affect the patient's perception of the nutritionist as someone who possesses credible knowledge in this particular area. The present study included 187 participants who completed scenario based questionnaires concerning the nutritionist's approach to treatment (from passive to very active treatment) and level of expertise, followed by questions examining compliance and ranking the EA accorded to the nutritionist. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. The results indicated that the formal level of expertise had no influence on compliance. In contrast, the type of recommendation given had an effect on participants' intentions to comply, and this effect was mediated by the level of the nutritionists' EA. Surprisingly, more active recommendations, although more behaviorally challenging, resulted in a higher intention to comply. Patients may possess prior expectations regarding prescribed treatment and these may bias their perception of the nutritionist's EA and consequently, their intention to comply. It is important that nutritionists understand patient expectations in order to tailor a strategy for treatment that will optimize the compliance with treatment recommendations. Academic programs in nutrition and dietetics should incorporate an appreciation of the importance of EA.
The visual impedance hypothesis states that at the time of reasoning, the reading context provoke... more The visual impedance hypothesis states that at the time of reasoning, the reading context provokes visual images, which may add irrelevant details to an inference and thus could hamper reasoning. This study aims to create a new visual version of a reasoning task, similar to the traditional propositional task of relational syllogisms, but based on visuospatial components. Using such a task, it would be possible to investigate the deductive ability of relational inferences in tests without the need for reading. Two reasoning tasks were used and measures of working memory, visuospatial memory, intelligence, and reading comprehension were taken. The participants were 61 university students without reading difficulties. Results show that both versions of the reasoning task work similarly in finding the main reasoning effects expected. Findings support the visual impedance effect, that is, fewer correct responses in problems with imaginable contents than with neutral ones. They indicate that this new visual task could be used to explore reasoning skills without reading being involved, and this would be useful for testing reasoning in people both with and without reading difficulties.
The aim of our study was to answer two questions: 1. How accurate are the reports of people who a... more The aim of our study was to answer two questions: 1. How accurate are the reports of people who assert they are biased? 2. Why do people who know they are biased tend to engage in more inappropriate behavior? A total of 340 undergraduate students participated in the study. They followed a special procedure measuring cognitive structuring, efficacy to fulfill personal need to achieve cognitive structuring, metacognitive self (i.e. self-awareness of biases), and the level of performed confirmation bias. The procedure was created for investigating confirmation bias concerning the perception of self versus others. The first question may be answered by the assertion that the more metacognitive self-awareness of biases a person possesses, the more confirmation bias they exhibit. The pattern of results concerning the second issue demonstrates that only efficacy to fulfill personal need for structure (EFEN) moderates the relationship between metacognitive self and confirmation bias. Thus, only low-EFEN individuals perceived the extent of their use of biases more accurately. We explain the effect in terms of cognitive processing style: an individual inclination for piecemeal processes.
Patients commonly search for e-health information about their illnesses which may be drawn from s... more Patients commonly search for e-health information about their illnesses which may be drawn from sites with varying reliability, and might contradict treatment recommendations. The present study was an early phase study that examined nurses' and patients' feelings and perceptions after an encounter with patients who present e-health information. Altogether 87 nurses and 118 patients answered a scenario-based questionnaire, in which patients presented nurses with e-health information of varying reliability that contradicted the nurse's own treatment recommendations. Respondents were asked to appraise their own feelings (control, comfort and knowledge expertise) in such a situation and how they thought their role-partner would feel in such a situation (nurses about patients; patients about nurses). The results show that regardless of the information reliability, the nurses thought that they would feel more positive than the patients, while patients thought they would feel less positive than the nurse. Positive correlations were found between nurses' feelings and their expectations of patients feelings. The same was not true for patients. In conclusion, both parties agreed that the nurse's response would be more positive than the patients. However, when appraising patient's reactions and feelings, nurses expressed an egocentric bias.
Carriers for a mutation in BRCA1/2 genes have a high, lifelong risk for developing breast cancer.... more Carriers for a mutation in BRCA1/2 genes have a high, lifelong risk for developing breast cancer. Preventive mastectomy is considered an effective risk reduction surgery. Many factors might affect the decision to undergo preventive mastectomy, including culture, perceived body image after mastectomy and important others opinion. The aim of this study is to evaluate BRCA mutation carriers' decision to undergo preventive mastectomy and the relationship between culture, gender, body image, and the decision. The study was a cross-sectional design where Arab and Jewish men and women were requested to imagine that they were/their spouse was a BRCA mutation carrier. The sample consisted of 200 participants, 101 Arab and 99 Jews, included 101 women and 99 men. The results show a high intention to undergo preventive mastectomy. Being Arab and having a more positive perception of body image after the surgery were connected to more intention to undergo the surgery. Also, those who intended...
Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji ... more Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2012/05/B/HS6/00268.
Judging others exists as a common phenomena and works as default option in social perception. The... more Judging others exists as a common phenomena and works as default option in social perception. The process of judgment is often anchored in the content of data about other people. According to the Dual Perspective Model of Agency and Communion (DPM) there exist two fundamental dimensions of content in social cognition which are community (morality, warmth) and competence (agency) (Wojciszke, 1994, 2005, Fiske et al., 1999; Abele, Wojciszke, 2007, Wojciszke, Abele, Baryla, 2009). Community refers to an individual's relation and actions toward others as a member of a social group, while competence focuses on the human beings' own goals and pursuits. At the same time social cognition and social behavior usually involve two possible perspectives – of an actor who performs an action or of an observer (recipient) of the action. The perspectives can change quickly within social interactions as people take turns and may at one time be actors and at another time observers of a particu...
In a quality nursing care survey conducted in Israel, 1988-1990, the four nursing process com-pon... more In a quality nursing care survey conducted in Israel, 1988-1990, the four nursing process com-ponents were examined. The survey covered 13 hospitals with 119 medical and surgical wards, in which the nursing care quality for a sample of 2065 patients was assessed. Instruments used were (a) the Patient Classification Form, to assess patient dependency level, and (b) Monitor—an index of the quality of nursing care for acute medical and surgical wards [Goldstone et al., Polytechnic Products, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1982], a British adaptation of the Rush
The effect of gender on the use of cognitive structuring (CS) is examined in three studies (n = 3... more The effect of gender on the use of cognitive structuring (CS) is examined in three studies (n = 356). Study 1 showed that Israeli men use less diagnostic information (display more confirmation bias) than Israeli women. Study 2 demonstrated that Polish adolescent male but not female were influenced by implicit cues in a judgment task a Study 3 showed that the correlation between trait anxiety and the state anxiety measures, in first degree relatives of patients in a cardiac intensive care unit in Israel, was significantly higher for Israeli men than for women. According to the findings of the three studies, women use cognitive structuring to a lesser degree than men do.
This research explores the hypothesis that the relationship between need for cognitive structure ... more This research explores the hypothesis that the relationship between need for cognitive structure (NCS) and the use of cognitive biases is moderated by the perceived ability to achieve cognitive structure (AACS). NCS is defined as the ex-tent of preference to use cognitive structuring vs. piecemeal processing as a means to achieve certainty. AACS refers to the extent to which individuals believe that they are able to use information processing processes (cognitive structuring or piecemeal) that are consistent with their level of NCS. To examine this hypothesis, Study 1 explored the effect of the NCS by AACS interaction on the use of confirmation bias. Study 2, demonstrated this effect on the use of framing heu-ristic. The results of the two studies confirm the hypothesis.
The present study examined the effect of experience with the attitude object on the relationship ... more The present study examined the effect of experience with the attitude object on the relationship between the cognitive (Ac) and affective (Aa) components of attitude, and their differential ability to predict behavioral intentions (BI). It was hypothesized that experience may lead to a greater accessibility of Ac and thus to its better ability to predict BI if the latter is of a cognitive nature. Participants in the study were 250 nursing department students, with various levels of experience with nursing research activities. Their Aa, Ac, and BI were assessed by a questionnaire. The results of a regression analysis confirmed the hypothesis: The weight of Aa in predicting BI decreased as the academic level of the subjects increased, and it became insignificant in the most experienced group. In contrast, the weight of Ac was insignificant in the least experienced group, and it increased as the academic level increased. The importance of the correspondence between the nature of experience and the nature of the tested behavior for predicting the relationship between each of the attitude's components and behavior is discussed. 1 Although Fazio defines attitude as an association between a given object and a given evaluation, when evaluation may be of affective or cognitive nature (cf. Fazio, in press), Fazio and his colleagues very often utilized either a measure or a manipulation of a unidimensional attitude which consists of the affective response (e.g.
Although a review of the social psychology literature reveals that stereotyping is considered a g... more Although a review of the social psychology literature reveals that stereotyping is considered a group-level phenomenon (e.g., Ashmore & Del Boca, 1981; Brigham, 1971; Wilder, 1981, 1986), most attempts to deal with stereotype change have focused on intrapersonal processes. Relatively few attempts have been made to study the effects of intragroup processes, such as leaders’ influence on followers, on stereotype change. More importantly, even in those cases in which the effect of leadership on ingroup members’ stereotypical thinking has been examined (e.g. Pettigrew, 1961; Weigel & Howes, 1985), the conditions under which such interventions succeed have not been defined.
A study is reported that focused on the role of self-anchoring in the definition of social groups... more A study is reported that focused on the role of self-anchoring in the definition of social groups. We assumed that group members give meaning to a novel ingroup by defining it as similar to the self. Moreover, the need and ability to engage in cognitive structuring should affect this process. A minimal group study in which self, ingroup and outgroup evaluations were obtained supported these hypotheses. Regression analysis revealed that self-evaluations predicted ingroup evaluations, but that this effect was qualified by an interaction with ability and need for cognitive structuring. Participants high both in the need for cognitive structure and the ability to achieve cognitive structure relied most heavily on the self as a heuristic for ingroup evaluations.
Maintaining a healthy nutrition lifestyle is a challenge associated with a high risk of quitting.... more Maintaining a healthy nutrition lifestyle is a challenge associated with a high risk of quitting. However, it has been shown that healthcare providers who are perceived as having a high degree of epistemic authority (EA) can influence compliance. The aim of this study was to examine the individual level of compliance required to maintain the healthy lifestyle recommended by nutritionists with different levels of expertise. Specifically, the aim was to examine whether the degree of EA affects patients' compliance and whether active or passive dietary recommendations can affect the patient's perception of the nutritionist as someone who possesses credible knowledge in this particular area. The present study included 187 participants who completed scenario based questionnaires concerning the nutritionist's approach to treatment (from passive to very active treatment) and level of expertise, followed by questions examining compliance and ranking the EA accorded to the nutritionist. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. The results indicated that the formal level of expertise had no influence on compliance. In contrast, the type of recommendation given had an effect on participants' intentions to comply, and this effect was mediated by the level of the nutritionists' EA. Surprisingly, more active recommendations, although more behaviorally challenging, resulted in a higher intention to comply. Patients may possess prior expectations regarding prescribed treatment and these may bias their perception of the nutritionist's EA and consequently, their intention to comply. It is important that nutritionists understand patient expectations in order to tailor a strategy for treatment that will optimize the compliance with treatment recommendations. Academic programs in nutrition and dietetics should incorporate an appreciation of the importance of EA.
The visual impedance hypothesis states that at the time of reasoning, the reading context provoke... more The visual impedance hypothesis states that at the time of reasoning, the reading context provokes visual images, which may add irrelevant details to an inference and thus could hamper reasoning. This study aims to create a new visual version of a reasoning task, similar to the traditional propositional task of relational syllogisms, but based on visuospatial components. Using such a task, it would be possible to investigate the deductive ability of relational inferences in tests without the need for reading. Two reasoning tasks were used and measures of working memory, visuospatial memory, intelligence, and reading comprehension were taken. The participants were 61 university students without reading difficulties. Results show that both versions of the reasoning task work similarly in finding the main reasoning effects expected. Findings support the visual impedance effect, that is, fewer correct responses in problems with imaginable contents than with neutral ones. They indicate that this new visual task could be used to explore reasoning skills without reading being involved, and this would be useful for testing reasoning in people both with and without reading difficulties.
The aim of our study was to answer two questions: 1. How accurate are the reports of people who a... more The aim of our study was to answer two questions: 1. How accurate are the reports of people who assert they are biased? 2. Why do people who know they are biased tend to engage in more inappropriate behavior? A total of 340 undergraduate students participated in the study. They followed a special procedure measuring cognitive structuring, efficacy to fulfill personal need to achieve cognitive structuring, metacognitive self (i.e. self-awareness of biases), and the level of performed confirmation bias. The procedure was created for investigating confirmation bias concerning the perception of self versus others. The first question may be answered by the assertion that the more metacognitive self-awareness of biases a person possesses, the more confirmation bias they exhibit. The pattern of results concerning the second issue demonstrates that only efficacy to fulfill personal need for structure (EFEN) moderates the relationship between metacognitive self and confirmation bias. Thus, only low-EFEN individuals perceived the extent of their use of biases more accurately. We explain the effect in terms of cognitive processing style: an individual inclination for piecemeal processes.
Patients commonly search for e-health information about their illnesses which may be drawn from s... more Patients commonly search for e-health information about their illnesses which may be drawn from sites with varying reliability, and might contradict treatment recommendations. The present study was an early phase study that examined nurses' and patients' feelings and perceptions after an encounter with patients who present e-health information. Altogether 87 nurses and 118 patients answered a scenario-based questionnaire, in which patients presented nurses with e-health information of varying reliability that contradicted the nurse's own treatment recommendations. Respondents were asked to appraise their own feelings (control, comfort and knowledge expertise) in such a situation and how they thought their role-partner would feel in such a situation (nurses about patients; patients about nurses). The results show that regardless of the information reliability, the nurses thought that they would feel more positive than the patients, while patients thought they would feel less positive than the nurse. Positive correlations were found between nurses' feelings and their expectations of patients feelings. The same was not true for patients. In conclusion, both parties agreed that the nurse's response would be more positive than the patients. However, when appraising patient's reactions and feelings, nurses expressed an egocentric bias.
Carriers for a mutation in BRCA1/2 genes have a high, lifelong risk for developing breast cancer.... more Carriers for a mutation in BRCA1/2 genes have a high, lifelong risk for developing breast cancer. Preventive mastectomy is considered an effective risk reduction surgery. Many factors might affect the decision to undergo preventive mastectomy, including culture, perceived body image after mastectomy and important others opinion. The aim of this study is to evaluate BRCA mutation carriers' decision to undergo preventive mastectomy and the relationship between culture, gender, body image, and the decision. The study was a cross-sectional design where Arab and Jewish men and women were requested to imagine that they were/their spouse was a BRCA mutation carrier. The sample consisted of 200 participants, 101 Arab and 99 Jews, included 101 women and 99 men. The results show a high intention to undergo preventive mastectomy. Being Arab and having a more positive perception of body image after the surgery were connected to more intention to undergo the surgery. Also, those who intended...
Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji ... more Projekt został sfinansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2012/05/B/HS6/00268.
Judging others exists as a common phenomena and works as default option in social perception. The... more Judging others exists as a common phenomena and works as default option in social perception. The process of judgment is often anchored in the content of data about other people. According to the Dual Perspective Model of Agency and Communion (DPM) there exist two fundamental dimensions of content in social cognition which are community (morality, warmth) and competence (agency) (Wojciszke, 1994, 2005, Fiske et al., 1999; Abele, Wojciszke, 2007, Wojciszke, Abele, Baryla, 2009). Community refers to an individual's relation and actions toward others as a member of a social group, while competence focuses on the human beings' own goals and pursuits. At the same time social cognition and social behavior usually involve two possible perspectives – of an actor who performs an action or of an observer (recipient) of the action. The perspectives can change quickly within social interactions as people take turns and may at one time be actors and at another time observers of a particu...
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