Hesham Enshasy
Dr. rer. Nat. Industrial Biotechnology
M.Sc. Technology Management
M.Sc. Microbiology
B.Sc. Microbiology-Chemistry
Address: Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
M.Sc. Technology Management
M.Sc. Microbiology
B.Sc. Microbiology-Chemistry
Address: Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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were carried out to improve cell growth kinetics to produce cell mass of this biotherapeutic yeast in semi-industrial
scale. At first, five different media were screened to select the most appropriate formula for biomass production. The
medium which yielded highest cell mass of 2.57 g L-1 and lowest ethanol was selected and further optimized by
changing the concentrations of each component. The optimized medium composed of (g L-1): Glucose, 20; Corn
steep liquor, 15; NaNO3, 1.0; KH2PO4, 6.0; MgSO4.7H20, 3.0; CuSO4.5H20, 0.002; FeSO4.7H20, 0.001;
ZnSO4.7H20, 0.01 was then used for yeast biomass production in a pilot scale 16-L bioreactor in batch culture
under controlled and uncontrolled pH. The highest biomass of 8.2 g L-1 was achieved in pH controlled culture. This
was almost double of the biomass obtained in shake flask. In conclusion, production process has been developed for
high cell mass production of the biotherapeutic yeast S. boulardii in semi-industrial scale.
Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or
in submerged culture using different types of media. Fungal mycelia contain adenosine, cordycepin, and
polysaccharides, which are responsible for its biological activities. Cordycepin is the best-known and most
potent mushroom-derived substances possessing anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating activities. This
mushroom characterized by very low growth rate when grown in solid agar medium for inoculum preparation
during cultivation process. Thus, there was enormous need to increase the growth rate of this type of mushroom
on solid medium to reduce the time of inoculum preparation stage. In this study, optimization of agar cultivation
medium for rapid cell growth using modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium culture supplemented with
specific amount of malt extract (ME) together with yeast extract (YE) was investigated. The mycelial growth
diameter was monitored during 21 days of cultivation using two series of experiments of different medium
supplements: 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of ME and 6 g of ME with 0, 2, 4 and 6 g of YE to the PDA medium. The obtained
results clearly demonstrate that the highest mycelial growth diameter of about 7.5 cm was obtained in PDA
medium supplemented with 6 g/L ME and 4 g/L. YE.
and it could be useful in the treatment of other diseases with B-cell involvement. Upon binding, rituximab induces death of the target cells. It seems to act not only by activating immune system defense mechanisms such as complement-dependent and antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity, but also by inducing direct cell death. In this paper, we review current knowledge on rituximab mechanisms of action, with particular attention to its direct effects, and also highlight potential future avenues of research.
mother’s milk. As lactic acid bacterium, it’s known as a highly efficient probiotic microorganism with a wide
range of benefits on the human health. This study was conducted to design and establish industrial platform for
high cell mass production of L. delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus for pharmaceutical and food industries application.
However, due to low cell mass production caused by the accumulation of lactic acid during the cultivation of
lactic acid bacteria, therefore, the optimization of cell mass production with low lactic acid production was
developed in this study. The new formulation of the production medium was developed by optimizing the main
components such as glucose (30 g.L-1), yeast extract (6.0 g.L-1) and peptone (6.0 g.L-1) in shake flask cultivation.
The cell mass production was 3.14 g.L-1, and it increased to 6.08g.L-1 with the lactic acid production being
reduced by about 33%, compared to the un-optimized medium.
supply cells with sufficient amount of air for cell and phytase production. The effect of different aeration rates, (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 vv-1min-1), on the kinetics of cell growth and phytase production by the recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) in 16-L pilot scale stirred tank bioreactor was investigated. The highest cell concentration of 3.81 gL-1 concomitant with the maximal total phytase production of 15.63 UmL-1 were obtained in a bioreactor of aeration rate 3.0vv-1min-1. At this high aeration rate, a maximal specific growth rate (μmax) and the maximal specific phytase production of 0.33 h-1 and 4102Ug-1, respectively, were achieved.
were carried out to improve cell growth kinetics to produce cell mass of this biotherapeutic yeast in semi-industrial
scale. At first, five different media were screened to select the most appropriate formula for biomass production. The
medium which yielded highest cell mass of 2.57 g L-1 and lowest ethanol was selected and further optimized by
changing the concentrations of each component. The optimized medium composed of (g L-1): Glucose, 20; Corn
steep liquor, 15; NaNO3, 1.0; KH2PO4, 6.0; MgSO4.7H20, 3.0; CuSO4.5H20, 0.002; FeSO4.7H20, 0.001;
ZnSO4.7H20, 0.01 was then used for yeast biomass production in a pilot scale 16-L bioreactor in batch culture
under controlled and uncontrolled pH. The highest biomass of 8.2 g L-1 was achieved in pH controlled culture. This
was almost double of the biomass obtained in shake flask. In conclusion, production process has been developed for
high cell mass production of the biotherapeutic yeast S. boulardii in semi-industrial scale.
Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or
in submerged culture using different types of media. Fungal mycelia contain adenosine, cordycepin, and
polysaccharides, which are responsible for its biological activities. Cordycepin is the best-known and most
potent mushroom-derived substances possessing anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating activities. This
mushroom characterized by very low growth rate when grown in solid agar medium for inoculum preparation
during cultivation process. Thus, there was enormous need to increase the growth rate of this type of mushroom
on solid medium to reduce the time of inoculum preparation stage. In this study, optimization of agar cultivation
medium for rapid cell growth using modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium culture supplemented with
specific amount of malt extract (ME) together with yeast extract (YE) was investigated. The mycelial growth
diameter was monitored during 21 days of cultivation using two series of experiments of different medium
supplements: 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of ME and 6 g of ME with 0, 2, 4 and 6 g of YE to the PDA medium. The obtained
results clearly demonstrate that the highest mycelial growth diameter of about 7.5 cm was obtained in PDA
medium supplemented with 6 g/L ME and 4 g/L. YE.
and it could be useful in the treatment of other diseases with B-cell involvement. Upon binding, rituximab induces death of the target cells. It seems to act not only by activating immune system defense mechanisms such as complement-dependent and antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity, but also by inducing direct cell death. In this paper, we review current knowledge on rituximab mechanisms of action, with particular attention to its direct effects, and also highlight potential future avenues of research.
mother’s milk. As lactic acid bacterium, it’s known as a highly efficient probiotic microorganism with a wide
range of benefits on the human health. This study was conducted to design and establish industrial platform for
high cell mass production of L. delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus for pharmaceutical and food industries application.
However, due to low cell mass production caused by the accumulation of lactic acid during the cultivation of
lactic acid bacteria, therefore, the optimization of cell mass production with low lactic acid production was
developed in this study. The new formulation of the production medium was developed by optimizing the main
components such as glucose (30 g.L-1), yeast extract (6.0 g.L-1) and peptone (6.0 g.L-1) in shake flask cultivation.
The cell mass production was 3.14 g.L-1, and it increased to 6.08g.L-1 with the lactic acid production being
reduced by about 33%, compared to the un-optimized medium.
supply cells with sufficient amount of air for cell and phytase production. The effect of different aeration rates, (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 vv-1min-1), on the kinetics of cell growth and phytase production by the recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) in 16-L pilot scale stirred tank bioreactor was investigated. The highest cell concentration of 3.81 gL-1 concomitant with the maximal total phytase production of 15.63 UmL-1 were obtained in a bioreactor of aeration rate 3.0vv-1min-1. At this high aeration rate, a maximal specific growth rate (μmax) and the maximal specific phytase production of 0.33 h-1 and 4102Ug-1, respectively, were achieved.