Papers by Mostafa Dehpahlavan
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2025
The period preceding early state formation in Iran (i.e., Early Iron Age) is frequently associate... more The period preceding early state formation in Iran (i.e., Early Iron Age) is frequently associated with the prevalence of mobile
pastoralists. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human and animal collagen from Qareh Tepe (c. 1200–
750 cal. bc) in Qazvin Plain was performed to understand local subsistence strategy and especially to distinguish between mobile
herding and stationary farming, which is crucial in understanding pathways leading to the centralization of power in that time.
In total, 53 human dentin samples and 30 animal bone and dentin samples were analyzed. The comparative data come from four
other Iranian sites of variable chronology: Sagzabad, Zagheh, Tepe Pardis, and Tepe Hissar. Standard methods of collagen extraction
and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were applied. People from Qareh Tepe were characterized by very high δ15N values,
clearly higher than at all other sites. There was a significant difference between the sexes, with males having more negative δ13C
values. In combined faunal data from the Qazvin Plain, suids composed a separate group, whereas all the herbivores showed a
clear correlation between δ15N and δ13C values. Elevated nitrogen isotopic values in humans from Qareh Tepe may be explained
by a high level of manuring with animal dung, forced by an increased population size in the limited space of the alluvial fan.
The research reveals that, at the dawn of the Median state, the Central Plateau of Iran was most likely not inhabited by nomadic
pastoralists but rather by agropastoral communities that knew how to make the best use of limited environmental resources.
دوفصلنامه تخصصی تاریخ ایران اسلامی, 2018
مجله موزه ملی ایران, 2022
The ancient city of Shahr-i Qumis is situated on the southern slope of the Alborz mountain range,... more The ancient city of Shahr-i Qumis is situated on the southern slope of the Alborz mountain range, approximately five
kilometres southeast of Qusheh village in Damghan city, Semnan province. Numerous attempts to locate the ancient city
of Hecatompylos, the second capital of Parthians, had been made since the mid-19th century until the site was finally
discovered in 1966 by John Hansman. Subsequently, Hansman and David Stronach conducted excavations in four seasons
from 1967 to 1978 in order to substantiate their claim. Unfortunately, limited published reports and articles were produced
from these seasons and the findings of these excavations, which are presently kept in the repository of the British
Institute of Persian Studies, were not adequately protected. As a result, the findings required revisiting, which was carried
out during the fall and winter of 2017-18. The excavation findings included human bone remains, which were a significant
part of the discovery. These remains were measured and examined, and bone samples were collected for radiocarbon 14
and stable strontium isotopes analyses. The results indicated that most of the burials in the abandoned buildings of the
early Parthian period of this site were probably from the middle Parthian to the late Sasanian period. These burials were
most likely performed by local residents of the area, who were permanent inhabitants of the site. The fact that most people
living in the area during the time period in question were locals suggests that they did not migrate during their lifetime
and consumed food products that were produced in the area. The burial method of these people was of the secondary
type and was accompanied by the bones of a wide range of animals and sometimes the post-mortem damage of human
and animal bones. This type of burial is rare and somewhat similar to the burial rites of the Late Bronze and Early Iron
Age sites in the Fergana Valley and Chust culture in Central Asia. Overall, the site of Shahr-i Qumis is an important archaeological
site that sheds light on the ancient history of Parthian culture. However, the limited published reports and
inadequate protection of the excavation findings underscore the importance of revisiting such sites periodically to ensure
that their archaeological significance is fully understood and preserved for future generations.m
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2025
Little is known about human mobility in the Iranian Central Plateau during the Parthian and Sasan... more Little is known about human mobility in the Iranian Central Plateau during the Parthian and Sasanian periods. To fill this
gap, we measured 87Sr/86Sr values in 22 human enamel samples from Shahr-i Qumis, Semnan Province, retrieved from
collective burials in the ruined buildings of an abandoned capital city of the Parthian state. The skeletons were radiocarbon
dated to the Late Parthian and Sasanian periods. The results were compared to 87Sr/86Sr values measured in 41 plant
samples and 3 snail shells collected from spots along the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains between Qazvin Plain
in the west and the Jajarm Plain in the east. All but one of the 87Sr/86Sr values in human teeth are consistent with local
strontium isotope values, and therefore the skeletons likely represent people who did not change their location between
infancy and death. This suggests that the cemetery was used by a relatively immobile population of farmers who took
advantage of the favourable conditions at the alluvial fan for crop cultivation or stationary animal husbandry, rather than
transhumant/nomadic pastoralists who would have used larger and more distant areas as pastures.
مجله ژنتیک نوین, 2024
This study presents the results of ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of two human skelet... more This study presents the results of ancient mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of two human skeletal remains excavated from the Sagzabad site, Ghareh Teppe, Qazvin Province, Iran, dated to the second and third Iron Ages. MtDNA haplogroups were employed as a key tool to investigate the population structure, origins, and migration patterns of ancient human populations. The analysis revealed that both individuals belonged to haplogroup D4. Haplogroup D4 is a subclade of the M-derived lineages, which originated in East Asia and is characterized by three main branches, including D4. This finding represents the first documented case of skeletal remains with haplogroup D4 in the Iranian Plateau, providing new insights into maternal lineage diversity and potential historical connections between populations in this region and those of Eastern Asia (Iranian plateau).
Archaeological Discovery, 2025
Tepe Sagzabad (2200 BC to 500 BC), located in the northwestern region of
Iran’s central plateau, ... more Tepe Sagzabad (2200 BC to 500 BC), located in the northwestern region of
Iran’s central plateau, lies along a key east-west trade route on the Iranian Plateau.
This site faces numerous challenges, including seasonal floods, and seismic
activity. In 2016, the excavation of Trench 6 unearthed a distinctive vessel
in Context 6006, characterized by a closed head, knob-shaped top, and side
handles. Its unusual form suggests similarities to traditional alembics used in
distillation, sparking debate over its function. Chemical analysis revealed secondary
crystallizations such as gypsum and calcite, likely a result of environmental
weathering, but no dairy lipid residues were found, challenging the theory
of their use in milk production. This study compares Tepe Sagzabad vessels
with similar artifacts, offering insights into the development of early distillation
technology in the region. These findings highlight the complexity of reconstructing
ancient technological systems and emphasize the need for further
research to understand early distillation practices on the Iranian Plateau. This
study serves as a preliminary exploration of distillation-related artefacts in prehistoric
Iran, offering a unique case for future comparative analyses.
Theoretical Principles of Visual Arts, 2024
Mithraism, also known as the Religion of Mithras, is one of the ancient and
well-documented relig... more Mithraism, also known as the Religion of Mithras, is one of the ancient and
well-documented religions of the ancient East, with origins tracing back to
the second millennium BCE. Archaeological and religious sources indicate
that this ritual entered the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian plateau via
the Indo-European peoples. Over time, Mithraism spread westward as a
religious bricolage, affecting cultures from East to West and existing in the
West under the name Mithraism until the 4th century CE. Mithraea, or temples
dedicated to Mithras, represent significant centers of worship for Mithraists.
These sacred places were where the devotees gathered to carry out
their religious obligations and rituals. Notably, Mithraea display remarkable
artistic and architectural features, with one of the most iconic being the religious
depiction of the Tauroctony scene at the center of the altar. The Tauroctony
is a central motif within Mithraic worship, usually shown as a representation
of Mithras sacrificing a bull in the presence of his companions.
This scene, whether depicted in reliefs, sculptures, plaques, or paintings, is
not only an artistic expression but also an essential and inseparable part of
Mithraic cult centers. It is considered a key symbol of the Mithraic Mysteries,
a system of secret religious teachings and rituals associated with the cult
of Mithras.
The Tauroctony scene, showing Mithras in the act of bull-sacrifice, plays a
vital role in conveying the philosophical and theological principles of Mithraism.
This scene, drawn in various forms across the geographical spread
of Mithraism, reflects a consistent conceptualization of the cult’s underlying
beliefs, despite regional variations. The term Tauroctony, meaning
“bull-slaying,” was first used by the Roman poet Statius in the 1st century
CE in his epic Thebaid. The word and the scene it represents have been a
subject of scholarly interpretation ever since. German scholar Franz Stark
initially linked the Tauroctony motifs to stars and constellations, associating
each character in the scene with a counterpart in the zodiac. His work was
later contested by the Belgian scholar Franz Cumont, who proposed that the
Tauroctony motif had its roots in the ritual practice of sacrificing a bull and
bathing in its blood for the “Great Mother” goddess in Phrygia, Asia Minor.
As a result, scholars have proposed two distinct interpretations of Tauroctony:
an Eastern-Avestan interpretation and a Western-astronomical one.
While these interpretations differ, most agree that the ritual structure of
Tauroctony is central to understanding the eschatology and purpose of Mithraic practice.
Due to the lack of original written texts from the Mithraic religion, the Tauroctony scene serves as one of the few reliable
sources for studying Mithraism and its rituals. These visual representations not only demonstrate the religious affiliation of
the worshippers with Mithras, but also offer a glimpse into the timing and execution of their sacred rituals. As such, this motif
plays a pivotal role in understanding the cult of Mithras and the development of its religious art. The research into the Tauroctony
scene attempts to clarify several important aspects of Mithraism: its etymology, the origins of its artistic representations,
and how the scene evolved geographically and over time. This study seeks to identify the time and place of the earliest
known examples of the Tauroctony, the geographical framework of its expansion, and the artistic developments that took
place in different regions.
This paper examines and analyzes 61 examples of Tauroctony scenes from 19 different countries worldwide, using a descriptive-
analytical-statistical-comparative approach. The chosen examples were selected from regions with a small but notable
number of Tauroctony representations, as well as from books, scholarly articles, and catalogs. The study adopts a comparative
methodology, which assumes that Mithraism originated in the East and traces the spread of Tauroctony scenes from
East to West. The 61 selected samples provide a comprehensive view of the geographical spread of this religious symbol over
a period of approximately 900 years, offering valuable insights into how the Tauroctony motif evolved over time and space.
The study’s primary focus is the classification and typology of the Tauroctony scenes, which reveals key insights into the
artistic continuity and change within the Mithraic tradition. These changes are reflective of the different stages in the artistic
training of early Mithraic artists, as well as the distinct artistic schools that developed in various regions of the Mithraic
world. The 61 examples are categorized based on three main criteria: 1) the technical features of the Tauroctony scene, including
object type, gender, inscription, dimensions, the number of characters depicted, and symmetry; 2) the main characters
of the Tauroctony scene, such as Mithras, the bull, the snake, the dog, and the scorpion; and 3) the secondary characters,
which include the raven, Mithras’s companions, Sol and Luna, as well as additional elements like lions, stars, zodiac signs,
and aquatic animals. Once these scenes are classified, they can be further typologized into different types and styles. This
typology is essential for understanding how the Tauroctony scene was adapted to communicate particular theological or
philosophical ideas specific to each region.
The typology of Tauroctony scenes is crucial for understanding how they evolved over time. Each of the scenes within the
three categories can be depicted in several different forms or subspecies. This means that the Tauroctony scene had multiple
variations that differed based on the location, the community’s specific beliefs, and the local iconography. By analyzing
these variations, it becomes clear that the changes in the Tauroctony scenes were not random; rather, they reflect the
changing beliefs and religious ideologies of Mithraic practitioners as they spread across different cultures. The evolution
of these scenes provides insight into the theological concepts emphasized by Mithraic artists in different periods and geographical
locations.
The study concludes that there were three main artistic schools responsible for the creation of Tauroctony scenes: the Eastern,
Central, and Western schools. These schools correspond to the three primary geographical regions where Mithraism
flourished, with each region contributing distinct features to the representation of the Tauroctony. In each of these artistic
schools, changes in the design of the scenes occurred as the cult spread, shaped by regional beliefs and the preferences of
local communities. Some artistic features of the Tauroctony scene were created in one region and later exported to others,
while some features remained confined to their original location. These regional variations of the Tauroctony scene carry
valuable insights into the local religious beliefs, regional iconography, and the transmission of Mithraic rituals from one area
to another.
In terms of chronological development, the oldest known examples of Tauroctony scenes are from the Achaemenid period
in Egypt. The styles used in these early examples can be seen as the models for later representations of the Tauroctony scene.
Over time, as Mithraism spread from the East to the West, the artistic style of the Tauroctony scene evolved, with each region
incorporating its own cultural influences. This progression is evident in the changes in the portrayal of the main and
secondary characters, as well as the incorporation of additional elements like the zodiac signs, celestial bodies, and animals.
These variations reflect the diverse religious, astronomical, and cultural influences that shaped the Mithraic world.
In conclusion, the Tauroctony scene is a central and enduring symbol of Mithraism, representing both the religious beliefs
and the artistic traditions of Mithraic worshippers across different regions and periods. Through the study of the typology
and evolution of these scenes, this research highlights the adaptability and continuity of the Mithraic cult, offering insights
into how religious motifs evolved over time and how they were influenced by the changing social, cultural, and geographical
contexts of the Mithraic world.
Keywords: Tauroctony, Bull Slaying, Mithraeum, Mithraism, Mithras Worship
Population Association of Iran, 2024
Paleodemography seeks to discern the demographic parameters of ancient populations through archae... more Paleodemography seeks to discern the demographic parameters of ancient populations through archaeological evidence. The foundational assumption in paleodemographic reconstructions is that the age and sex distribution of unearthed mortality samples accurately represent the death rates of the populations they belonged to. Under the principle of uniformitarianism, it is assumed the biological processes related to mortality and fertility in human populations have remained constant over time. Apart from the importance of overall numbers and rates of population growth, analyzing population structure offers deep insights into historical demographic processes and societal behaviors. The structure of a population in turn is shaped by the aggregate impact of health and disease experiences over time within a population. In certain cases, demographic data may provide evidence of a specific cause of death. Catastrophic events, whether natural mass disasters or high-mortality disease epidemics yield mortality distributions that reflect the age structure of the population at risk. Moreover, human migration significantly affects disease distribution globally, impacting indigenous populations, while other societal factors like war can also change the population structures. This paper reviews the determinants that shape and change the demographic structures of ancient populations by using the paleo-demographic approach.
پژوهه باستان سنجی, 2024
گورستان شرقی قرهتپه سگزآباد واقع در دشت قزوین ازجمله محوطههای مهم عصر آهن 2 و 3 در فلات مرکزی ایر... more گورستان شرقی قرهتپه سگزآباد واقع در دشت قزوین ازجمله محوطههای مهم عصر آهن 2 و 3 در فلات مرکزی ایران به شمار میرود که به
دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی خاص خود از سالیان دور همواره مورد توجه با ستان شنا سان بوده ا ست. این گور ستان در سالهای 1396 تا 1400 در
قالب کاوش آموز شی- پژوه شی گروه با ستان شنا سی دان شگاه تهران مورد کاوش قرار گرفت و شواهد و اطلاعات ب سیار مهمی از اواخر عصر
آهن و اوایل دوره ماد و هخامنشی را آشکار کرد. یکی از ویژگیهای جالبتوجه این گورستان تدفین چهارچینه خشتیِ طبقهای است؛ بهطوری
که در محدوده ترانشة ایجادشده در این گورستان، 5 طبقه گور شناسایی شد. ازجمله پرسشهای اساسی در مورد این گورستان که مقدمهای
چرا »؟ چرا این گورستان و گورهایش دچار آشفتگی و بههمریختگی مواد و بقایای استخوانی است « برای انجام پژوهش حاضر شد، این بود که
گوری چنان سالم و برجا ست که حتی یک بند انگشتش هم جابهجا نشده و در مقابل، گور کناریاش تا حد زیادی بههمریخته و آ شفته ا ست؟
آیا این عوامل درونی بودند یا از بیرون به گورستان وارد شدند؟ درنتیجه پاسخ به این پرسشها بهعنوان هدف اصلی این پژوهش در نظر گرفته
شد. بدین ترتیب با ا ستفاده از علم تافونومی به ج ستجو و شنا سایی عوامل این آ شفتگی پرداختیم. با بهرهگیری از علوم میانر شتهای مختلف،
مجموعه عواملی شناسایی شدند که نقش زیادی در دگرگونی وضعیت این گورستان داشتند. با توجه به پژوهشها و آزمایشهای صورت گرفته
م شخص شد که تعدادی عوامل طبیعی همچون وقوع سیل، زلزله، فعالیت جانوران و گیاهان و فعل و انفعالات مواد دفن شده همراه اج ساد و
همچنین عوامل انسااانی از قبیل تدفین ثانویه و فعالیت کشاااورزی باعا ایجاد تغییر در گورسااتان و بقایای برجا مانده در آن شاادهاند. پژوهش
و همچنین تأثیرات محیطی و )post-mortem( حا ضر ن شان میدهد که تحلیل تافونومیک میتواند درک بهتری از فرایندهای پس از مرگ
انسانی بر بقایای استخوانی )اعم از انسانی و جانوری( را فراهم کند.
پژوهش های ادیانی, 2024
The Cult of Mithras and Mithraism: A Clear-Cut
Origin or a Religious Bricolage
The Cult of Mithr... more The Cult of Mithras and Mithraism: A Clear-Cut
Origin or a Religious Bricolage
The Cult of Mithras (Mihr) is an ancient religion that originated in Iran. Evidence of this cult's presence can be found across its historical realm, from east to west. Over the past two decades, scholars from various fields have focused on this cult. Due to the lack of documented sources and conclusive empirical evidence, researchers have proposed different hypotheses about the cult's origins and its spread to other regions, each meriting investigation. This article examines these hypotheses alongside the existing evidence related to the Cult of Mithras. Understanding the origin of this cult is crucial for revealing the roots of Western Mithraism, which is undoubtedly connected to its Eastern counterpart. To achieve this, we consider three types of evidence: historical, archaeological, and theoretical. By analyzing these sources, we can trace the origin of the Cult of Mithras to Indo-European ethnicities in eastern antiquity. These groups, after merging with Persian culture, moved westward, forming a religious bricolage. Along the way, they absorbed various cultural influences, eventually developing into the recognized form of Western Mithraism.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Dec 31, 2023
Background: Zooarchaeology shares close ties with Comparative Anatomy of Veterinary Medicine. Thi... more Background: Zooarchaeology shares close ties with Comparative Anatomy of Veterinary Medicine. This scientific discipline involves the study of the bones of various animals, using anatomical information to explore the place and role of these animal species in life and human survival, thereby enriching our knowledge about the interaction of humans and their ecosystems. Objectives: Using available anatomical information, this study investigated the typology of bone remains and animal teeth in the area of Qareh Tepe, Segzabad (Qazvin Province, Iran). Another goal was to detect the abnormal effects created by humans or animals in bones, such as cuts, burns, or chewing effects by carnivorous animals. By extracting this information, it is possible to analyze the livelihood economy of that historical site correctly. Methods: A total of 1110 bone and teeth samples excavated in 2017 were analyzed. The samples were transferred to the Osteology Lab of the
مجله پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران, 2024
Qareh Tepe in Sagzabad is the only Iron Age site in the Qazvin Plain that has been extensively ex... more Qareh Tepe in Sagzabad is the only Iron Age site in the Qazvin Plain that has been extensively excavated. Unfortunately, due to the destruction of the upper layers of this mound, the information from the end of the second and first millennia BC of the area is insufficient. A new cemetery, in the east of Qareh Tepe, was found in the archeological excavations during 2016. The graves in this cemetery belonged to the first half of the first millennium and the end of the second millennium BC. Since cemeteries are valuable archaeological contexts to study various social aspects, the finds from this new cemetery could provide valuable information on the social structure of the resident society in the area during the timeframe mentioned. According to the existing theoretical models about social evolution, the present study aimed to evaluate the archaeological findings and compare them with the information obtained from the Neo-Assyrian accounts. The results revealed the existence of a hierarchical society with the transmission of hereditary social status at least since the end of the second millennium BC in the area. Furthermore, the finds from the first half of the first millennium BC indicated evidence of the separation of the cemetery space, emphasis on genealogy, population growth, sizeable mudbrick buildings, extensive trans-regional relations, and the intensification of metal production in the area. These findings indicated the increasing social complexities at the beginning of the first millennium BC. In addition, in their accounts, some Neo-Assyrian kings mentioned a place called "Bit-Kapsi"; this place was probably in the Qazvin Plain. "Bit-Kapsi" was a kind of regional polity or chiefdom during the 8th century BC in the area. The archaeological evidence indicates increasing social complexities at the beginning of the first millennium BC in the area, which could be associated with the emergence of "Bit-Kapsi".
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2023
Copts are famous artists that are responsible for producing woven fabrics with warm and brilliant... more Copts are famous artists that are responsible for producing woven fabrics with warm and brilliant colors. During this period, we see the effectiveness of textiles as a means of expressing social status, communication and aesthetic values, which arises from their widespread integration into daily-life from a practical, social and economic-political point of view. Generally, the most important role of Coptic textiles was clothing, which in addition to the functional aspect in burials, provides a clear picture of the diversity of products, weavers skills and social status of individuals. Due to the importance of this fact, the method of covering and a strong desire for fashion is noteworthy. Meanwhile, change in style and weaving techniques follow the reflection of economic and industrial needs, in addition to supplying domestic and foreign markets, it served military needs as well. In this regard, a thorough understanding of the political as well as the import or export of the textiles, requires examination of the many occupations such as the weaving centers, economic factors and aspects of social life that lead to their production and use of the textiles at all levels of society. Therefore, what we are discussing with a historical-analytical approach in this essay is not restricted to the functions, finding place of the textile and the export of the textiles produced beyond the borders of the province but also the multilateral exchange of cultures are considered too. It can be clearly seen in the widespread popularity of some motives and decorative tapestry. This is because in the continuously evolving their production, coptic weavers not only managed to link the heritage of antique, late classical style in Egypt and Sassanian Persia to what the Arab conquerors brought, but also succeeded in leaving an enormous influence in the region of the Roman Empire and thus through the trade of textiles, succeeded in offering their art and textiles industry far and wide.
Keywords: Textiles, Coptic Egypt, linen, Tunic, Textile Centers.
Iranian Studies, 2024
The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty i... more The beginning of the Parthian dynasty and the identity of Arsaces I as the head of this dynasty is one of the most mysterious parts of Parthian history. Based on the analysis of the written sources regarding the identity of Arsaces, these sources can be divided into two different historiographical traditions: one by Apollodorus and his followers Justin and Strabo, and the other by Arrian and his followers (Photius, Zosimus, Syncellus, Dio). Meanwhile, a narrative has been more welcomed among Parthian history and archeology researchers. According to this narrative, Arsaces was a Scythian who was the head of the Aparni tribe of the Dahae union. Then, based on this version of the origin of the Parthians, in the middle of the 3rd century BC, Arsaces took advantage of the confusion of the Seleucid empire in the west and together with the Aparni, captured the Seleucid state of Parthia and and provided the foundation for the formation of the Parthian Empire. The main reference and the most effective spreader of the concept of nomadic and Scythian Parthians is Strabo. He was inspired by the older Hellenistic historians in understanding the origin of the Parthians, however, none of them lived before the second century BC. In this research, the researchers based on archaeological evidence and analysis of written sources, say that the Arrian historiography tradition and his followers based on the fact that Arsaces was a native Parthian are closer to the political and social realities of the Parthian period, and we argue that Arsaces I was never able to create a kingdom comparable to the Seleucid Empire, he just managed a tributary state under the rule of the Seleucids. The establishment of the Parthian kingdom based on local and Parthian elements could have taken place only after the reign of Antiochus III (223/2-187b.c). In fact, there is no direct or indirect evidence for the Parthian Empire in Iran in the 3rd century b.c. If the early Parthian kingdom had essentially a territorial foundation, it could not have been anything more than a regional power.
Keywords:
Arsacid, Parthian, Scythian, Arsaces, Written Surces, Parthia.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2024
Background: Zooarchaeology shares close ties with Comparative Anatomy of Veterinary
Medicine. Thi... more Background: Zooarchaeology shares close ties with Comparative Anatomy of Veterinary
Medicine. This scientific discipline involves the study of the bones of various animals, using
anatomical information to explore the place and role of these animal species in life and human
survival, thereby enriching our knowledge about the interaction of humans and their ecosystems.
Objectives: Using available anatomical information, this study investigated the typology of bone
remains and animal teeth in the area of Qareh Tepe, Segzabad (Qazvin Province, Iran). Another goal
was to detect the abnormal effects created by humans or animals in bones, such as cuts, burns, or
chewing effects by carnivorous animals. By extracting this information, it is possible to analyze the
livelihood economy of that historical site correctly.
Methods: A total of 1110 bone and teeth samples excavated in 2017 were analyzed. The samples
were transferred to the Osteology Lab of the Anatomy Department of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran. Anatomical studies were conducted in several
stages based on the excavated samples.
Results: Among the detected animal samples, the highest percentage (30.09%) was related to
sheep samples, and then the samples of small ruminants (26.94%) (which could not be separated).
The percentages of gazelle, Asian water buffalo, wild boar, and chicken were trivial and less than
1%. In this study, abnormal symptoms were detected in the phalanges of the Caspian horse.
Conclusion: One of the remarkable points about the small ruminant samples separated at the species
level in this study is that the number of sheep samples detected surpassed that of goats. It seems that the
conditions for keeping sheep were more suitable. The number of Perissodactyla, especially horses, shows
a significant increase compared to the Neolithic periods and the beginning of the complexity of Iron Age I
technology. This finding indicates the use of horses and donkeys in agriculture and transportation activities.
Keywords: Anatomy, Zooarchaeology, Bones, 3D Modeling
Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 2020
Qazvin Plain is a broad cirque located in the NW part of the Iranian Central Plateau,
extending f... more Qazvin Plain is a broad cirque located in the NW part of the Iranian Central Plateau,
extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and
c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological
sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N,
49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II
and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et
al. 2019).
Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according
to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult
individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra
& Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker
1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth
(AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status
(Scheuer et al. 2010).
Journal of Research on Archaeometry, 2022
Classification and Typology of second iron age potteries derived from archaeological excavations ... more Classification and Typology of second iron age potteries derived from archaeological excavations of Qareh Tepe of Sagzabad in Qazvin using Radius, Tangent and Curvature (RTC) functions of the outer profile of pottery
َAbstract:
One of the critical tasks of archaeological studies is to illustrate in detail the geometric properties of pottery fragments. The illustrations are presented as classification and typological concepts for the potteries of a historical period. They are used to investigate the cultural and social structures of that period. Nowadays, most similar studies are conducted by numerical methods and mathematical modeling. This research examines the feasibility of using these methods and algorithms in the classification and typology of ancient potteries. What is important at first glance is introducing a set of geometric properties of the outer profile of the pottery fragments, which are entered to the algorithms in the form of RTC functions. These functions show unique features for an outer profile which are used in the classification and typology of the fragments. The classification of samples is accomplished based on RTC functions and by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The samples are categorized in bowl, jug and jar classes with nearly 95% accuracy. The designed ANN is a three-layer network with one hidden layer that includes two neurons. Network outputs are numeric codes 0, 1 and 2 which refer to bowl, jug and jar profiles, respectively. In the following, by correcting the erroneous samples and out of a total of 209 pottery designs, 128 (61.2%), 42 (20.1%) and 39 (18.7%) samples were placed in bowl, jug and jar categories, respectively. After classification, the typology of the available samples within each class is also performed by the Neighbor Joining (NJ) algorithm. According to the NJ algorithm, the bowl, jug, and jar samples are distinguished by 83, 22 and 27 types, respectively. The accuracy of the typology method is also evaluated between 95 and 97%.
Keywords: Pottery, Iron age, RTC functions, Artificial Neural Network, Neighbor Joining algorithm
Social History Studies, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS), 2022
Recently archaeological excavations in the eastern cemetery of Qara tepe, Sagzābād, have uncovere... more Recently archaeological excavations in the eastern cemetery of Qara tepe, Sagzābād, have uncovered graves related to the late second millennium and the first half of the first millennium B.C. (Iron ages 2 and 3). Thankfully, with the excavation of this cemetery, we have obtained some findings based on which we can reconstruct part of the social aspects of the life of the societies of the first millennium BC in the region. Graves are one of the most important archaeological contexts for discovering prestige goods. There are many questions and ambiguities in the field of prestige goods, changes in their type and value over time, and how they were distributed in the region in the Iron Ages 2 and 3. Given the theoretical discussions raised about prestige and prestige goods and the results of the excavations in this cemetery, finds such as sea shells, decorative beads made of carnelian and antimony, cylindrical seals of the neo-Assyrian style, cylindrical seals with geometric designs, and iron ornaments and tools can be considered as prestige goods. The evidence of this cemetery indicates the elites' efforts in the first millennium B.C. to maintain their social prestige by achieving new categories of prestige goods. As a sign of .......
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Papers by Mostafa Dehpahlavan
pastoralists. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human and animal collagen from Qareh Tepe (c. 1200–
750 cal. bc) in Qazvin Plain was performed to understand local subsistence strategy and especially to distinguish between mobile
herding and stationary farming, which is crucial in understanding pathways leading to the centralization of power in that time.
In total, 53 human dentin samples and 30 animal bone and dentin samples were analyzed. The comparative data come from four
other Iranian sites of variable chronology: Sagzabad, Zagheh, Tepe Pardis, and Tepe Hissar. Standard methods of collagen extraction
and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were applied. People from Qareh Tepe were characterized by very high δ15N values,
clearly higher than at all other sites. There was a significant difference between the sexes, with males having more negative δ13C
values. In combined faunal data from the Qazvin Plain, suids composed a separate group, whereas all the herbivores showed a
clear correlation between δ15N and δ13C values. Elevated nitrogen isotopic values in humans from Qareh Tepe may be explained
by a high level of manuring with animal dung, forced by an increased population size in the limited space of the alluvial fan.
The research reveals that, at the dawn of the Median state, the Central Plateau of Iran was most likely not inhabited by nomadic
pastoralists but rather by agropastoral communities that knew how to make the best use of limited environmental resources.
kilometres southeast of Qusheh village in Damghan city, Semnan province. Numerous attempts to locate the ancient city
of Hecatompylos, the second capital of Parthians, had been made since the mid-19th century until the site was finally
discovered in 1966 by John Hansman. Subsequently, Hansman and David Stronach conducted excavations in four seasons
from 1967 to 1978 in order to substantiate their claim. Unfortunately, limited published reports and articles were produced
from these seasons and the findings of these excavations, which are presently kept in the repository of the British
Institute of Persian Studies, were not adequately protected. As a result, the findings required revisiting, which was carried
out during the fall and winter of 2017-18. The excavation findings included human bone remains, which were a significant
part of the discovery. These remains were measured and examined, and bone samples were collected for radiocarbon 14
and stable strontium isotopes analyses. The results indicated that most of the burials in the abandoned buildings of the
early Parthian period of this site were probably from the middle Parthian to the late Sasanian period. These burials were
most likely performed by local residents of the area, who were permanent inhabitants of the site. The fact that most people
living in the area during the time period in question were locals suggests that they did not migrate during their lifetime
and consumed food products that were produced in the area. The burial method of these people was of the secondary
type and was accompanied by the bones of a wide range of animals and sometimes the post-mortem damage of human
and animal bones. This type of burial is rare and somewhat similar to the burial rites of the Late Bronze and Early Iron
Age sites in the Fergana Valley and Chust culture in Central Asia. Overall, the site of Shahr-i Qumis is an important archaeological
site that sheds light on the ancient history of Parthian culture. However, the limited published reports and
inadequate protection of the excavation findings underscore the importance of revisiting such sites periodically to ensure
that their archaeological significance is fully understood and preserved for future generations.m
gap, we measured 87Sr/86Sr values in 22 human enamel samples from Shahr-i Qumis, Semnan Province, retrieved from
collective burials in the ruined buildings of an abandoned capital city of the Parthian state. The skeletons were radiocarbon
dated to the Late Parthian and Sasanian periods. The results were compared to 87Sr/86Sr values measured in 41 plant
samples and 3 snail shells collected from spots along the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains between Qazvin Plain
in the west and the Jajarm Plain in the east. All but one of the 87Sr/86Sr values in human teeth are consistent with local
strontium isotope values, and therefore the skeletons likely represent people who did not change their location between
infancy and death. This suggests that the cemetery was used by a relatively immobile population of farmers who took
advantage of the favourable conditions at the alluvial fan for crop cultivation or stationary animal husbandry, rather than
transhumant/nomadic pastoralists who would have used larger and more distant areas as pastures.
Iran’s central plateau, lies along a key east-west trade route on the Iranian Plateau.
This site faces numerous challenges, including seasonal floods, and seismic
activity. In 2016, the excavation of Trench 6 unearthed a distinctive vessel
in Context 6006, characterized by a closed head, knob-shaped top, and side
handles. Its unusual form suggests similarities to traditional alembics used in
distillation, sparking debate over its function. Chemical analysis revealed secondary
crystallizations such as gypsum and calcite, likely a result of environmental
weathering, but no dairy lipid residues were found, challenging the theory
of their use in milk production. This study compares Tepe Sagzabad vessels
with similar artifacts, offering insights into the development of early distillation
technology in the region. These findings highlight the complexity of reconstructing
ancient technological systems and emphasize the need for further
research to understand early distillation practices on the Iranian Plateau. This
study serves as a preliminary exploration of distillation-related artefacts in prehistoric
Iran, offering a unique case for future comparative analyses.
well-documented religions of the ancient East, with origins tracing back to
the second millennium BCE. Archaeological and religious sources indicate
that this ritual entered the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian plateau via
the Indo-European peoples. Over time, Mithraism spread westward as a
religious bricolage, affecting cultures from East to West and existing in the
West under the name Mithraism until the 4th century CE. Mithraea, or temples
dedicated to Mithras, represent significant centers of worship for Mithraists.
These sacred places were where the devotees gathered to carry out
their religious obligations and rituals. Notably, Mithraea display remarkable
artistic and architectural features, with one of the most iconic being the religious
depiction of the Tauroctony scene at the center of the altar. The Tauroctony
is a central motif within Mithraic worship, usually shown as a representation
of Mithras sacrificing a bull in the presence of his companions.
This scene, whether depicted in reliefs, sculptures, plaques, or paintings, is
not only an artistic expression but also an essential and inseparable part of
Mithraic cult centers. It is considered a key symbol of the Mithraic Mysteries,
a system of secret religious teachings and rituals associated with the cult
of Mithras.
The Tauroctony scene, showing Mithras in the act of bull-sacrifice, plays a
vital role in conveying the philosophical and theological principles of Mithraism.
This scene, drawn in various forms across the geographical spread
of Mithraism, reflects a consistent conceptualization of the cult’s underlying
beliefs, despite regional variations. The term Tauroctony, meaning
“bull-slaying,” was first used by the Roman poet Statius in the 1st century
CE in his epic Thebaid. The word and the scene it represents have been a
subject of scholarly interpretation ever since. German scholar Franz Stark
initially linked the Tauroctony motifs to stars and constellations, associating
each character in the scene with a counterpart in the zodiac. His work was
later contested by the Belgian scholar Franz Cumont, who proposed that the
Tauroctony motif had its roots in the ritual practice of sacrificing a bull and
bathing in its blood for the “Great Mother” goddess in Phrygia, Asia Minor.
As a result, scholars have proposed two distinct interpretations of Tauroctony:
an Eastern-Avestan interpretation and a Western-astronomical one.
While these interpretations differ, most agree that the ritual structure of
Tauroctony is central to understanding the eschatology and purpose of Mithraic practice.
Due to the lack of original written texts from the Mithraic religion, the Tauroctony scene serves as one of the few reliable
sources for studying Mithraism and its rituals. These visual representations not only demonstrate the religious affiliation of
the worshippers with Mithras, but also offer a glimpse into the timing and execution of their sacred rituals. As such, this motif
plays a pivotal role in understanding the cult of Mithras and the development of its religious art. The research into the Tauroctony
scene attempts to clarify several important aspects of Mithraism: its etymology, the origins of its artistic representations,
and how the scene evolved geographically and over time. This study seeks to identify the time and place of the earliest
known examples of the Tauroctony, the geographical framework of its expansion, and the artistic developments that took
place in different regions.
This paper examines and analyzes 61 examples of Tauroctony scenes from 19 different countries worldwide, using a descriptive-
analytical-statistical-comparative approach. The chosen examples were selected from regions with a small but notable
number of Tauroctony representations, as well as from books, scholarly articles, and catalogs. The study adopts a comparative
methodology, which assumes that Mithraism originated in the East and traces the spread of Tauroctony scenes from
East to West. The 61 selected samples provide a comprehensive view of the geographical spread of this religious symbol over
a period of approximately 900 years, offering valuable insights into how the Tauroctony motif evolved over time and space.
The study’s primary focus is the classification and typology of the Tauroctony scenes, which reveals key insights into the
artistic continuity and change within the Mithraic tradition. These changes are reflective of the different stages in the artistic
training of early Mithraic artists, as well as the distinct artistic schools that developed in various regions of the Mithraic
world. The 61 examples are categorized based on three main criteria: 1) the technical features of the Tauroctony scene, including
object type, gender, inscription, dimensions, the number of characters depicted, and symmetry; 2) the main characters
of the Tauroctony scene, such as Mithras, the bull, the snake, the dog, and the scorpion; and 3) the secondary characters,
which include the raven, Mithras’s companions, Sol and Luna, as well as additional elements like lions, stars, zodiac signs,
and aquatic animals. Once these scenes are classified, they can be further typologized into different types and styles. This
typology is essential for understanding how the Tauroctony scene was adapted to communicate particular theological or
philosophical ideas specific to each region.
The typology of Tauroctony scenes is crucial for understanding how they evolved over time. Each of the scenes within the
three categories can be depicted in several different forms or subspecies. This means that the Tauroctony scene had multiple
variations that differed based on the location, the community’s specific beliefs, and the local iconography. By analyzing
these variations, it becomes clear that the changes in the Tauroctony scenes were not random; rather, they reflect the
changing beliefs and religious ideologies of Mithraic practitioners as they spread across different cultures. The evolution
of these scenes provides insight into the theological concepts emphasized by Mithraic artists in different periods and geographical
locations.
The study concludes that there were three main artistic schools responsible for the creation of Tauroctony scenes: the Eastern,
Central, and Western schools. These schools correspond to the three primary geographical regions where Mithraism
flourished, with each region contributing distinct features to the representation of the Tauroctony. In each of these artistic
schools, changes in the design of the scenes occurred as the cult spread, shaped by regional beliefs and the preferences of
local communities. Some artistic features of the Tauroctony scene were created in one region and later exported to others,
while some features remained confined to their original location. These regional variations of the Tauroctony scene carry
valuable insights into the local religious beliefs, regional iconography, and the transmission of Mithraic rituals from one area
to another.
In terms of chronological development, the oldest known examples of Tauroctony scenes are from the Achaemenid period
in Egypt. The styles used in these early examples can be seen as the models for later representations of the Tauroctony scene.
Over time, as Mithraism spread from the East to the West, the artistic style of the Tauroctony scene evolved, with each region
incorporating its own cultural influences. This progression is evident in the changes in the portrayal of the main and
secondary characters, as well as the incorporation of additional elements like the zodiac signs, celestial bodies, and animals.
These variations reflect the diverse religious, astronomical, and cultural influences that shaped the Mithraic world.
In conclusion, the Tauroctony scene is a central and enduring symbol of Mithraism, representing both the religious beliefs
and the artistic traditions of Mithraic worshippers across different regions and periods. Through the study of the typology
and evolution of these scenes, this research highlights the adaptability and continuity of the Mithraic cult, offering insights
into how religious motifs evolved over time and how they were influenced by the changing social, cultural, and geographical
contexts of the Mithraic world.
Keywords: Tauroctony, Bull Slaying, Mithraeum, Mithraism, Mithras Worship
دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی خاص خود از سالیان دور همواره مورد توجه با ستان شنا سان بوده ا ست. این گور ستان در سالهای 1396 تا 1400 در
قالب کاوش آموز شی- پژوه شی گروه با ستان شنا سی دان شگاه تهران مورد کاوش قرار گرفت و شواهد و اطلاعات ب سیار مهمی از اواخر عصر
آهن و اوایل دوره ماد و هخامنشی را آشکار کرد. یکی از ویژگیهای جالبتوجه این گورستان تدفین چهارچینه خشتیِ طبقهای است؛ بهطوری
که در محدوده ترانشة ایجادشده در این گورستان، 5 طبقه گور شناسایی شد. ازجمله پرسشهای اساسی در مورد این گورستان که مقدمهای
چرا »؟ چرا این گورستان و گورهایش دچار آشفتگی و بههمریختگی مواد و بقایای استخوانی است « برای انجام پژوهش حاضر شد، این بود که
گوری چنان سالم و برجا ست که حتی یک بند انگشتش هم جابهجا نشده و در مقابل، گور کناریاش تا حد زیادی بههمریخته و آ شفته ا ست؟
آیا این عوامل درونی بودند یا از بیرون به گورستان وارد شدند؟ درنتیجه پاسخ به این پرسشها بهعنوان هدف اصلی این پژوهش در نظر گرفته
شد. بدین ترتیب با ا ستفاده از علم تافونومی به ج ستجو و شنا سایی عوامل این آ شفتگی پرداختیم. با بهرهگیری از علوم میانر شتهای مختلف،
مجموعه عواملی شناسایی شدند که نقش زیادی در دگرگونی وضعیت این گورستان داشتند. با توجه به پژوهشها و آزمایشهای صورت گرفته
م شخص شد که تعدادی عوامل طبیعی همچون وقوع سیل، زلزله، فعالیت جانوران و گیاهان و فعل و انفعالات مواد دفن شده همراه اج ساد و
همچنین عوامل انسااانی از قبیل تدفین ثانویه و فعالیت کشاااورزی باعا ایجاد تغییر در گورسااتان و بقایای برجا مانده در آن شاادهاند. پژوهش
و همچنین تأثیرات محیطی و )post-mortem( حا ضر ن شان میدهد که تحلیل تافونومیک میتواند درک بهتری از فرایندهای پس از مرگ
انسانی بر بقایای استخوانی )اعم از انسانی و جانوری( را فراهم کند.
Origin or a Religious Bricolage
The Cult of Mithras (Mihr) is an ancient religion that originated in Iran. Evidence of this cult's presence can be found across its historical realm, from east to west. Over the past two decades, scholars from various fields have focused on this cult. Due to the lack of documented sources and conclusive empirical evidence, researchers have proposed different hypotheses about the cult's origins and its spread to other regions, each meriting investigation. This article examines these hypotheses alongside the existing evidence related to the Cult of Mithras. Understanding the origin of this cult is crucial for revealing the roots of Western Mithraism, which is undoubtedly connected to its Eastern counterpart. To achieve this, we consider three types of evidence: historical, archaeological, and theoretical. By analyzing these sources, we can trace the origin of the Cult of Mithras to Indo-European ethnicities in eastern antiquity. These groups, after merging with Persian culture, moved westward, forming a religious bricolage. Along the way, they absorbed various cultural influences, eventually developing into the recognized form of Western Mithraism.
Keywords: Textiles, Coptic Egypt, linen, Tunic, Textile Centers.
Keywords:
Arsacid, Parthian, Scythian, Arsaces, Written Surces, Parthia.
Medicine. This scientific discipline involves the study of the bones of various animals, using
anatomical information to explore the place and role of these animal species in life and human
survival, thereby enriching our knowledge about the interaction of humans and their ecosystems.
Objectives: Using available anatomical information, this study investigated the typology of bone
remains and animal teeth in the area of Qareh Tepe, Segzabad (Qazvin Province, Iran). Another goal
was to detect the abnormal effects created by humans or animals in bones, such as cuts, burns, or
chewing effects by carnivorous animals. By extracting this information, it is possible to analyze the
livelihood economy of that historical site correctly.
Methods: A total of 1110 bone and teeth samples excavated in 2017 were analyzed. The samples
were transferred to the Osteology Lab of the Anatomy Department of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran. Anatomical studies were conducted in several
stages based on the excavated samples.
Results: Among the detected animal samples, the highest percentage (30.09%) was related to
sheep samples, and then the samples of small ruminants (26.94%) (which could not be separated).
The percentages of gazelle, Asian water buffalo, wild boar, and chicken were trivial and less than
1%. In this study, abnormal symptoms were detected in the phalanges of the Caspian horse.
Conclusion: One of the remarkable points about the small ruminant samples separated at the species
level in this study is that the number of sheep samples detected surpassed that of goats. It seems that the
conditions for keeping sheep were more suitable. The number of Perissodactyla, especially horses, shows
a significant increase compared to the Neolithic periods and the beginning of the complexity of Iron Age I
technology. This finding indicates the use of horses and donkeys in agriculture and transportation activities.
Keywords: Anatomy, Zooarchaeology, Bones, 3D Modeling
extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and
c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological
sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N,
49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II
and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et
al. 2019).
Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according
to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult
individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra
& Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker
1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth
(AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status
(Scheuer et al. 2010).
َAbstract:
One of the critical tasks of archaeological studies is to illustrate in detail the geometric properties of pottery fragments. The illustrations are presented as classification and typological concepts for the potteries of a historical period. They are used to investigate the cultural and social structures of that period. Nowadays, most similar studies are conducted by numerical methods and mathematical modeling. This research examines the feasibility of using these methods and algorithms in the classification and typology of ancient potteries. What is important at first glance is introducing a set of geometric properties of the outer profile of the pottery fragments, which are entered to the algorithms in the form of RTC functions. These functions show unique features for an outer profile which are used in the classification and typology of the fragments. The classification of samples is accomplished based on RTC functions and by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The samples are categorized in bowl, jug and jar classes with nearly 95% accuracy. The designed ANN is a three-layer network with one hidden layer that includes two neurons. Network outputs are numeric codes 0, 1 and 2 which refer to bowl, jug and jar profiles, respectively. In the following, by correcting the erroneous samples and out of a total of 209 pottery designs, 128 (61.2%), 42 (20.1%) and 39 (18.7%) samples were placed in bowl, jug and jar categories, respectively. After classification, the typology of the available samples within each class is also performed by the Neighbor Joining (NJ) algorithm. According to the NJ algorithm, the bowl, jug, and jar samples are distinguished by 83, 22 and 27 types, respectively. The accuracy of the typology method is also evaluated between 95 and 97%.
Keywords: Pottery, Iron age, RTC functions, Artificial Neural Network, Neighbor Joining algorithm
pastoralists. The analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of human and animal collagen from Qareh Tepe (c. 1200–
750 cal. bc) in Qazvin Plain was performed to understand local subsistence strategy and especially to distinguish between mobile
herding and stationary farming, which is crucial in understanding pathways leading to the centralization of power in that time.
In total, 53 human dentin samples and 30 animal bone and dentin samples were analyzed. The comparative data come from four
other Iranian sites of variable chronology: Sagzabad, Zagheh, Tepe Pardis, and Tepe Hissar. Standard methods of collagen extraction
and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were applied. People from Qareh Tepe were characterized by very high δ15N values,
clearly higher than at all other sites. There was a significant difference between the sexes, with males having more negative δ13C
values. In combined faunal data from the Qazvin Plain, suids composed a separate group, whereas all the herbivores showed a
clear correlation between δ15N and δ13C values. Elevated nitrogen isotopic values in humans from Qareh Tepe may be explained
by a high level of manuring with animal dung, forced by an increased population size in the limited space of the alluvial fan.
The research reveals that, at the dawn of the Median state, the Central Plateau of Iran was most likely not inhabited by nomadic
pastoralists but rather by agropastoral communities that knew how to make the best use of limited environmental resources.
kilometres southeast of Qusheh village in Damghan city, Semnan province. Numerous attempts to locate the ancient city
of Hecatompylos, the second capital of Parthians, had been made since the mid-19th century until the site was finally
discovered in 1966 by John Hansman. Subsequently, Hansman and David Stronach conducted excavations in four seasons
from 1967 to 1978 in order to substantiate their claim. Unfortunately, limited published reports and articles were produced
from these seasons and the findings of these excavations, which are presently kept in the repository of the British
Institute of Persian Studies, were not adequately protected. As a result, the findings required revisiting, which was carried
out during the fall and winter of 2017-18. The excavation findings included human bone remains, which were a significant
part of the discovery. These remains were measured and examined, and bone samples were collected for radiocarbon 14
and stable strontium isotopes analyses. The results indicated that most of the burials in the abandoned buildings of the
early Parthian period of this site were probably from the middle Parthian to the late Sasanian period. These burials were
most likely performed by local residents of the area, who were permanent inhabitants of the site. The fact that most people
living in the area during the time period in question were locals suggests that they did not migrate during their lifetime
and consumed food products that were produced in the area. The burial method of these people was of the secondary
type and was accompanied by the bones of a wide range of animals and sometimes the post-mortem damage of human
and animal bones. This type of burial is rare and somewhat similar to the burial rites of the Late Bronze and Early Iron
Age sites in the Fergana Valley and Chust culture in Central Asia. Overall, the site of Shahr-i Qumis is an important archaeological
site that sheds light on the ancient history of Parthian culture. However, the limited published reports and
inadequate protection of the excavation findings underscore the importance of revisiting such sites periodically to ensure
that their archaeological significance is fully understood and preserved for future generations.m
gap, we measured 87Sr/86Sr values in 22 human enamel samples from Shahr-i Qumis, Semnan Province, retrieved from
collective burials in the ruined buildings of an abandoned capital city of the Parthian state. The skeletons were radiocarbon
dated to the Late Parthian and Sasanian periods. The results were compared to 87Sr/86Sr values measured in 41 plant
samples and 3 snail shells collected from spots along the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains between Qazvin Plain
in the west and the Jajarm Plain in the east. All but one of the 87Sr/86Sr values in human teeth are consistent with local
strontium isotope values, and therefore the skeletons likely represent people who did not change their location between
infancy and death. This suggests that the cemetery was used by a relatively immobile population of farmers who took
advantage of the favourable conditions at the alluvial fan for crop cultivation or stationary animal husbandry, rather than
transhumant/nomadic pastoralists who would have used larger and more distant areas as pastures.
Iran’s central plateau, lies along a key east-west trade route on the Iranian Plateau.
This site faces numerous challenges, including seasonal floods, and seismic
activity. In 2016, the excavation of Trench 6 unearthed a distinctive vessel
in Context 6006, characterized by a closed head, knob-shaped top, and side
handles. Its unusual form suggests similarities to traditional alembics used in
distillation, sparking debate over its function. Chemical analysis revealed secondary
crystallizations such as gypsum and calcite, likely a result of environmental
weathering, but no dairy lipid residues were found, challenging the theory
of their use in milk production. This study compares Tepe Sagzabad vessels
with similar artifacts, offering insights into the development of early distillation
technology in the region. These findings highlight the complexity of reconstructing
ancient technological systems and emphasize the need for further
research to understand early distillation practices on the Iranian Plateau. This
study serves as a preliminary exploration of distillation-related artefacts in prehistoric
Iran, offering a unique case for future comparative analyses.
well-documented religions of the ancient East, with origins tracing back to
the second millennium BCE. Archaeological and religious sources indicate
that this ritual entered the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian plateau via
the Indo-European peoples. Over time, Mithraism spread westward as a
religious bricolage, affecting cultures from East to West and existing in the
West under the name Mithraism until the 4th century CE. Mithraea, or temples
dedicated to Mithras, represent significant centers of worship for Mithraists.
These sacred places were where the devotees gathered to carry out
their religious obligations and rituals. Notably, Mithraea display remarkable
artistic and architectural features, with one of the most iconic being the religious
depiction of the Tauroctony scene at the center of the altar. The Tauroctony
is a central motif within Mithraic worship, usually shown as a representation
of Mithras sacrificing a bull in the presence of his companions.
This scene, whether depicted in reliefs, sculptures, plaques, or paintings, is
not only an artistic expression but also an essential and inseparable part of
Mithraic cult centers. It is considered a key symbol of the Mithraic Mysteries,
a system of secret religious teachings and rituals associated with the cult
of Mithras.
The Tauroctony scene, showing Mithras in the act of bull-sacrifice, plays a
vital role in conveying the philosophical and theological principles of Mithraism.
This scene, drawn in various forms across the geographical spread
of Mithraism, reflects a consistent conceptualization of the cult’s underlying
beliefs, despite regional variations. The term Tauroctony, meaning
“bull-slaying,” was first used by the Roman poet Statius in the 1st century
CE in his epic Thebaid. The word and the scene it represents have been a
subject of scholarly interpretation ever since. German scholar Franz Stark
initially linked the Tauroctony motifs to stars and constellations, associating
each character in the scene with a counterpart in the zodiac. His work was
later contested by the Belgian scholar Franz Cumont, who proposed that the
Tauroctony motif had its roots in the ritual practice of sacrificing a bull and
bathing in its blood for the “Great Mother” goddess in Phrygia, Asia Minor.
As a result, scholars have proposed two distinct interpretations of Tauroctony:
an Eastern-Avestan interpretation and a Western-astronomical one.
While these interpretations differ, most agree that the ritual structure of
Tauroctony is central to understanding the eschatology and purpose of Mithraic practice.
Due to the lack of original written texts from the Mithraic religion, the Tauroctony scene serves as one of the few reliable
sources for studying Mithraism and its rituals. These visual representations not only demonstrate the religious affiliation of
the worshippers with Mithras, but also offer a glimpse into the timing and execution of their sacred rituals. As such, this motif
plays a pivotal role in understanding the cult of Mithras and the development of its religious art. The research into the Tauroctony
scene attempts to clarify several important aspects of Mithraism: its etymology, the origins of its artistic representations,
and how the scene evolved geographically and over time. This study seeks to identify the time and place of the earliest
known examples of the Tauroctony, the geographical framework of its expansion, and the artistic developments that took
place in different regions.
This paper examines and analyzes 61 examples of Tauroctony scenes from 19 different countries worldwide, using a descriptive-
analytical-statistical-comparative approach. The chosen examples were selected from regions with a small but notable
number of Tauroctony representations, as well as from books, scholarly articles, and catalogs. The study adopts a comparative
methodology, which assumes that Mithraism originated in the East and traces the spread of Tauroctony scenes from
East to West. The 61 selected samples provide a comprehensive view of the geographical spread of this religious symbol over
a period of approximately 900 years, offering valuable insights into how the Tauroctony motif evolved over time and space.
The study’s primary focus is the classification and typology of the Tauroctony scenes, which reveals key insights into the
artistic continuity and change within the Mithraic tradition. These changes are reflective of the different stages in the artistic
training of early Mithraic artists, as well as the distinct artistic schools that developed in various regions of the Mithraic
world. The 61 examples are categorized based on three main criteria: 1) the technical features of the Tauroctony scene, including
object type, gender, inscription, dimensions, the number of characters depicted, and symmetry; 2) the main characters
of the Tauroctony scene, such as Mithras, the bull, the snake, the dog, and the scorpion; and 3) the secondary characters,
which include the raven, Mithras’s companions, Sol and Luna, as well as additional elements like lions, stars, zodiac signs,
and aquatic animals. Once these scenes are classified, they can be further typologized into different types and styles. This
typology is essential for understanding how the Tauroctony scene was adapted to communicate particular theological or
philosophical ideas specific to each region.
The typology of Tauroctony scenes is crucial for understanding how they evolved over time. Each of the scenes within the
three categories can be depicted in several different forms or subspecies. This means that the Tauroctony scene had multiple
variations that differed based on the location, the community’s specific beliefs, and the local iconography. By analyzing
these variations, it becomes clear that the changes in the Tauroctony scenes were not random; rather, they reflect the
changing beliefs and religious ideologies of Mithraic practitioners as they spread across different cultures. The evolution
of these scenes provides insight into the theological concepts emphasized by Mithraic artists in different periods and geographical
locations.
The study concludes that there were three main artistic schools responsible for the creation of Tauroctony scenes: the Eastern,
Central, and Western schools. These schools correspond to the three primary geographical regions where Mithraism
flourished, with each region contributing distinct features to the representation of the Tauroctony. In each of these artistic
schools, changes in the design of the scenes occurred as the cult spread, shaped by regional beliefs and the preferences of
local communities. Some artistic features of the Tauroctony scene were created in one region and later exported to others,
while some features remained confined to their original location. These regional variations of the Tauroctony scene carry
valuable insights into the local religious beliefs, regional iconography, and the transmission of Mithraic rituals from one area
to another.
In terms of chronological development, the oldest known examples of Tauroctony scenes are from the Achaemenid period
in Egypt. The styles used in these early examples can be seen as the models for later representations of the Tauroctony scene.
Over time, as Mithraism spread from the East to the West, the artistic style of the Tauroctony scene evolved, with each region
incorporating its own cultural influences. This progression is evident in the changes in the portrayal of the main and
secondary characters, as well as the incorporation of additional elements like the zodiac signs, celestial bodies, and animals.
These variations reflect the diverse religious, astronomical, and cultural influences that shaped the Mithraic world.
In conclusion, the Tauroctony scene is a central and enduring symbol of Mithraism, representing both the religious beliefs
and the artistic traditions of Mithraic worshippers across different regions and periods. Through the study of the typology
and evolution of these scenes, this research highlights the adaptability and continuity of the Mithraic cult, offering insights
into how religious motifs evolved over time and how they were influenced by the changing social, cultural, and geographical
contexts of the Mithraic world.
Keywords: Tauroctony, Bull Slaying, Mithraeum, Mithraism, Mithras Worship
دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی خاص خود از سالیان دور همواره مورد توجه با ستان شنا سان بوده ا ست. این گور ستان در سالهای 1396 تا 1400 در
قالب کاوش آموز شی- پژوه شی گروه با ستان شنا سی دان شگاه تهران مورد کاوش قرار گرفت و شواهد و اطلاعات ب سیار مهمی از اواخر عصر
آهن و اوایل دوره ماد و هخامنشی را آشکار کرد. یکی از ویژگیهای جالبتوجه این گورستان تدفین چهارچینه خشتیِ طبقهای است؛ بهطوری
که در محدوده ترانشة ایجادشده در این گورستان، 5 طبقه گور شناسایی شد. ازجمله پرسشهای اساسی در مورد این گورستان که مقدمهای
چرا »؟ چرا این گورستان و گورهایش دچار آشفتگی و بههمریختگی مواد و بقایای استخوانی است « برای انجام پژوهش حاضر شد، این بود که
گوری چنان سالم و برجا ست که حتی یک بند انگشتش هم جابهجا نشده و در مقابل، گور کناریاش تا حد زیادی بههمریخته و آ شفته ا ست؟
آیا این عوامل درونی بودند یا از بیرون به گورستان وارد شدند؟ درنتیجه پاسخ به این پرسشها بهعنوان هدف اصلی این پژوهش در نظر گرفته
شد. بدین ترتیب با ا ستفاده از علم تافونومی به ج ستجو و شنا سایی عوامل این آ شفتگی پرداختیم. با بهرهگیری از علوم میانر شتهای مختلف،
مجموعه عواملی شناسایی شدند که نقش زیادی در دگرگونی وضعیت این گورستان داشتند. با توجه به پژوهشها و آزمایشهای صورت گرفته
م شخص شد که تعدادی عوامل طبیعی همچون وقوع سیل، زلزله، فعالیت جانوران و گیاهان و فعل و انفعالات مواد دفن شده همراه اج ساد و
همچنین عوامل انسااانی از قبیل تدفین ثانویه و فعالیت کشاااورزی باعا ایجاد تغییر در گورسااتان و بقایای برجا مانده در آن شاادهاند. پژوهش
و همچنین تأثیرات محیطی و )post-mortem( حا ضر ن شان میدهد که تحلیل تافونومیک میتواند درک بهتری از فرایندهای پس از مرگ
انسانی بر بقایای استخوانی )اعم از انسانی و جانوری( را فراهم کند.
Origin or a Religious Bricolage
The Cult of Mithras (Mihr) is an ancient religion that originated in Iran. Evidence of this cult's presence can be found across its historical realm, from east to west. Over the past two decades, scholars from various fields have focused on this cult. Due to the lack of documented sources and conclusive empirical evidence, researchers have proposed different hypotheses about the cult's origins and its spread to other regions, each meriting investigation. This article examines these hypotheses alongside the existing evidence related to the Cult of Mithras. Understanding the origin of this cult is crucial for revealing the roots of Western Mithraism, which is undoubtedly connected to its Eastern counterpart. To achieve this, we consider three types of evidence: historical, archaeological, and theoretical. By analyzing these sources, we can trace the origin of the Cult of Mithras to Indo-European ethnicities in eastern antiquity. These groups, after merging with Persian culture, moved westward, forming a religious bricolage. Along the way, they absorbed various cultural influences, eventually developing into the recognized form of Western Mithraism.
Keywords: Textiles, Coptic Egypt, linen, Tunic, Textile Centers.
Keywords:
Arsacid, Parthian, Scythian, Arsaces, Written Surces, Parthia.
Medicine. This scientific discipline involves the study of the bones of various animals, using
anatomical information to explore the place and role of these animal species in life and human
survival, thereby enriching our knowledge about the interaction of humans and their ecosystems.
Objectives: Using available anatomical information, this study investigated the typology of bone
remains and animal teeth in the area of Qareh Tepe, Segzabad (Qazvin Province, Iran). Another goal
was to detect the abnormal effects created by humans or animals in bones, such as cuts, burns, or
chewing effects by carnivorous animals. By extracting this information, it is possible to analyze the
livelihood economy of that historical site correctly.
Methods: A total of 1110 bone and teeth samples excavated in 2017 were analyzed. The samples
were transferred to the Osteology Lab of the Anatomy Department of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran. Anatomical studies were conducted in several
stages based on the excavated samples.
Results: Among the detected animal samples, the highest percentage (30.09%) was related to
sheep samples, and then the samples of small ruminants (26.94%) (which could not be separated).
The percentages of gazelle, Asian water buffalo, wild boar, and chicken were trivial and less than
1%. In this study, abnormal symptoms were detected in the phalanges of the Caspian horse.
Conclusion: One of the remarkable points about the small ruminant samples separated at the species
level in this study is that the number of sheep samples detected surpassed that of goats. It seems that the
conditions for keeping sheep were more suitable. The number of Perissodactyla, especially horses, shows
a significant increase compared to the Neolithic periods and the beginning of the complexity of Iron Age I
technology. This finding indicates the use of horses and donkeys in agriculture and transportation activities.
Keywords: Anatomy, Zooarchaeology, Bones, 3D Modeling
extending for c. 60km along the NW-SE axis (along the Alborz Mountains) and
c. 30km along the NE-SW axis. North to the village of Sagzabad a complex of archaeological
sites has been found, including the cemetery called Qareh Tepe (35◦49′00′′N,
49◦57′08′′E) (Figure 1), which covers more than 5 hectares and contains Iron Age II
and III strata (c. 1200-600 BCE according to the local pottery sequence) (Trębicka et
al. 2019).
Osteological analysis of human remains from Qareh Tepe was conducted according
to the protocol proposed by Brickley and McKinley (2004). e sex of adult
individuals was based on dimorphic morphologies of the pelvis (Phenice 1969; Buikstra
& Ubelaker 1994) and skull (Acsádi & Nemeskéri 1970; Buikstra & Ubelaker
1994). e age-at-death of subadults was based on development and eruption of teeth
(AlQahtani et al. 2010), as well as the diaphyseal lengths and epiphysis fusion status
(Scheuer et al. 2010).
َAbstract:
One of the critical tasks of archaeological studies is to illustrate in detail the geometric properties of pottery fragments. The illustrations are presented as classification and typological concepts for the potteries of a historical period. They are used to investigate the cultural and social structures of that period. Nowadays, most similar studies are conducted by numerical methods and mathematical modeling. This research examines the feasibility of using these methods and algorithms in the classification and typology of ancient potteries. What is important at first glance is introducing a set of geometric properties of the outer profile of the pottery fragments, which are entered to the algorithms in the form of RTC functions. These functions show unique features for an outer profile which are used in the classification and typology of the fragments. The classification of samples is accomplished based on RTC functions and by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The samples are categorized in bowl, jug and jar classes with nearly 95% accuracy. The designed ANN is a three-layer network with one hidden layer that includes two neurons. Network outputs are numeric codes 0, 1 and 2 which refer to bowl, jug and jar profiles, respectively. In the following, by correcting the erroneous samples and out of a total of 209 pottery designs, 128 (61.2%), 42 (20.1%) and 39 (18.7%) samples were placed in bowl, jug and jar categories, respectively. After classification, the typology of the available samples within each class is also performed by the Neighbor Joining (NJ) algorithm. According to the NJ algorithm, the bowl, jug, and jar samples are distinguished by 83, 22 and 27 types, respectively. The accuracy of the typology method is also evaluated between 95 and 97%.
Keywords: Pottery, Iron age, RTC functions, Artificial Neural Network, Neighbor Joining algorithm
Given the goals and the current questions, firstly on the basis of classical economic resources, the coinage and their significance in the economic system of Seleucid was discussed and then using the inscriptions and written documents relating to this period the amount of revenues and coin-related costs were identified in the empire. In order to discover how the coinage system of the Seleucid kings is influenced by Achaemenid Satrapies and Alexander, first of all analyzing the various systems of coinage from Achaemenid to Seleucid and the differences between them was studied and then using the PIXE analysis (PIXE) or "X-ray emission through proton-induced excitation", The concentrations of the elements in the Achaemenid coins, Alexander’s local and royal coins, Diadokhoi and Seleucids were studied. The coins of five Seleucid main mints (Antioch on the Orontes, Seleucia in the Tigris, Babylon, Susa and Ecbatana) were also analyzed through PIXE method for pinpointing the concentration of elements and better understanding of economic conditions.
It is indicated by the results from the surveys that the coins of the Hamadan collection are in perfect accordance with the Attic system of coinage being always coincided with the political and economic changes of the Seleucid period from beginning to end. Despite the major differences between coinage goals, coin applications, coinage systems, economic policies and coins, and ultimately the Achaemenid administrative system with Seleucids, the concentrations percentage of elements used in their coins have been the same. The analysis of Seleucid coins has also presented that the politics of Seleucid coinage from the Alexander time to the Seleucid period has a steady policy and trend and all elements of the coins have been controlled throughout the empire in the eastern and western territories. The economic conditions of various rulers also did not affect the change in valuable elements of coins until Demetrius I period and the main changes begin after Demetrius I.
in Qareh Tepe of Segezabad
Abstract
Qareh Tepe of Sagezabad is one of the most important and distinguished sites in Qazvin plain. There have been carried out numerous excavations in Qareh Tepe and the other sites in Qazvin plain but the cultural features of Iron III and Achaemenid Periods have not received proper attention. The original border of this tepe was measured and determined in 2016 through archaeo-geophysical and sounding operations that yielding remarkable results. The area increased from 12 to 27 hectares under alluvial soils in perimeter area of site. The evidence obtained indicates an important and extensive site belonging to the late period of this site.
There was also discovered a cemetery of high significance that, according to the excavations carried out in 2016 and the cultural material found inside the graves, belongs to Iron II and III periods. Remarkable evidence was found in this cemetery reflecting the cultural features of this particular period, including deranged graves, infants buried next to adults, infants buried in pithos and clay crocks, bodies in ash heap, etc. There burial is in three layers more details of which require additional excavations.
Keywords: Qazvin plain, cemetery, Iron III, Achaemenid, Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
Abstract:
Considering my goal at excavation of Segz Abad (Qareh Tepe) (2016) and concentration on levels of Iron Ages II, III, and Achaemenid, and disturbance of surficial levels, there was an attempt to excavate surrounding area of the site, under alluvial levels to reach intact levels of the site. Therefore, there is a summary of details of excavation:
Trench 1A
In order to understand nature of the architectural structure of 1394 excavation, we excavated trenches 1A and 1B during the 3rd season, where there were only alluvium levels to 265 cm depth. From then, there were ambiguous remains of architecture to 281 depth as two mud brick wall and a floor of fine cobbles. The recovered potsherds date usually to Iron Age III and Achamenid periods.
Trench 1B
We saw alluvium layers at southwestern angle of the trench to 305 cm depth. There were revealed the first in situ mud bricks at 294 cm depth, next to southern wall and 24 cm to western wall. The structure consisted of two rows of mud bricks.
Trench 8
According archaeo-geophysical surveys, the trench excavated as 2×10 m east-westwardly. In order to economize time, two pioneer test trenches opened as 200×80 cm at east and west of the trench. The excavations continued at test trench A to 6 m depth and at test trench B to 1.5 m depth. There were revealed 9 contexts from two test trenches A and B, all of alluvial sedimentations.
Trench 9
Through demarcation of Qareh Tepe we faced to remains of a mud brick structure dated to Iron Age III. In order to understand nature of the structure, we decided to excavate Trench 9 as 5×5 m dimension. We faced to remains of a mud brick structure at 173 cm depth. The mud bricks vary in size. We postponed the excavation to next season.
Trench 7
Following demarcation of the mound we faced to an Iron Age II burial at east of the site. The trench opened at 5×2.5 m at farmlands. The first in situ mud bricks appeared at 184 cm depth while covered the trench surficially in addition to the burial. We faced to a disturbed burial with two disposals at 187-233 cm depth, one for an adult and the second for an infant. A disposal of animal appeared under the infant one. Excavations continued to recover human remains (metatarsal 2 and 3, metatarsus), which indicate another burial at this point.
Trench 10
Considering results of archaeo-geophysical project, the trench opened at east of Qareh Tepe, firstly as a 2×2 pit, then expanded to 4×4 m following excavation and discovering burials. There were appeared accumulations of ashes full of Potsherds of Iron Ages II and III that continued to 170 cm depth at west of the trench. There were remains of a vat burial of an infant and traces of a disturbed burial at depth 116 and 150 cm depth.
There was an intact burial at 176-180 cm depth. The excavation continued to discovering a mud brick structure that relatively covered southern half of the trench. Undoubtedly, the mud brick structure was a burial structure that consisted of two burials.
Trench 11
The trench opened at east of the site, regarding archaeo-geophysical results. It was 3×3 m and expanded following excavations and appearance of burials. We faced to ashes full of grey wares of Iron Ages II and III at 100 cm depth at parts of east and west of the trench.
There were different burials in the trench. There was a kitchenware at 116 cm depth at southern part of trench containing bones of infant. Furthermore, there were 4 burials in Trench 11 within the ash context, whereas only two burials excavated; one in a compact fetus figure position and the other is semi open fetus position.
Findings
There were recovered clay spindles, slag, and grindstone. There were several spindles and fragmentary vessels with especial application from Trench 9. Objects from Trench 7 include 5 clay vessels and few bronze and iron points and dagger. There were recovered gray and kitchen wares from Trench 10 from upper levels of burials at the structure that postponed for future excavations. There were a bronze bracelet and a necklace with 275 beads at the first burial of Trench 11. At the second burial there were two gray wares. There were grape seeds about 50 cm away along legs of the dead.
Conclusion
The 3rd season of excavation at Qareh Tepe carried out following two aims of training students and study later levels of Iron Ages II, III, and Achamenid (?). Concentration on cultural layers at surrounding areas of the site revealed structures from Iron Age III, however, thickness of upper alluvial levels prevented more detailed investigation of the structures, for lack of time. Following demarcation of the site, there were traces of a vast cemetery of Iron Ages II and III, while trenches 7, 10, and 11 hopefully presented significant position of the cemetery, whereas future seasons of excavation open horizons to cultural characteristics of this new cemetery.
Keywords: Iron Age, Segzabad, Qareh Tepe, Burial, Achaemenid, Archaeo-Geophysics
There was also discovered a cemetery of high significance that, according to the excavations carried out in 2016 and the cultural material found inside the graves, belongs to Iron II and III periods. Remarkable evidence was found in this cemetery reflecting the cultural features of this particular period, including deranged graves, infants buried next to adults, infants buried in pithos and clay crocks, bodies in ash heap, etc. There burial is in three layers more details of which require additional excavations.
Keywords: Qazvin plain, cemetery, Iron III, Achaemenid, Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
One of the most significant archeological sites in Iran is Qareh Tepe of Segezabad. This paper tends to study more than 5000 pieces of animal bones found through excavations in 2014, 2015 and 2016 in this site. The layers within which the pieces of bones were found belong to Iron Age III and probably Achaemenid Periods, a majority of which have been successfully identified. It comprises of different types like small and large ruminators, small and big one toed hoofed, carnivores, wild boars, etc. The small ruminators outnumbered all the other types and played a major role in the subsistence economy of Qareh Tepe of Segezabad during Iron Age III and Achaemenid Periods. The large ruminators and the one toed hoofed come next.
Keywords: Subsistence Economy, Archaeozoology, Iron Age III, Achaemenid Qareh Tepe, Segezabad.
In 2014, author excavated at Qareh Teppe along with my students and with aim of research on the Iron III and Achaemenid (upper) layers. We selected place of trenches 1, 2 and 3 around site because the illegal excavations had terribly destructed upper layers of Qareh Teppe surface. Although, trench 4 and operation 1 selected on the site surface and same aims.
The parts of mud-brick and pise structures and many local and typical trans-local potsherds and etc were been found that belonged to Iron III Age and probably Achaemenid period. In addition, we faced with special alluvial layers in trench 3 that are very important in order to reconstruct natural conditions contemporary or after abandonment site.
In 2014, author excavated at Qareh Teppe along with my students and with aim of research on the Iron III and Achaemenid (upper) layers. We selected place of trenches 1, 2 and 3 around site because the illegal excavations had terribly destructed upper layers of Qareh Teppe surface. Although, trench 4 and operation 1 selected on the site surface and same aims.
The parts of mud-brick and pise structures and many local and typical trans-local potsherds and etc were been found that belonged to Iron III Age and probably Achaemenid period. In addition, we faced with special alluvial layers in trench 3 that are very important in order to reconstruct natural conditions contemporary or after abandonment site.