Population Research and Policy Review, Feb 17, 2023
Attitudes towards sexual minorities have undergone a transformation in Western countries recently... more Attitudes towards sexual minorities have undergone a transformation in Western countries recently. This has led to an increase in research into the experiences of sexual minorities in a variety of life domains. Although parenthood is a valued life goal only a few small-scale studies have looked into the parenthood goals of individuals in relation to their sexual orientation. The aims of this study are to analyse the diversity of sexual orientation, the factors associated with it and the relationship to fertility intentions among adolescents aged 16 to 19. The study draws on a nationally representative youth survey conducted in 2020 in Estonia (N = 1624), and employs descriptive methods and logistic and linear regression models. The results show that adolescents in Estonia exhibit considerable diversity of sexual orientation, with one-fifth reporting some degree of attraction to their own sex. The minority sexual orientation is more frequent among groups which can be regarded as more open or exposed to new behaviours, but is also associated with a disadvantaged family background. The results reveal a clear negative association between the intended number of children and the minority sexual orientation, which is not explained by other available variables.
BACKGROUND An expanding literature documents historical linkages between socioeconomic and cultur... more BACKGROUND An expanding literature documents historical linkages between socioeconomic and cultural disparities and survival. The evidence originates mainly from studies of Western Europe and North America, but we know less about the history of mortality differentials in other regions. OBJECTIVE This study estimates the mortality level among the Lutheran population of Tartu (1897-1900) and examines its associations with socioeconomic status and ethnicity/language. METHODS The analysis draws on parish registers, which have been linked to data from the first Russian Imperial census in 1897. In order to investigate the association between the characteristics of the population and mortality risks, Poisson regression models are estimated. RESULTS The results show significant inequalities in mortality associated with socioeconomic status. In addition to upper-level non-manual workers, domestic servants were found to have reduced death risks, while small entrepreneurs displayed elevated risks. Surprisingly, the adult mortality advantage associated with upper-level non-manual jobs and advanced education was driven by women. Men in the upper strata of society exhibited no substantial advantage, but a lack of elementary education implied a mortality disadvantage for working-age men. The effect of education did not disappear
Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course a... more Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course and across generations A project funded by European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 320116
This paper examines the transformation of nuptiality patterns in the Baltic countries since the l... more This paper examines the transformation of nuptiality patterns in the Baltic countries since the late 1960s, in the context of long-term trends. The aim of the study is to compare the entry into first conjugal union in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and analyze the position of the Baltic countries in a broader European perspective. The analyses employ microdata from national surveys conducted in the framework of the European Family and Fertility Surveys program. Our main results on the timing and mode of union formation show that in Estonia and Latvia the shift from direct marriage to cohabitation started well before the fall of the state socialist regime, and followed a trajectory close to Scandinavian countries. In Lithuania, on the other hand, the change in the pattern of union formation has been much slower. The paper discusses the factors underlying the observed similarities and dissimilarities in union formation.
This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries... more This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in th...
Previous studies have documented varying fertility responses to changes in parental leave provisi... more Previous studies have documented varying fertility responses to changes in parental leave provisions. We contribute to this literature by investigating the effects on the transition to second and third births of a policy reform that introduced generous earnings-dependent parental leave benefit in Estonia in 2004. Our study employs a mixture cure model, a model with some useful properties that has been seldom applied in fertility research. The advantage of the cure model over conventional event history models is the ability to distinguish the effect of the covariates on the propensity to have a next child from their effect on the tempo of childbearing. The results show that the transition to next birth accelerated as parents responded to so-called speed premium, a feature that allowed them to avoid a reduction in benefits caused by a reduction of earned income between births, through the closer spacing of births. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the introduction of generous ear...
Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course a... more Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course and across generations A project funded by European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 320116
Eesmark. Teha kindlaks uurimistulemuste esitamisel kasutatavate arvjooniste ja arvjooniseliikide ... more Eesmark. Teha kindlaks uurimistulemuste esitamisel kasutatavate arvjooniste ja arvjooniseliikide sagedus ning kvaliteet epidemioloogiaajakirjades. Meetodid. Kolme epidemioloogiaajakirja (American Journal of Epidemiology, European Journal of Epidemiology, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology) 2010. aasta numbritest valiti valja 187 alguparaste uuringute tulemusi kajastavat artiklit. Tehti kindlaks nendes esitatud arvjooniste ja arvjooniseliikide arv. Iga arvjoonise kvaliteeti – s.o visuaalset selgust, arvulist moonutatust, iseenesestmoistetavust, risustatust ja monda muud tunnust – hinnati R. J. Cooperi jt (2001, 2002, 2003) ning D. L. Schrigeri jt (2006) metoodika alusel. Tulemused. Valitud artiklitest sisaldas arvjooniseid 50%, kokku oli avaldatud 184 arvjoonist. Sagedamini kasutati joondiagrammi (38%), pust- ja rohttulpdiagrammi (27%), punktdiagrammi (15%), elulemuskoverat ja hajuvusdiagrammi (kumbagi 5%). Uldse ei leidnud kasutamist karp- ega sektordiagramm. Veatuid arvjooniseid...
The collapse of the USSR and structural changes in society gave rise to family and marriage trans... more The collapse of the USSR and structural changes in society gave rise to family and marriage transformations in Russia and other post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe. Estonia is among the examples of rapid marriage transformation and the spread of cohabitations and extramarital births. At the same time, throughout the postwar era Estonia accepted Russian migrants. Studies show that the adaptation of the Russian population in Estonia proceeds slowly, and that patterns of matrimonial behavior among the Russian migrants and their descendants in Estonia are closer to patterns of ethnic Russians in Russia. In this study, the Generation and Gender Survey data for Russia (2004) and Estonia (2005) were used to analyze the prevalence of first and second childbirths in first and higher-order unions and the determinants of fertility after repartnering among the Russian and Estonian populations in Estonia and Russians in Russia. We consider the impact of partners' age and parenthood status at the beginning of higher-order unions, as well as social variables (e.g. education, type of settlement and ethnicity). The results show that the contribution of higher-order unions to total fertility increased significantly in all studied populations. However, first childbirths in high-order unions are rare among both the Russians and the Estonians, second births after repartnering are more widespread among Russians in Russia. Divorces and separations significantly increase the interval between first and second births, but there is no difference in time interval duration between the three considered population groups. The determinants of childbearing among Russians in Russia and Estonia in higher-order unions are very similar: they are the age of women, the type of habitation and the initial nature of the union. The effect of the parenthood status and marriage cohort is individual for each population group: in Russia, if a male partner has no child(ren) from previous relationships, the couple has a higher chance of having a mutual child. The probability of childbearing after repartnering significantly increased in 1990-1999 in Estonia.
Jobs, careers, and becoming a parent under state socialist and market conditions: Evidence from E... more Jobs, careers, and becoming a parent under state socialist and market conditions: Evidence from Estonia 1971-2006
Material deprivation is a key aspect of social exclusion, and the domain of economic exclusion, f... more Material deprivation is a key aspect of social exclusion, and the domain of economic exclusion, for the older population. In this chapter we utilised cross-sectional data from Wave 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and logistic regression analysis to assess the variation in material deprivation of the population aged 50+ across four geographic clusters of welfare regimes in Europe. We used the SHARE-based Material Deprivation Index (MDI) to assess the associations between material deprivation and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education, economic activity status, household type, number of children, residential area, chronic diseases and limitations of daily activities, and origin). We observed a pronounced variation in material deprivation among the older population across welfare clusters, with high levels of MDI in the Eastern and Southern clusters. Living alone, having a large number of children, low education, activity limitations, and be...
Population Research and Policy Review, Feb 17, 2023
Attitudes towards sexual minorities have undergone a transformation in Western countries recently... more Attitudes towards sexual minorities have undergone a transformation in Western countries recently. This has led to an increase in research into the experiences of sexual minorities in a variety of life domains. Although parenthood is a valued life goal only a few small-scale studies have looked into the parenthood goals of individuals in relation to their sexual orientation. The aims of this study are to analyse the diversity of sexual orientation, the factors associated with it and the relationship to fertility intentions among adolescents aged 16 to 19. The study draws on a nationally representative youth survey conducted in 2020 in Estonia (N = 1624), and employs descriptive methods and logistic and linear regression models. The results show that adolescents in Estonia exhibit considerable diversity of sexual orientation, with one-fifth reporting some degree of attraction to their own sex. The minority sexual orientation is more frequent among groups which can be regarded as more open or exposed to new behaviours, but is also associated with a disadvantaged family background. The results reveal a clear negative association between the intended number of children and the minority sexual orientation, which is not explained by other available variables.
BACKGROUND An expanding literature documents historical linkages between socioeconomic and cultur... more BACKGROUND An expanding literature documents historical linkages between socioeconomic and cultural disparities and survival. The evidence originates mainly from studies of Western Europe and North America, but we know less about the history of mortality differentials in other regions. OBJECTIVE This study estimates the mortality level among the Lutheran population of Tartu (1897-1900) and examines its associations with socioeconomic status and ethnicity/language. METHODS The analysis draws on parish registers, which have been linked to data from the first Russian Imperial census in 1897. In order to investigate the association between the characteristics of the population and mortality risks, Poisson regression models are estimated. RESULTS The results show significant inequalities in mortality associated with socioeconomic status. In addition to upper-level non-manual workers, domestic servants were found to have reduced death risks, while small entrepreneurs displayed elevated risks. Surprisingly, the adult mortality advantage associated with upper-level non-manual jobs and advanced education was driven by women. Men in the upper strata of society exhibited no substantial advantage, but a lack of elementary education implied a mortality disadvantage for working-age men. The effect of education did not disappear
Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course a... more Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course and across generations A project funded by European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 320116
This paper examines the transformation of nuptiality patterns in the Baltic countries since the l... more This paper examines the transformation of nuptiality patterns in the Baltic countries since the late 1960s, in the context of long-term trends. The aim of the study is to compare the entry into first conjugal union in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and analyze the position of the Baltic countries in a broader European perspective. The analyses employ microdata from national surveys conducted in the framework of the European Family and Fertility Surveys program. Our main results on the timing and mode of union formation show that in Estonia and Latvia the shift from direct marriage to cohabitation started well before the fall of the state socialist regime, and followed a trajectory close to Scandinavian countries. In Lithuania, on the other hand, the change in the pattern of union formation has been much slower. The paper discusses the factors underlying the observed similarities and dissimilarities in union formation.
This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries... more This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in th...
Previous studies have documented varying fertility responses to changes in parental leave provisi... more Previous studies have documented varying fertility responses to changes in parental leave provisions. We contribute to this literature by investigating the effects on the transition to second and third births of a policy reform that introduced generous earnings-dependent parental leave benefit in Estonia in 2004. Our study employs a mixture cure model, a model with some useful properties that has been seldom applied in fertility research. The advantage of the cure model over conventional event history models is the ability to distinguish the effect of the covariates on the propensity to have a next child from their effect on the tempo of childbearing. The results show that the transition to next birth accelerated as parents responded to so-called speed premium, a feature that allowed them to avoid a reduction in benefits caused by a reduction of earned income between births, through the closer spacing of births. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the introduction of generous ear...
Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course a... more Changing families and sustainable societies: Policy contexts and diversity over the life course and across generations A project funded by European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 320116
Eesmark. Teha kindlaks uurimistulemuste esitamisel kasutatavate arvjooniste ja arvjooniseliikide ... more Eesmark. Teha kindlaks uurimistulemuste esitamisel kasutatavate arvjooniste ja arvjooniseliikide sagedus ning kvaliteet epidemioloogiaajakirjades. Meetodid. Kolme epidemioloogiaajakirja (American Journal of Epidemiology, European Journal of Epidemiology, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology) 2010. aasta numbritest valiti valja 187 alguparaste uuringute tulemusi kajastavat artiklit. Tehti kindlaks nendes esitatud arvjooniste ja arvjooniseliikide arv. Iga arvjoonise kvaliteeti – s.o visuaalset selgust, arvulist moonutatust, iseenesestmoistetavust, risustatust ja monda muud tunnust – hinnati R. J. Cooperi jt (2001, 2002, 2003) ning D. L. Schrigeri jt (2006) metoodika alusel. Tulemused. Valitud artiklitest sisaldas arvjooniseid 50%, kokku oli avaldatud 184 arvjoonist. Sagedamini kasutati joondiagrammi (38%), pust- ja rohttulpdiagrammi (27%), punktdiagrammi (15%), elulemuskoverat ja hajuvusdiagrammi (kumbagi 5%). Uldse ei leidnud kasutamist karp- ega sektordiagramm. Veatuid arvjooniseid...
The collapse of the USSR and structural changes in society gave rise to family and marriage trans... more The collapse of the USSR and structural changes in society gave rise to family and marriage transformations in Russia and other post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe. Estonia is among the examples of rapid marriage transformation and the spread of cohabitations and extramarital births. At the same time, throughout the postwar era Estonia accepted Russian migrants. Studies show that the adaptation of the Russian population in Estonia proceeds slowly, and that patterns of matrimonial behavior among the Russian migrants and their descendants in Estonia are closer to patterns of ethnic Russians in Russia. In this study, the Generation and Gender Survey data for Russia (2004) and Estonia (2005) were used to analyze the prevalence of first and second childbirths in first and higher-order unions and the determinants of fertility after repartnering among the Russian and Estonian populations in Estonia and Russians in Russia. We consider the impact of partners' age and parenthood status at the beginning of higher-order unions, as well as social variables (e.g. education, type of settlement and ethnicity). The results show that the contribution of higher-order unions to total fertility increased significantly in all studied populations. However, first childbirths in high-order unions are rare among both the Russians and the Estonians, second births after repartnering are more widespread among Russians in Russia. Divorces and separations significantly increase the interval between first and second births, but there is no difference in time interval duration between the three considered population groups. The determinants of childbearing among Russians in Russia and Estonia in higher-order unions are very similar: they are the age of women, the type of habitation and the initial nature of the union. The effect of the parenthood status and marriage cohort is individual for each population group: in Russia, if a male partner has no child(ren) from previous relationships, the couple has a higher chance of having a mutual child. The probability of childbearing after repartnering significantly increased in 1990-1999 in Estonia.
Jobs, careers, and becoming a parent under state socialist and market conditions: Evidence from E... more Jobs, careers, and becoming a parent under state socialist and market conditions: Evidence from Estonia 1971-2006
Material deprivation is a key aspect of social exclusion, and the domain of economic exclusion, f... more Material deprivation is a key aspect of social exclusion, and the domain of economic exclusion, for the older population. In this chapter we utilised cross-sectional data from Wave 5 (2013) of the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and logistic regression analysis to assess the variation in material deprivation of the population aged 50+ across four geographic clusters of welfare regimes in Europe. We used the SHARE-based Material Deprivation Index (MDI) to assess the associations between material deprivation and socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education, economic activity status, household type, number of children, residential area, chronic diseases and limitations of daily activities, and origin). We observed a pronounced variation in material deprivation among the older population across welfare clusters, with high levels of MDI in the Eastern and Southern clusters. Living alone, having a large number of children, low education, activity limitations, and be...
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Papers by Allan Puur