Medical Sciences

It is an essential to evaluate the potential biomarkers affecting the progression of disease in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between Ferritin levels and hematological parameters and severity of COVID-19 to explore its role in predicting the severity of COVID-19. This retrospective study was conducted in different Hospitals at Madinah region, Saudi Arabia. In the present study, a total of 112 cases of COVID-19 patients. The patient records included the clinical and laboratory data that was used for analysis by using the GraphPad Prism Software. Data presented as mean (SD), all differences were statistically significant at the level of P≤0.05 or ≤0.001. There were significantly increased levels of ferritin, neutrophil and leukocyte counts in severe COVID-19 cases (1857 (50.9), 9.9 (2.8), 9.9 (2.8) respectively) compared with non-sever cases. Additionally, there were significantly reduction in lymphocytes counts in COVID-19 patients (1.3 (9.5), P=0.001). There were also strong correlations between elevation of ferritin levels or reduction of lymphocytes and the severity COVID-19 infection (r=0.53, OR: 5.88 and r=-0.55, OR: 3.98 respectively). The results demonstrate that high values for neutrophil, leukocyte counts and Ferritin levels, and low values for lymphocyte counts may have diagnostic properties concerning COVID-19 in severe cases.

The increased consumption of energy drinks by adolescents and young adults globally is a public concern due to the high amount of caffeine and sugar in them, which may affect consumers' health. Only one study was found in Madinah that measure the prevalence of energy drink consumption, but it was conducted with female students of secondary school. The prevalence of energy drink consumption is high and there is evidence of affecting health of the population. The objective of this study was to determine the patterns of consumption of energy drinks among college students in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted at Taibah university in Madinah. The sample included 380 students of the main branch of Taibah university in Madinah, which contains 29153 students. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 20 questions relating to students' sociodemographic characteristics, personal habits, total fluid intake, energy drink-related knowledge, and habits. Of the 380 students surveyed, 127 (33.4%) student were regularly consuming energy drinks. The mean age and standard deviation were 21.24 ± 1.77. Pearson chi-square test was done and it showed statistically significant association between energy drinks and smoking (13.522) with P value 0.0002. A majority of surveyed students had good knowledge regarding energy drinks. Future studies are needed to determine harmful side effects of energy drinks.

Background: According to a data by WHO, in India there are around 194 million men and 45 million women who consume tobacco either in smoked or smokeless forms. Indians ranks as second biggest consumers of tobacco in different forms like bidi, khaini, paan-masala, cigarettes etc. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the awareness of adolescents regarding tobacco consumption. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted by the

Background: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the most microvascular complication that affects the retina and cause disability among diabetic patients. Aim and objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the Quality of Life (QoL) among patients with DR and to investigate the association of participant’s sociodemographic factors and diseased related factors with QoL. Methods: A crosssectional study was carried out among diabetic patients using a (RetDQoL) questionnaire to assess QoL in patients with DR, all patients aged≥ 18 years of both sex with either type 1 or type 2 DM with DR who were attended the ophthalmology outpatient clinic at Ohud hospital during May-August 2019 were included. Result: Majority of the patients were male 55.6%. The average ages ANALYSIS 24(106), November December, 2020 Medical Science ISSN 2321–7359 EISSN 2321–7367

Background and Objective: Identification of clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in COVID-19 is important for early detection and precise case management. The study aimed to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of in-hospital COVID-19 deaths in Almadinah Almonawarah city, Saudi Arabia, and to identify risk factors for early mortality among them. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. The main outcomes were demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID 19 patients who died from March till December 2020, during the hospital stay. We collected 193 records of COVID-19 patients, from two major hospitals in Al Madinah region, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive and inferential analysis were performed to identify and relate the factors of early death. Results: Out of the total deaths, 110 died during the first 14 days of admission (Early death group) and 83 died after 14 days of admission (Late death group). Early death group h...

Stroke is the most common cause of motor impairment worldwide. Therefore, many factors are being investigated for their predictive and facilitatory effects on recovery of motor function after stroke. Motor recovery can be predicted through several factors, such as clinical assessment, clinical biomarkers, and genebased variations. As for interventions, many methods are under experimental investigation that aim to improve motor recovery, including different types of pharmacological interventions, non-invasive stimulation, and rehabilitation training by inducing cortical reorganization, neuroplasticity, angiogenesis, changing the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, and altering the inflammatory and apoptotic processes occurring after stroke. Studies have shown that clinical biomarkers combined with clinical assessment and gene-based variations are reliable factors for predicting motor recovery after stroke. Moreover, different types of interventions such as pharmacological agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors {SSRI}, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors {NARIs}, levodopa, and amphetamine), non-invasive stimulation, and rehabilitation training have shown significant results in improving functional and motor recovery.

Background: There is a huge burden of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, and diabetes is one of the leading chronic nutrition-related diseases affecting more than 500 million people globally. Collecting information regarding the awareness of dietary and nutrition knowledge among diabetic patients is the first step to developing a disease prevention program. Thus, this study primarily aims at assessing the dietary awareness of diabetes patients attending the diabetic centre in Madinah governorate, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study was started in November 2020 and ended in October 2021. The study participants (315) were type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients attending a diabetic centre in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A self-prepared dietary knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) was used in this research. The variables include balanced diet, food type, food choice, carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Knowledge score was, and the total score was leveled/categorized into ‘good’, ‘average’, and ...

Background: According to a data by WHO, in India there are around 194 million men and 45 million women who consume tobacco either in smoked or smokeless forms. Indians ranks as second biggest consumers of tobacco in different forms like bidi, khaini, paan-masala, cigarettes etc. The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the awareness of adolescents regarding tobacco consumption. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted by the

Background: There is a huge burden of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases, and diabetes is one of the leading chronic nutrition-related diseases affecting more than 500 million people globally. Collecting information regarding the awareness of dietary and nutrition knowledge among diabetic patients is the first step to developing a disease prevention program. Thus, this study primarily aims at assessing the dietary awareness of diabetes patients attending the diabetic centre in Madinah governorate, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study was started in November 2020 and ended in October 2021. The study participants (315) were type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients attending a diabetic centre in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A self-prepared dietary knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) was used in this research. The variables include balanced diet, food type, food choice, carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Knowledge score was, and the total score was leveled/categorized into 'good', 'average', and 'poor'. Data were analyzed by SPSS v.26. Results: The study results identified the current knowledge of T2DM patients about different dietary items. The knowledge score of 62.2% of participants showed an average level of dietary knowledge, which is statistically significant. When we separately evaluated their understanding of different dietary components, we found that T2DM patients had poor knowledge of carbohydrates (30.15%), fat, food choices (47.7%), and type (34.6%). However, they had acceptable knowledge of proteins (56.5%). Conclusion: Our participants exhibited acceptable knowledge about proteins but poorer knowledge of other food groups. A healthy, well

OBJECTIVE: Comprehensive control of diabetes and its related comorbidities is essential to avoid diabetes complications and reduce diabetes care expenses. Nevertheless, several reports have uncovered the gap in diabetes management and con rmed the suboptimal glycemic control globally. This study aims to assess the metabolic control among patients with diabetes attending primary care clinics (PCCs) in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 15 PCCS in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Consecutive 692 adult diabetic patients who attended the clinics between January 2016 to December 2017 were included. The primary outcome measures were achieving blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids goals. The achievement of adequate metabolic control followed the American diabetes association (ADA) guidelines. RESULT: Majority (98%) of the patients had type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with a mean age of 55.1±11.6 years and a mean diabetes duration of 11.02±7.8 years. The mean HbA1c was 8.39±1.7, and glycemic goals (HbA1C < 7%) were achieved in 15.7%. Achievement of LDL, triglyceride, and HDL goals were as follow; 46.4%. 53.3%, 70.8%, respectively. 66.3% of subjects achieved systolic blood pressure, and 88.7% achieved diastolic blood pressure goals. Younger age, longer diabetes duration, and higher LDL levels were associated with poor glycemic control. CONCLUSION: Glycemic control is inadequate among patients with diabetes following at the PCCs in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A patient-centered approach and individualized management plan considering all risk factors are required.

It is an essential to evaluate the potential biomarkers affecting the progression of disease in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between Ferritin levels and hematological parameters and severity of COVID-19 to explore its role in predicting the severity of COVID-19. This retrospective study was conducted in different Hospitals at Madinah region, Saudi Arabia. In the present study, a total of 112 cases of COVID-19 patients. The patient records included the clinical and laboratory data that was used for analysis by using the GraphPad Prism Software. Data presented as mean (SD), all differences were statistically significant at the level of P≤0.05 or ≤0.001. There were significantly increased levels of ferritin, neutrophil and leukocyte counts in severe COVID-19 cases (1857 (50.9), 9.9 (2.8), 9.9 (2.8) respectively) compared with non-sever cases. Additionally, there were significantly reduction in lymphocytes counts in COVID-19 patients (1.3 (9.5), P=0.001). There were also strong correlations between elevation of ferritin levels or reduction of lymphocytes and the severity COVID-19 infection (r=0.53, OR: 5.88 and r=-0.55, OR: 3.98 respectively). The results demonstrate that high values for neutrophil, leukocyte counts and Ferritin levels, and low values for lymphocyte counts may have diagnostic properties concerning COVID-19 in severe cases.