Diagnostic Radiologic Technology

Background and Aim: As ageing advances, the human brain undergoes many gross and histopathological changes with regression of the brain tissue leading to the enlargement of the ventricles. Knowledge of morphometric and size of normal ventricular system of brain is important to understand these changes. Methods: For the present perspective study, computerized tomography (CT) for 152 patients (Males-89 and Females-63) were studied for the measurements of fourth ventricle, third ventricle and lateral ventricle and it was statistically analyzed. Results: The anteroposterior extent of the body of the lateral ventricles on the right side was 74.89 + 9.86 mm and 70.06 + 8.83 mm in the males and females and on the left side was 74.89 + 9.89 mm and 69.56 + 11.42 mm in the males and females; the length of the frontal horns on the right side was 28.53 + 3.88 mm and 26.16 + 4.21 mm in the males and females and on the left side was 28.53 + 3.88mm and 26.17 + 4.237 mm in the males and females respectively. The width and height of the fourth ventricle were 12.54 + 1.90 mm and 9.66 + 2.12 in the males and 11.60 + 2.099 mm and 9.70 + 2.219 in the females respectively. The width of the third ventricle was 5.70 + 1.54 mm and 5.40 + 1.68 mm in the males and females respectively. Conclusion: The present study has defined the morphometric measurements of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle of the brain which has clinical correlations in diagnosis and for further line of treatment.

Abstract: Background: hydronephrosis is one of the most common complication of renal obstructive diseases, if left untreated, it may cause severe complications which may lead to acute and chronic renal failure. Objectives: to assess and classify hydronephrosis and determine the causes using ultrasound. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study, the study population composed of 53 female and 47 male who were suspected with renal diseases and referred to the ultrasound department for investigation. Data collection sheet was designed to include the demographic data such as age, gender, and clinical history. All the patients had been examined with ultrasound using the abdomen and renal ultrasound imaging protocol with 3.5 MHz probe.
The renal system (kidneys, urinary bladder and prostate) had been scanned, longitudinal and transverse sections were performed through the kidneys and prostate. Hydronephrosis and the underline causes were measured and reported. Statistical analysis was performed using the standard Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 16 for windows.
Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results: According to sonographic appearance, hydronephrosis had been classified into mild, moderate and severe hydronephrosis. Mild hydronephrosis is most common (53%), moderate (30%), severe hydronephrosis (13%) and extreme hydronephrosis was 4%. There were various causes of hydronephrosis, ureteric stone 31%, kidney stone 23%, pregnancy 12% and benign prostatic hypertrophy 11%. Most of the study population had history of renal
stones (63%) Conclusion: Ultrasound is the first line of investigation of the renal system. It is sensitive and accurate to assess and classify the hydronephrosis and determine the main causes. Metabolic disorders (gout and diabetes) were the most risk factors of renal obstructive diseases.
Keywords: Sonographic, Evaluation, Hydronephrosis, Determination, Causes

Objectives: This study was to assess the diagnostic capabilities of Transabdominal Sonographic Findings in the Diagnosis of Urinary Bladder abnormalities. Methods and Material: In a cross-sectional study design, was conducted in different hospitals and clinical centers at Khartoum State. A total of 110 patients with symptoms of urinary bladder diseases were included in this study who had been selected and scanned with ultrasound using the appropriate technique Results: The study confirmed that cystitis was the commonest vesical pathology and common in female than male, Hematuria 29.75%, dysuria 25%, and showed that shistosomiasis mainly involve the male. Conclusions: This study concluded that ultrasonography is the first line of investigation as well as laboratory test (urine general) since it is safe, accurate and not time consuming.

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the role of spiral CT Angiography in suspected cases of Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Material and methods: The study was conducted at EL-Nilain center , Royal care center and Faisal center. Fifty patients of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) from (August -November 2011), had been selected randomly of different ages and genders underwent spiral CT angiography from the level of arch of aorta to the dome of diaphragm. Scanning was done using Siemens CT machine. Results: Out of 50 patients, there were 38 (76%) positively identified with pulmonary embolism, moreover females (68%) were most likely presented with PE, the right pulmonary artery was more affected. The peak incidence age ranged between 40-60years (32%), Shortness of breath is the most clinical indication with (54%) incidence; half of the patient were presented with DVT, Consequently on CTA 12% of patients with PE showed plural effusion, 20%with consolidation collapse and cavities. Conclusion: The study confirmed that, the spiral CT scanner is very effective modality in detection of pulmonary embolism , since it is non -invasive procedure , and has a high specificity , so it is preferred and used as the first line of investigations in diagnosing of Pulmonary embolism .

Purpose: This study was done to assess the role of ultrasound in diagnosis of obstructive jaundice and to identify the most common causes and symptoms. Materials and methods: The study took place in different Khartoum clinical centers and hospitals in the period between Jan 2014 and July 2014. A total of 150 patients with obstructive jaundice were examined using ultrasound machine, 3.5 -7 MHz probe. Results: The study revealed that 65.33 of the study population with obstructive jaundice were female and 34.67% was male. The most common affected groups were 46 -65 years old and 25 -45 years old. The common causes of obstructive jaundice were biliary stones (61.33%) which were common in females and abdominal masses (32.67%) which were common in females, too. Nausea, yellowish discoloration and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms (98%, 97.33% and 96.67% respectively). The causes of obstructive jaundice showed significant difference between males and females (P-value = 0.002). Conclusion: Ultrasound was superior diagnostic tool in detecting and assessing biliary system obstruction, because it was easy, available, accurate and noninvasive. The ageing and gender were considered as risk factors of obstructive jaundice.

Correct assessment of gestational age is a cornerstone of management of any obstetric case. Several anatomical parameters are useful in the assessment of gestational age. The ultimate aim of this study is to determine the fetal gestational age through the measurement of the foot(foot length) and to determine the accuracy of fetal foot length in estimating gestational age. Methods: There were one hundred pregnant ladies in 2nd and 3rd trimesters had been selected randomly in different medical centers and hospitals in Khartoum State. They were scanned with ultrasound using the international protocols and guidelines of obstetric ultrasonography. Statistical analysis using regression equation and correlation was obtained. Results: There was a strong correlation between fetal foot length and gestaional age. Conclusion: Fetal foot length is a reliable parameter for use in the assessment of gestational age and is particularly useful when other parameters do not accurately predict gestation...

The aim of this study was to establish normal constant value for cardiothoracic ratio among Saudi people in Almadinah Almunawwarah. The cardiothoracic ratio of 66 male and 43 female aged between 6 to 83 years old were estimated from the transverse diameters of heart and thorax respectively using posteroanterior normal chest radiographs. The study was conducted at King Fahd Hospital in Radiology Department from the period of January to March 2014. The mean and standard deviation of cardiothoracic ratio, transverse cardiac diameter and transverse thoracic diameter were established .The mean values for cardiothoracic ratio for both males and females were 0.54 and 0.47 respectively and both showed highly significant difference. Conclusion: the cardiothoracic ratio of Saudi people is approximately similar to that of Africa(Nigerian).

Deep vein thrombosis is one of the main serious vascular diseases which may lead to death and serious complications if left undiagnosed and untreated. Color Doppler is one of the accurate and safe imaging modality which plays a great role in diagnosis and management. Objective: to evaluate Sudanese patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities using color Doppler ultrasonography. Materials and methods: the study population composed of 150 patients (different ages and gender) with suspected deep venous thrombosis at the lower extremities. They had been investigated with color Doppler using high frequency linear transducer. The protocol begins with the patient in supine position from upper thigh till foot with longitudinal and transverse scanning to examine the veins from the common iliac veins down to calf veins. Extent of thrombus was determined by locating the proximal end of thrombus and documenting it with longitudinal and transverse scans. Results: pati...

This study aimed to determine the thyroid hormones profile of students of the Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Medical Radiological Science in Khartoum, Sudan during the period from 01/01 /2013 up to31/12/ 2013 using Radio-immunoassay (RIA). A cross sectional descriptive study was done involving 40 healthy students with the mean age of 21.79 years with a range of 19-29 years . Serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) were measured using Radio-immunoassay (RIA) and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), TSH was assayed using Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA). Subjects who volunteered to participate in the study were interviewed; their height and body weight measured, 5 ml of blood withdrawn, and sera harvested. The results showed that the reference range of thyroid related hormones level (mean±2SD) was found to be as follows: T3 =1.38 ±2 (0. 5) n mole/L, T4 = 132.5± (44.0) nmol/L and TSH= (mean±SD) 1.20± 0.82 mU/L .In conclusion, the thyroid hormone concentrations obtained in this study was in the lower range of the values reported in previous studies. a local reference of thyroid hormone concentrations was established.