Department of Medicine

‫واملزمنة‬ ‫الشائعة‬ ‫العصبي‬ ‫اجلهاز‬ ‫اضطرابات‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الصرع‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫حول‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫مليون‬ 65 ‫نحو‬ ‫ويصيب‬ ‫يقارب‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫اليزال‬ ‫للصرع‬ ‫الدوائي‬ ‫العالج‬ ‫في‬ ‫العلمي‬ ‫التقدم‬ ‫املستعصية‬ ‫الصرع‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫املرضى‬ ‫من‬ 30% ‫من‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫الضروري‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫احلاالت‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫وفي‬ ً ‫دوائيا‬ ‫الصرعية‬ ‫البؤر‬ ‫إزالة‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الصرع‬ ‫جلراحة‬ ‫ميكن‬ ‫بديلة.‬ ‫عالجية‬ ‫في‬ ‫للتحكم‬ ‫املرضى‬ ‫من‬ ‫لكثير‬ ً ‫مناسبا‬ ً ‫عالجيا‬ ً ‫بديال‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫تناسب‬ ‫ال‬ ‫اجلراحية‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫الصرع‬ ‫نوبات‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التحفيز‬ ‫يعتبر‬ .ً ‫دوائيا‬ ‫املستعصي‬ ‫الصرع‬ ‫مرضى‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫لعالج‬ ً ‫سريعا‬ ‫واملتطورة‬ ‫احلديثة‬ ‫األساليب‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫للدماغ‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫واجلراحي‬ ‫الدوائي‬ ‫للعالج‬ ‫املستعصية‬ ‫الصرعية‬ ‫التشنجات‬ ‫نواة‬ ‫من‬ ‫للمخ‬ ‫العميق‬ ‫التحفيز‬ ‫املبهم،‬ ‫العصب‬ ‫حتفيز‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫األساليب‬ ‫وهذه‬ ‫اإلستجابي‬ ‫العصبي‬ ‫التحفيز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األمامية،‬ ‫املهاد‬ ‫الستخدامها‬ 1 ‫فئة‬ ‫من‬ ‫علمية‬ ‫بأدلة‬ ‫ودعم‬ ‫إيجابية‬ ‫نتائج‬ ‫أظهرت‬ ‫الدوائي.‬ ‫للعالج‬ ‫املستعصي‬ ‫الصرع‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعانون‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫املرضى‬ ‫عند‬ ‫ألساليب‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫األدلة‬ ‫مبناقشة‬ ‫سنقوم‬ ‫االستعراض‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫ونتائجها‬ ‫وفعاليتها‬ ‫عملها‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫وآلية‬ ‫العالجي‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التحفيز‬ ‫السريري.‬ ‫االستخدام‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتطبيقها‬ Epilepsy is a common and serious chronic neurological disorder, affecting around 65 million people worldwide. Despite the advances in pharmacologic treatments for epilepsy, approximately 30% of the patients remain medically refractory and continue to have seizures on medications, in such cases, other treatment approaches are necessary. Resection surgery

Background:-University studentsare routinelycomplaining of triggers, especiallyirregular sleepand stress, which are commonly associated with migraineattacks. Objectives:-To assess the prevalenceof migraine headache among female students at Taibah University (Saudi Arabia) and to determine the common triggering and palliative factors of migraine headache among female University students. Methods:-A cross-sectional study was carried out among female university students.Participants who had suffered from two or more headaches in the previous 3 months were subjected to the IDMigraine screening test, then who had at least two positive answers of the screening test were confirmed as a migraineursbased on the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society for migraine. Results:-Migraine was detected among 244 out of 395 students (61.8%).Physical stimulation as (light, loudness, change in weather, certain smells) were the most triggering factors of migraine in 170/244 (69.7%) of migraine students. The most important relieving factors were rest and sleep in 155/244 (63.5%), medication in (33.2%), followed by darkening room in (30.3%), message in (20.1%), and coffee drink in (18%) of migraine students. This study showed significant association between migraine headache and family history of migraine and studying in theoretical colleges. Conclusions:-The prevalenceof migraine among female students in Taibah University was high in comparison to other studies. The study recommend raising awareness towards migraine among students and teaching them how to deal with such a disabling condition to achieve optimum coping techniques aiming to a better quality of life.

Background:-University studentsare routinelycomplaining of triggers, especiallyirregular sleepand stress, which are commonly associated with migraineattacks. Objectives:-To assess the prevalenceof migraine headache among female students at Taibah University (Saudi Arabia) and to determine the common triggering and palliative factors of migraine headache among female University students. Methods:-A cross-sectional study was carried out among female university students.Participants who had suffered from two or more headaches in the previous 3 months were subjected to the IDMigraine screening test, then who had at least two positive answers of the screening test were confirmed as a migraineursbased on the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society for migraine. Results:-Migraine was detected among 244 out of 395 students (61.8%).Physical stimulation as (light, loudness, change in weather, certain smells) were the most triggering factors of migraine in 170/244 (69.7%) of migraine students. The most important relieving factors were rest and sleep in 155/244 (63.5%), medication in (33.2%), followed by darkening room in (30.3%), message in (20.1%), and coffee drink in (18%) of migraine students. This study showed significant association between migraine headache and family history of migraine and studying in theoretical colleges. Conclusions:-The prevalenceof migraine among female students in Taibah University was high in comparison to other studies. The study recommend raising awareness towards migraine among students and teaching them how to deal with such a disabling condition to achieve optimum coping techniques aiming to a better quality of life.

Background : Self medication refers to the treatment of common health problems with medicines approved as safe and effective for use without consulting a physician and without any medical supervision. Objective :The aim of the present study were to determine the prevalence of parental self-medication among children in Almadinah,Saudi Arabia , and parental knowledge and attitude about common medicine use practices in children ,in addition to the factors influencing self-medication. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. convenient random sampling method was used to select the participants. Data were collected using an online questionnaire tool. Results : A total of 170 participants from Almadinah were involved in the study 50% of the them were fathers, and 50% were mothers .Most of them didn't have health insurance, while only 23% of them had. 63% of the sample use medicines without medical prescription for their children. We notice that 83% of the participants' children haven't been suffering any chronic disease. High temperature is the most popular case in which the parents use medicines without medical prescription for their children, then colds. The most used medication was Antipyretic. It can be noted that the majority of parents were giving their children drugs without a prescription, although they are convinced of the seriousness of the use of medications without a prescription. Parents depend on old medical prescription and pharmacist as major sources of information at self-medication. The study revealed the fact that parental self-medication among public in Almadimah is a routine practice. we suggested that Parents' should be awareness about the riskiness of self-medication, especially in children to ensure that they will receive best medical Care.

Amaç: Safra taşı oluşumun etiyopatogenezi bilinmesine rağmen, tirotoksikozun safra taşı oluşumu üzerinde etkisini araştıran çok az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tavşanlarda tirotoksikozun safra taşı üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Yöntemler: Kırk dört adet Yeni Zelanda tipi tavşan kullanıldı. Tavşanlar, altı gruba bölündü ve her grup farklı diyetle beslendi. Çalışmanın 7. haftasında tavşanlar sakrifiye edilerek kan örnekleri alındı ve kolesistektomi yapıldı. Bulgular: Tiroksin hormonu verilen tavşanlarda serbest T3 ve T4 düzeyleri anlamlı şekilde yüksek bulundu (p<0,001). Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında tiroksin hormonu verilen tavşanlarda safra kolesterol satürasyon indeksi (CSI) anlamlı şekilde yüksek bulundu (p=0,014). Litojenik diyet ile tiroksin hormonu alan tavşanlardaki miyeloperoksidaz ve fibrinojen serum düzeyleri kontrol grubundaki tavşanların düzeylere göre anlamlı şekilde yüsek bulunurken, safra asit düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak düşük bulundu (p<0,001). Tiroksin hormonu alan tavşanlarda safra kesesi mukozasında fokal infiltrason tespit edilirken, gruplar arasında safra serum kalsiyum düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı (p>0,05). Sonuç: Tirotoksikoz, safra CSI'yı ve mukozal enflamasyonu arttırarak safra taşı oluşumu riskini arttırmaktadır.

The material selection criteria involve the requirement of high strength and good corrosion resistance aluminum alloys for the matrix materials. The mechanical properties have been determined for different metal matrix composites produced from Al 6061, Al 6063 and Al 7072 matrix alloys reinforced with silicon carbide particulates. The yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility of Al/SiC metal matrix composites are in the descending order of Al 6061, Al6063 and Al 7072 matrix alloys. Mg has improved the wettability between Al and SiC particles by reducing the SiO 2 layer on the surface of the SiC. The fracture mode is ductile in nature.

Salmonella infection is an international public health concern. Salmonella organisms are Gram-negative bacilli that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and more than 2500 Salmonella serovars have been described. The most common clinical presentations of Salmonella infection are gastroenteritis, bacteremia, enteric fever, and chronic carrier state. Other rare extraintestinal infections include cellulitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, brain abscess, and osteomyelitis. Salmonella species resistant to first-line treatment such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are referred to as multi-drug resistant. In recent years, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella have appeared in Pakistan; XDR strains are resistant to multiple antibiotics, including first-line antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. We report two interesting pediatric cases who presented with uncommon Salmonella infection. The...

Introduction. Around half of the visually impaired population has uncorrected refractive errors (URE), and myopia constitutes a high proportion of them. URE should be screened and treated early to prevent long-term complications. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia among all patients attending a pediatric outpatient clinic at Ohud Hospital in Medina, Saudi Arabia (KSA). Method. This study was conducted using a convenience sample of all patients attending the clinic (1500 patients) aged between 3 and 14 years, and they were enrolled in the study during the period from May 2017 until September 2017. Result. Of 1215 subjects, only 43 (3.54%) were diagnosed with myopia. Out of the study participants, 56.8% were female and the mean age was 9.7 ± 3.6. Myopia was more prevalent in male participants than female participants (n = 525, 4%, n = 690, 3.1%, p=0.5). Low myopia was the most common form among the screened individuals. The level of myopia was associated w...

Background: Effective treatment of diabetes is not enough alone, there must be education and training from physicians and nurses to patients. To achieve education in correct manner there must be enough knowledge of physicians to apply care and teaching of these patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and education of physicians to diabetic patients in primary care in Saudi Arabia.Methods: Successive evaluation investigation through questionnaire. The work universe was made up of the 83 service areas of the 15 municipalities of Saudi Arabia, the sample of the total of the incorporated areas was initially made up of 625 health providers and 2,171 people with diabetes.Results: At the beginning of the study, the highest percentage of health providers surveyed declared that they did not know (78%) or that it was not defined (16.6) who should educate the person with diabetes, while the results at the end of the study show that 32% mentioned the doctor and the nurse an...

Background:Psychological health is as important as physical health, which needs more attention to provide the high quality of life to patients with chronic diseases. Kidney disease is among the top-stress illnesses because of the chronicity and long-term management of the disease. Depression is common in CKD and is associated with a significant risk of adverse consequences. Anxiety and depression are the two most common entities in the hemodialysis population.Methods:A cross-sectional study had been conducted by using a convenience sample. A total of 399 hemodialytic patients in Almadinah, Saudi Arabia had been included in this study. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.A p-value cut off point of 0.05 at 95% CI used to determine statistical significance. Numbers and percentages were used to presents all categorical variables while mean ± standard deviation were used to summarize all continuous variables. We used Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS SR-16) to measure the depression of hemodialysis patients. (29) The analyses that measure the association between socio-demographic characteristics and depression level among hemodialysis patients by using chisquare test.Results:There were 399 patients who were voluntarily involved in this study. Age range of the patients were from 13 to 84 years old where 51 (12.8%) of the patients were from 30 years or less age group, 74 (18.5%) were from 31-40 years' age group, 72 (18.0%) were from 41-50 years' age group, 97 (24.3%) were from 51-60 years' age group and 105 (26.3%) were in more than 60 years' age group. Majority of them were males as 210 (52.6%) while 189 (47.4%) were females. It was revealed that the prevalence of depression among hemodialytic patients was 69.2% where no depression had 30.8%, Mild depression had 35.3%, moderate depression had 24.1%, Severe depression had 7.5% and very severe with 2.3%. Significant relationship found at age group in years, gender and marital status against the level of depression. Conclusion:In this study two out three hemodialytic patients were depressed. This prevalence of depression was still at high and this causes more hospitalization and increased of mortality rates among patients. In this regard, extra counseling and monitoring are needed for those patients. Preemptive measures are necessary for those hemodialytic participants with suspected depressive symptoms.

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) allows designers to create a register transfer level (RTL) description of a digital circuit starting from its high-level specification (e.g., C/C++/SystemC). HLS reduces engineering effort and design-time errors, allowing the integration of additional features. This study introduces an approach to generate benevolent Hardware Trojans (HT) using HLS. Benevolent HTs are Intellectual Property (IP) watermarks that borrow concepts from well-known malicious HTs to ward off piracy and counterfeiting either during the design flow or in fielded integrated circuits. Benevolent HTs are difficult to detect and remove because they are intertwined with the functional units used to implement the IP. Experimental results testify to the suitability of the approach and the limited overhead.

The online version of the above article has been updated on October 3, 2019 with the following changes: (1) Dr. Malak Althagafi's name has been removed from the author list upon her request and (2) Tables 1-4 and S1-S11 and related text have been resupplied with new patient identifiers.

Breast feeding (BF) is known to have many advantages but our Arab region has a pattern similar to western countries; where exclusive breastfeeding less than 35%. Knowledge given to women during her antenatal visits plays an important influential role in her attitude and practice of BF later on.  Objective: To explore knowledge and attitude of female medical students at Taibah University about breastfeeding.  Methods: A Cross sectional study was carried out from October to November 2012. It included female medical students. Stratified sampling allocation technique was used; with a total sample of 149 students. A specialty designed self-administrated questionnaire in Arabic form was used. It included socio-demographic data, obstetric history, data about the knowledge and attitude of female medical students towards breastfeeding value and guidelines. Mean percent knowledge score for value of BF, mean percent score for BF guidelines and mean percent score for attitude were calculated. A...

Background: Breast feeding (BF) is known to have many advantages but our Arab region has a pattern similar to western countries; where exclusive breastfeeding less than 35%. Knowledge given to women during her antenatal visits plays an important influential role in her attitude and practice of BF later on. Objective: To explore knowledge and attitude of female medical students at Taibah University about breastfeeding. Methods: A Cross sectional study was carried out from October to November 2012. It included female medical students. Stratified sampling allocation technique was used; with a total sample of 149 students. A specialty designed self-administrated questionnaire in Arabic form was used. It included socio-demographic data, obstetric history, data about the knowledge and attitude of female medical students towards breastfeeding value and guidelines. Mean percent knowledge score for value of BF, mean percent score for BF guidelines and mean percent score for attitude were calculated. Appropriate statistical tests for qualitative and quantitative data were used accordingly. Results: Majority (91.9%) (of the studied sample) was never married and 37.6% got their knowledge about BF via books. Regarding ever married women, 58.3% only were gravid (mean =2.2±1.94). Only 25.0% were family planning users; 66.7% of them used hormonal contraceptives. Only 20% breast fed their infants with a mean duration for exclusive BF of 3.8 ± 2.87 months and mean age of weaning of 2.3 ±0.63 months. The mean knowledge percent score for guidelines of BF was 64.7±8.45. The mean attitude percent score for concepts related to BF was 76.9±7.91. Conclusion: Media and internet have minor roles in getting knowledge about BF. The mean knowledge score about advantages of BF, guidelines of BF and attitude towards BF of all female medical students; especially academic years were unsatisfactory.

Background: Medical students usually suffer from many mental health issues and that is mainly due to the challenging environment of college of medicine. This study aimed to assess the severity and compare the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students in different phases throughout the academic years. Also, this study aimed to explore the correlation between depression, anxiety, and stress and some factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study among the students from the different years of Taibah Medical College was conducted. Students participated via an electronic questionnaire which included sociodemographic data and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21. Results: A total of 380 students responded to the questionnaire; 56% showed depressive symptoms, 65% reported anxiety symptoms, and 46% stressed symptoms. The differences between the academic years were significant for depression F (5, 374) = 3.025, p = 0.011; anxiety F (5, 374) = 2.511, p = 0.030 and st...

Introduction. Optimum growth and development are best achieved by breastfeeding, which is the safest source for infant feeding. Mothers in Saudi Arabia start to breastfeed their infants but soon introduce formula brands. Objective. To assess the safety and nutritional adequacy of the oldest formula brands available in the Saudi market. Methods. An observational study has compared between 5 types of infant formula brands; they were chosen based on their international popularity. Also, they are considered as the oldest formula brands available in the Saudi market. The contents of all the included formulas were carefully collected from their containers. The collected data were compared with the global standard requirements for infant formulas according to the guidelines. Results. All the infant formula brands had their contents within the optimal range as stated by the ESPGHAN (European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition) guidelines. Some formulas did not provide elements like fluoride and nucleotides. Moreover, the mandatory elements and the most dominant ingredient in each formula were documented. Discussion. According to the results of our study, all included formula brands are considered safe and nutritionally adequate. By assuming that the elements that were not found in some brands meant an abnormal value, Bebelac and Liptomil are the most suitable infant formulas available in the Saudi market. Conclusions. Adequate nutrition during infancy is essential in each health organization. The nutritional status of infants should be studied to achieve lifelong health and well-being. All formula brands in this study were found to be safe and nutritionally adequate.