Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), Jun 1, 2017
Depression and debt are common in the UK. Debt Counselling for Depression in Primary Care: an ada... more Depression and debt are common in the UK. Debt Counselling for Depression in Primary Care: an adaptive randomised controlled pilot trial (DeCoDer) aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the addition of a primary care debt counselling advice service to usual care for patients with depression and debt. However, the study was terminated early during the internal pilot trial phase because of recruitment delays. This report describes the rationale, methods and findings of the pilot study, and implications for future research. The overarching aim of the internal pilot was to identify and resolve problems, thereby assessing the feasibility of the main trial. The specific objectives were to confirm methods for practice recruitment and the ability to recruit patients via the proposed approaches; to determine the acceptability of the study interventions and outcome measures; to assess contamination; to confirm the randomisation method for main trial and the level...
The affect infusion model (AIM) is a prominent theory of when current emotional state is expected... more The affect infusion model (AIM) is a prominent theory of when current emotional state is expected to influence the interpretation of a social stimulus (situation). We discuss the assumptions in AIM and conclude that its current specification predicts that both deliberation time and situational complexity should lead to affect infusion. The aim of this research was to clarify the relative importance of these factors in determining affect infusion and hence promote the development of AIM. We present an experimental design in which situational complexity and deliberation time can be manipulated orthogonally as independent factors. Our results show that the latter factor, but not the former, can influence the degree of affect infusion.
Introduction: Prevention of suicide is a global public health challenge extending beyond mental h... more Introduction: Prevention of suicide is a global public health challenge extending beyond mental health services. Linking routinely collected health and social care system data records for the same individual across different services and over time has enormous potential in suicide research. Most previous research linking suicide mortality data with routinely collected electronic health records involves only one or two domains of healthcare provision such as psychiatric inpatient care. This protocol paper describes the development of a population-based, routinely collected data linkage study: the Suicide Information Database Cymru (SID-Cymru). SID-Cymru aims to contribute to the information available on people who complete suicide. Methods and analysis: SID-Cymru will facilitate a series of electronic case-control studies based in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. We have identified 2664 cases of suicide in Wales between 2003 and 2011 from routinely collected mortality data using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes X60-X84 (intentional self-harm) and Y10-Y34 (undetermined intent). Each case will be matched by age and sex to at least five controls. Records will be collated and linked from routinely collected health and social data in Wales for each individual. Conditional logistic regression will be applied to produce crude and confounder (including general practice, socioeconomic status) adjusted ORs. Ethics and dissemination: The SAIL Databank has the required ethical permissions in place to analyse anonymised data. Ethical approval has been granted by the Information Governance Review Panel (IGRP). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, consultations with stakeholders and national/international conference presentations. The improved understanding of the prior health, nature of previous contacts with services and wider social circumstances of those who complete suicide will assist in prevention policy, service organisation and delivery. SID-Cymru is funded through the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research, Welsh Government (RFS-12-25).
Retrieval has been found to be a potent method for modifying memory that is typically associated ... more Retrieval has been found to be a potent method for modifying memory that is typically associated with later facilitated memory performance of that information both at short and longer delays (Bjork & Bjork, 1992). Retrieval can be found in numerous memory tasks, such as cued recall, postevent questioning, questionnaires, and surveys collecting personal data. More recently, however, retrievalbased tasks have also been associated with more negative memory-modifying properties. Such negative effects typically occur as a consequence of retrieving other items from memory (see, e.g., Anderson, R. A. Bjork, & E. L. Bjork, 1994). For example, during many everyday memory tasks, one may attempt to retrieve a desired memory from a larger category of related information, such as one's current telephone number from the category of all previously held numbers. So that we may complete this task quickly and efficiently, the related-but-unwanted memories may be pushed out of conscious awareness to prevent them from competing for retrieval and disrupting the successful retrieval of the desired memory. Whereas we may then be able to complete the current processing goal (i.e., the retrieval of the desired memory), the related-but-unwanted memories may remain unavailable for retrieval for some time afterward; that is, if we then wish to retrieve one of those previously unwanted memories, we may find it difficult to do so. This failure to retrieve previously related-but-unwanted memories is known as retrieval-induced forgetting. Both the facilitatory effects of retrieval and its negative consequences are typically examined using the retrieval practice paradigm. In a retrieval practice task, participants study categories of related information (e.g., fruitapple, fruit-banana; sport-golf, sport-hockey) and are then prompted to retrieve a subset of items from a subset of categories using guided retrieval practice (e.g., fruit-ap_____). This selective retrieval typically produces three types of items: practiced items from practiced categories (i.e., fruitapple), unpracticed items from practiced categories (i.e., fruit-banana), and items from unpracticed categories (i.e., sports). In the final task, the processing goal shifts from selective to global retrieval, and participants' memory is tested for all items from all categories, typically using either cued or free recall. The retrieval practice paradigm typically produces two patterns of recall: (1) Memory performance for practiced items from practiced categories (i.e., Rp1 items) is facilitated, whereas that for unpracticed category items (i.e., Nrp items) is not; and (2) memory performance for unpracticed items from practiced categories (i.e., Rp2 items) is impaired, relative to that for Nrp items (i.e., retrievalinduced forgetting). Such effects have also been found in impression formation (
Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), Jun 1, 2017
Depression and debt are common in the UK. Debt Counselling for Depression in Primary Care: an ada... more Depression and debt are common in the UK. Debt Counselling for Depression in Primary Care: an adaptive randomised controlled pilot trial (DeCoDer) aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the addition of a primary care debt counselling advice service to usual care for patients with depression and debt. However, the study was terminated early during the internal pilot trial phase because of recruitment delays. This report describes the rationale, methods and findings of the pilot study, and implications for future research. The overarching aim of the internal pilot was to identify and resolve problems, thereby assessing the feasibility of the main trial. The specific objectives were to confirm methods for practice recruitment and the ability to recruit patients via the proposed approaches; to determine the acceptability of the study interventions and outcome measures; to assess contamination; to confirm the randomisation method for main trial and the level...
The affect infusion model (AIM) is a prominent theory of when current emotional state is expected... more The affect infusion model (AIM) is a prominent theory of when current emotional state is expected to influence the interpretation of a social stimulus (situation). We discuss the assumptions in AIM and conclude that its current specification predicts that both deliberation time and situational complexity should lead to affect infusion. The aim of this research was to clarify the relative importance of these factors in determining affect infusion and hence promote the development of AIM. We present an experimental design in which situational complexity and deliberation time can be manipulated orthogonally as independent factors. Our results show that the latter factor, but not the former, can influence the degree of affect infusion.
Introduction: Prevention of suicide is a global public health challenge extending beyond mental h... more Introduction: Prevention of suicide is a global public health challenge extending beyond mental health services. Linking routinely collected health and social care system data records for the same individual across different services and over time has enormous potential in suicide research. Most previous research linking suicide mortality data with routinely collected electronic health records involves only one or two domains of healthcare provision such as psychiatric inpatient care. This protocol paper describes the development of a population-based, routinely collected data linkage study: the Suicide Information Database Cymru (SID-Cymru). SID-Cymru aims to contribute to the information available on people who complete suicide. Methods and analysis: SID-Cymru will facilitate a series of electronic case-control studies based in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. We have identified 2664 cases of suicide in Wales between 2003 and 2011 from routinely collected mortality data using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes X60-X84 (intentional self-harm) and Y10-Y34 (undetermined intent). Each case will be matched by age and sex to at least five controls. Records will be collated and linked from routinely collected health and social data in Wales for each individual. Conditional logistic regression will be applied to produce crude and confounder (including general practice, socioeconomic status) adjusted ORs. Ethics and dissemination: The SAIL Databank has the required ethical permissions in place to analyse anonymised data. Ethical approval has been granted by the Information Governance Review Panel (IGRP). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, consultations with stakeholders and national/international conference presentations. The improved understanding of the prior health, nature of previous contacts with services and wider social circumstances of those who complete suicide will assist in prevention policy, service organisation and delivery. SID-Cymru is funded through the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research, Welsh Government (RFS-12-25).
Retrieval has been found to be a potent method for modifying memory that is typically associated ... more Retrieval has been found to be a potent method for modifying memory that is typically associated with later facilitated memory performance of that information both at short and longer delays (Bjork & Bjork, 1992). Retrieval can be found in numerous memory tasks, such as cued recall, postevent questioning, questionnaires, and surveys collecting personal data. More recently, however, retrievalbased tasks have also been associated with more negative memory-modifying properties. Such negative effects typically occur as a consequence of retrieving other items from memory (see, e.g., Anderson, R. A. Bjork, & E. L. Bjork, 1994). For example, during many everyday memory tasks, one may attempt to retrieve a desired memory from a larger category of related information, such as one's current telephone number from the category of all previously held numbers. So that we may complete this task quickly and efficiently, the related-but-unwanted memories may be pushed out of conscious awareness to prevent them from competing for retrieval and disrupting the successful retrieval of the desired memory. Whereas we may then be able to complete the current processing goal (i.e., the retrieval of the desired memory), the related-but-unwanted memories may remain unavailable for retrieval for some time afterward; that is, if we then wish to retrieve one of those previously unwanted memories, we may find it difficult to do so. This failure to retrieve previously related-but-unwanted memories is known as retrieval-induced forgetting. Both the facilitatory effects of retrieval and its negative consequences are typically examined using the retrieval practice paradigm. In a retrieval practice task, participants study categories of related information (e.g., fruitapple, fruit-banana; sport-golf, sport-hockey) and are then prompted to retrieve a subset of items from a subset of categories using guided retrieval practice (e.g., fruit-ap_____). This selective retrieval typically produces three types of items: practiced items from practiced categories (i.e., fruitapple), unpracticed items from practiced categories (i.e., fruit-banana), and items from unpracticed categories (i.e., sports). In the final task, the processing goal shifts from selective to global retrieval, and participants' memory is tested for all items from all categories, typically using either cued or free recall. The retrieval practice paradigm typically produces two patterns of recall: (1) Memory performance for practiced items from practiced categories (i.e., Rp1 items) is facilitated, whereas that for unpracticed category items (i.e., Nrp items) is not; and (2) memory performance for unpracticed items from practiced categories (i.e., Rp2 items) is impaired, relative to that for Nrp items (i.e., retrievalinduced forgetting). Such effects have also been found in impression formation (
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Papers by Liv Kosnes