Determination of Heavy Metals in Rice Samples by Icp-MS in and Around Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the ... more Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the world's production. More than 75percent of the world supply is absorb by population in Asian countries and consequently rice is of colossal magnitude to food defense of Asia. As a result the current research work proves the cause and modern status of heavy metal contamination of paddy lands in the surrounding Tirupati industrial areas and around chittoor district. A trouble free two stride microwave assisted digestion method was developed for the concurrent fortitude of seven elements of total heavy metals Cr, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Approximately 0.3 grams of rice sample was originally digested by the use of a concoction of acids. The current revise was conducted to quantify the concentrations of heavy metals like chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) an...
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
INTRODUCTION Selenium is an essential trace nutrient and selenium deficiency diseases are well kn... more INTRODUCTION Selenium is an essential trace nutrient and selenium deficiency diseases are well known in veterinary medicine. Above trace levels, ingested selenium is toxic to animals and may be toxic to humans. The selenium concentration of most drinking waters and natural waters is less than 10 μgml-1. Selenium is widely distributed in nature, in relatively small concentrations in rocks, plants, coal and other fossil fuels. Selenium enters into natural water through seepage from seleniferous soil and industrial waste. Selenium compounds have extensive applications and because of its significance, several analytical techniques have been reported for the determination of selenium, which includes spectrofluorometry, electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride generation, polarography, cathodestripping voltammetry, radiochemical neutron activation analysis and flow-injection techniques. [1] There are many reagents available for the spectrophotometric determination of selenium among which, the recently used were J-acid [2] , Leuco crystal violet [3] , resazurin [4] , sodium salt of hexamethyleneimine carbodithioate [5] , 1naphthylamine-7-sulphonic acid [6] , variamine blue 7. When selenium is present in animal feeds at a concentration less than 0.1 mg 1 −1 , deficiency symptoms develop, but when present at a higher concentration, exceeding 5 mg1 −1 , chronic selenosis occurs. Selenium tends to weaken the toxic action of some heavy metals in animal and human organisms. [8,9] Selenium is widely distributed in the environment (waters, soil and air) albeit generally in very low concentrations (≤1µg/g). The selenium content sometimes reaches 0.5 mg/g in limonite rocks and 2.6 mg/g in vanadium-uranium rocks. [10] Selenium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, soil, water, air and animals. Selenium is a trace mineral that is essential to good health but required only in small amounts. [11,12] Selenium is incorporated into proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help to prevent cellular damage from free radicals. Free radicals are natural by-products of oxygen metabolism that may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. [13] Other selenoproteins help regulate thyroid function and play a role in the immune system. [14,16] Selenium compound are widely used in paints, dyes, glass electrical, rubber, insecticides and many other industries. Some industrial and agricultural processes release selenium as aby-product and selenium from such sources has caused environmental disaster. [17] The threshold limit value for SJIF Impact Factor 4.161
Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the ... more Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the world's production. More than 75percent of the world supply is absorb by population in Asian countries and consequently rice is of colossal magnitude to food defense of Asia. As a result the current research work proves the cause and modern status of heavy metal contamination of paddy lands in the surrounding Tirupati industrial areas and around chittoor district. A trouble free two stride microwave assisted digestion method was developed for the concurrent fortitude of seven elements of total heavy metals Cr, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Approximately 0.3 grams of rice sample was originally digested by the use of a concoction of acids. The current revise was conducted to quantify the concentrations of heavy metals like chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in locally cultivated rice and their probable human being health risks in the areas of surrounding Tirupati and around chittoor district is to be analyzed by means of the technique inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Most importantly, a greater number of our explorations confirmed that the metal contents in rice grains were lower than the permissible limits which was confirmed by various standards, are Codex recommendations of joint Food and Agriculture Organization/ (WHO) World Health Organization Food Standards Program me and/or (FAO) food regulations imposed by the respective governments and compared with those obtained with the developed literature values. Thus it is harmless for consumption. From the present study, it is unambiguous that there is no prospective peril to the local inhabitants of these four sampling areas by consumption of rice.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Structural Basis for the Enhanced Stability of Protein Model Compounds and Peptide Backbone Unit in Ammonium Ionic Liquids
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2012
Protein folding/unfolding is a fascinating study in the presence of cosolvents, which protect/dis... more Protein folding/unfolding is a fascinating study in the presence of cosolvents, which protect/disrupt the native structure of protein, respectively. The structure and stability of proteins and their functional groups may be modulated by the addition of cosolvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are finding a vast array of applications as novel cosolvents for a wide variety of biochemical processes that include protein folding. Here, the systematic and quantitative apparent transfer free energies (ΔG'(tr)) of protein model compounds from water to ILs through solubility measurements as a function of IL concentration at 25 °C have been exploited to quantify and interpret biomolecular interactions between model compounds of glycine peptides (GPs) with ammonium based ILs. The investigated aqueous systems consist of zwitterionic glycine peptides: glycine (Gly), diglycine (Gly(2)), triglycine (Gly(3)), tetraglycine (Gly(4)), and cyclic glycylglycine (c(GG)) in the presence of six ILs such as diethylammonium acetate (DEAA), diethylammonium hydrogen sulfate (DEAS), triethylammonium acetate (TEAA), triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TEAS), triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TEAP), and trimethylammonium acetate (TMAA). We have observed positive values of ΔG'(tr) for GPs from water to ILs, indicating that interactions between ILs and GPs are unfavorable, which leads to stabilization of the structure of model protein compounds. Moreover, our experimental data ΔG'(tr) is used to obtain transfer free energies (Δg'(tr)) of the peptide backbone unit (or glycyl unit) (-CH(2)C═ONH-), which is the most numerous group in globular proteins, from water to IL solutions. To obtain the mechanism events of the ILs' role in enhancing the stability of the model compounds, we have further obtained m-values for GPs from solubility limits. These results explicitly elucidate that all alkyl ammonium ILs act as stabilizers for model compounds through the exclusion of ILs from model compounds of proteins and also reflect the effect of alkyl chain on the stability of protein model compounds.
The Solubility and Stability of Amino Acids in Biocompatible Ionic Liquids
Protein & Peptide Letters, 2013
In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) represent a new class of biocompatible co-solvents for biomo... more In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) represent a new class of biocompatible co-solvents for biomolecules. In this work, we report the apparent transfer free energies (ΔG'tr) for six amino acids (AA) from water to aqueous solutions of six ammonium based ILs (diethylammonium acetate (DEAA), diethylammonium sulfate (DEAS), triethyl ammonium acetate (TEAA), triethylammonium sulfate (TEAS), triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TEAP), and trimethylammonium acetate (TMAA)) through solubility measurements, as a function of IL concentration at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Salting-out effect was found for AA in aqueous IL solutions with increasing IL concentrations. In addition, we observed positive values of ΔG'tr for AA from water to ILs, indicating that the interactions between ILs and AA are unfavorable. From the obtained results, we found that the selected ammonium based ILs act as stabilizers for the structure of AA.
Thermodynamic contributions of peptide backbone unit from water to biocompatible ionic liquids at< i> T</i>= 298.15 K
... Therefore, the less hydrated TEAA has excluded strongly from the water molecules at the surfa... more ... Therefore, the less hydrated TEAA has excluded strongly from the water molecules at the surface of amino acid than DEEA (Scheme 2). Accordingly, we observed more unfavourable interactions in the case of TEA + as compared ... [31] S. Lapanje, J. Skerjanc, S. Glavnik, S. Zibert ...
Determination of Heavy Metals in Rice Samples by Icp-MS in and Around Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the ... more Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the world's production. More than 75percent of the world supply is absorb by population in Asian countries and consequently rice is of colossal magnitude to food defense of Asia. As a result the current research work proves the cause and modern status of heavy metal contamination of paddy lands in the surrounding Tirupati industrial areas and around chittoor district. A trouble free two stride microwave assisted digestion method was developed for the concurrent fortitude of seven elements of total heavy metals Cr, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Approximately 0.3 grams of rice sample was originally digested by the use of a concoction of acids. The current revise was conducted to quantify the concentrations of heavy metals like chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) an...
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
INTRODUCTION Selenium is an essential trace nutrient and selenium deficiency diseases are well kn... more INTRODUCTION Selenium is an essential trace nutrient and selenium deficiency diseases are well known in veterinary medicine. Above trace levels, ingested selenium is toxic to animals and may be toxic to humans. The selenium concentration of most drinking waters and natural waters is less than 10 μgml-1. Selenium is widely distributed in nature, in relatively small concentrations in rocks, plants, coal and other fossil fuels. Selenium enters into natural water through seepage from seleniferous soil and industrial waste. Selenium compounds have extensive applications and because of its significance, several analytical techniques have been reported for the determination of selenium, which includes spectrofluorometry, electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry, hydride generation, polarography, cathodestripping voltammetry, radiochemical neutron activation analysis and flow-injection techniques. [1] There are many reagents available for the spectrophotometric determination of selenium among which, the recently used were J-acid [2] , Leuco crystal violet [3] , resazurin [4] , sodium salt of hexamethyleneimine carbodithioate [5] , 1naphthylamine-7-sulphonic acid [6] , variamine blue 7. When selenium is present in animal feeds at a concentration less than 0.1 mg 1 −1 , deficiency symptoms develop, but when present at a higher concentration, exceeding 5 mg1 −1 , chronic selenosis occurs. Selenium tends to weaken the toxic action of some heavy metals in animal and human organisms. [8,9] Selenium is widely distributed in the environment (waters, soil and air) albeit generally in very low concentrations (≤1µg/g). The selenium content sometimes reaches 0.5 mg/g in limonite rocks and 2.6 mg/g in vanadium-uranium rocks. [10] Selenium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, soil, water, air and animals. Selenium is a trace mineral that is essential to good health but required only in small amounts. [11,12] Selenium is incorporated into proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help to prevent cellular damage from free radicals. Free radicals are natural by-products of oxygen metabolism that may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. [13] Other selenoproteins help regulate thyroid function and play a role in the immune system. [14,16] Selenium compound are widely used in paints, dyes, glass electrical, rubber, insecticides and many other industries. Some industrial and agricultural processes release selenium as aby-product and selenium from such sources has caused environmental disaster. [17] The threshold limit value for SJIF Impact Factor 4.161
Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the ... more Asian countries are the chief in the production of rice clerical for regarding 90 percent of the world's production. More than 75percent of the world supply is absorb by population in Asian countries and consequently rice is of colossal magnitude to food defense of Asia. As a result the current research work proves the cause and modern status of heavy metal contamination of paddy lands in the surrounding Tirupati industrial areas and around chittoor district. A trouble free two stride microwave assisted digestion method was developed for the concurrent fortitude of seven elements of total heavy metals Cr, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb in rice samples by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Approximately 0.3 grams of rice sample was originally digested by the use of a concoction of acids. The current revise was conducted to quantify the concentrations of heavy metals like chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in locally cultivated rice and their probable human being health risks in the areas of surrounding Tirupati and around chittoor district is to be analyzed by means of the technique inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Most importantly, a greater number of our explorations confirmed that the metal contents in rice grains were lower than the permissible limits which was confirmed by various standards, are Codex recommendations of joint Food and Agriculture Organization/ (WHO) World Health Organization Food Standards Program me and/or (FAO) food regulations imposed by the respective governments and compared with those obtained with the developed literature values. Thus it is harmless for consumption. From the present study, it is unambiguous that there is no prospective peril to the local inhabitants of these four sampling areas by consumption of rice.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this p... more The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Structural Basis for the Enhanced Stability of Protein Model Compounds and Peptide Backbone Unit in Ammonium Ionic Liquids
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2012
Protein folding/unfolding is a fascinating study in the presence of cosolvents, which protect/dis... more Protein folding/unfolding is a fascinating study in the presence of cosolvents, which protect/disrupt the native structure of protein, respectively. The structure and stability of proteins and their functional groups may be modulated by the addition of cosolvents. Ionic liquids (ILs) are finding a vast array of applications as novel cosolvents for a wide variety of biochemical processes that include protein folding. Here, the systematic and quantitative apparent transfer free energies (ΔG&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;(tr)) of protein model compounds from water to ILs through solubility measurements as a function of IL concentration at 25 °C have been exploited to quantify and interpret biomolecular interactions between model compounds of glycine peptides (GPs) with ammonium based ILs. The investigated aqueous systems consist of zwitterionic glycine peptides: glycine (Gly), diglycine (Gly(2)), triglycine (Gly(3)), tetraglycine (Gly(4)), and cyclic glycylglycine (c(GG)) in the presence of six ILs such as diethylammonium acetate (DEAA), diethylammonium hydrogen sulfate (DEAS), triethylammonium acetate (TEAA), triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TEAS), triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TEAP), and trimethylammonium acetate (TMAA). We have observed positive values of ΔG&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;(tr) for GPs from water to ILs, indicating that interactions between ILs and GPs are unfavorable, which leads to stabilization of the structure of model protein compounds. Moreover, our experimental data ΔG&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;(tr) is used to obtain transfer free energies (Δg&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;(tr)) of the peptide backbone unit (or glycyl unit) (-CH(2)C═ONH-), which is the most numerous group in globular proteins, from water to IL solutions. To obtain the mechanism events of the ILs&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; role in enhancing the stability of the model compounds, we have further obtained m-values for GPs from solubility limits. These results explicitly elucidate that all alkyl ammonium ILs act as stabilizers for model compounds through the exclusion of ILs from model compounds of proteins and also reflect the effect of alkyl chain on the stability of protein model compounds.
The Solubility and Stability of Amino Acids in Biocompatible Ionic Liquids
Protein & Peptide Letters, 2013
In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) represent a new class of biocompatible co-solvents for biomo... more In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) represent a new class of biocompatible co-solvents for biomolecules. In this work, we report the apparent transfer free energies (ΔG&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;tr) for six amino acids (AA) from water to aqueous solutions of six ammonium based ILs (diethylammonium acetate (DEAA), diethylammonium sulfate (DEAS), triethyl ammonium acetate (TEAA), triethylammonium sulfate (TEAS), triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TEAP), and trimethylammonium acetate (TMAA)) through solubility measurements, as a function of IL concentration at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Salting-out effect was found for AA in aqueous IL solutions with increasing IL concentrations. In addition, we observed positive values of ΔG&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;tr for AA from water to ILs, indicating that the interactions between ILs and AA are unfavorable. From the obtained results, we found that the selected ammonium based ILs act as stabilizers for the structure of AA.
Thermodynamic contributions of peptide backbone unit from water to biocompatible ionic liquids at< i> T</i>= 298.15 K
... Therefore, the less hydrated TEAA has excluded strongly from the water molecules at the surfa... more ... Therefore, the less hydrated TEAA has excluded strongly from the water molecules at the surface of amino acid than DEEA (Scheme 2). Accordingly, we observed more unfavourable interactions in the case of TEA + as compared ... [31] S. Lapanje, J. Skerjanc, S. Glavnik, S. Zibert ...
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