Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 2003
Historically, Egypt was a land of immigrants not emigrants (Sell, 1988). Egypt has been an area o... more Historically, Egypt was a land of immigrants not emigrants (Sell, 1988). Egypt has been an area of international migration (migration from the eastern and the northeastern Mediterranean countries to Egypt). In the past, foreigners were coming to Egypt while Egyptians rarely migrated abroad till the mid 1950s. The ancestors of the Egyptian people include many races and ethnic groups, including Africans, Arabs, Berbers, Greeks, Persians, Romans, and Turks. This paper surveys Egyptian immigration with emphasis on emigration to complete the picture. The study is migrant-focused, though some elements of Egyptian government policy are also included. Sections on migration to Egypt focus mainly on refugees, using as examples the largest populations from Palestine, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia, because they form the majority of new migrants to Egypt. These sections are primarily concerned with the policies of the Egyptian government and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which decides refugee status in Egypt. To take a migrant-focused approach to immigrants-mainly refugees-who come from at least 30 different countries, would require political and economic analyses of their countries of origin, and this is beyond the scope of this study. 2 The Place of Egypt in the regional migration system as a receiving country Revue européenne des migrations internationales, vol. 19-n°3 | 2003
... The so-called "four freedoms agreement" was signed ... more ... The so-called "four freedoms agreement" was signed during a summit between President Hosni Mubarak and his Sudanese counterpart Omar Hassan ... Somalis are concentrated in two districts of Cairo, Ard El-Liwa and Nasr City. Because ... I would like to thank Prof. ...
This article aims at exploring the impact of internal versus international migration on developme... more This article aims at exploring the impact of internal versus international migration on development at the micro level through field work carried out in two different geographical locations in Egypt. The conclusion to be drawn from this study is that, both Egyptian internal and international migrations are deployed to escape poverty and mal economic development. Migration is a survival strategy; it is more to decrease hazards than to maximize benefits.
From Biblical times, Egypt has been a haven for people fleeing persecution and natural disasters.... more From Biblical times, Egypt has been a haven for people fleeing persecution and natural disasters. Egypt has continued to fulfill this role into the present. People fled to Egypt after the Armenian massacres in Turkey in the 1920s and from both World Wars.
have the reputation of preferring their own soil. Few ever leave except to study or travel; and t... more have the reputation of preferring their own soil. Few ever leave except to study or travel; and they always return … Egyptians do not emigrate" (Cleland 1936: 36, 52). This was the case until the middle of the twentieth century with few exceptions. Only small numbers of Egyptians, primarily professionals, had emigrated before 1974. Then, in 1974, the government lifted all restrictions on labour migration. The move came at a time when Arab Gulf states and Libya were implementing major development programs with funds generated by the quadrupling of oil revenues in 1973. The number of Egyptians working abroad in the Arab region around 1975 reached about 370,000 as part of about 655,000 total migrants (Brinks and Sinclair 1980). By 1980 more than one million Egyptians were working abroad. This number more than doubled by 1986 with an estimate of 2.25 million Egyptians abroad (CAPMAS 1989). The emergence of foreign job opportunities alleviated some of the pressure on domestic employment. Many of these workers sent a significant portion of their earnings to their families in Egypt. As early as 1979, these remittances amounted to $2 billion; a sum equivalent to the country's combined earnings from cotton exports, Suez Canal transit fees, and tourism. The foreign demand for Egyptian labour peaked in 1983, when an estimated 3.28 million Egyptians workers were employed abroad. After that year, political and economic developments in the Arab oil-producing countries caused a cutback in employment opportunities. The decline in oil prices during the Iran-Iraq War forced the Arab Gulf oil industry into a recession, which costs some Egyptians their jobs. Most of the expatriate workforce remained abroad but new labour migration from Egypt slowed considerably.
This paper compares marriage and fertility patterns and trends among the Arab countries of Bahrai... more This paper compares marriage and fertility patterns and trends among the Arab countries of Bahrain Oman Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Findings are related to socioeconomic changes and the implicit and explicit population policies of the six countries. Data are obtained from the Gulf Child and Health Surveys (GCHS) which are consistent with the methodology and structure of the Demographic and Health Surveys. Bahrain and Kuwait are known for well-developed statistical systems and high quality data. Oman had never had a census before the GCHS was administered. Saudi Arabian censuses were of unknown quality. The low level of female education was a handicap to reliable data. Still there is "a reasonable degree of confidence in some of the fertility measures." Analysis is based on the fertility measures that are based on pregnancy histories. The highest fertility rates were in Oman and Saudi Arabia and the lowest in Bahrain. The differences in fer...
The Egyptian population and family planning review, Jan 2, 1994
The authors measured the impact of the socioeconomic setting (SES) and the family planning progra... more The authors measured the impact of the socioeconomic setting (SES) and the family planning program effort upon variations in the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) at the governorate level during 1992. Indexes are developed to measure the SES and the family planning program effort at the governorate level. The study was also conducted to measure the extent to which the SES and the program effort affect CPRs at the governorate level and to measure the impact of the SES on the program effort. The following indicators were chosen to use in building the SES index: population literacy rate, primary and secondary school enrollment ratios, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, per capita income, percent of the population working in agriculture, and the percent of the population living in urban areas. The number of governorate population council meetings; the number of women per family planning center; the number of women per pharmacy; the percent of women who have family planning services in their localities; the number of information, education, and communication hours per 1000 women/year; the number of home visits per woman; record keeping and statistical reporting; social marketing; and the private sector were chosen as indicators in building the family planning program effort index.
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour L'Harmattan. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour ... more Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour L'Harmattan. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour L'Harmattan. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit. Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse https://www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2013-4-page-47.htm Découvrir le sommaire de ce numéro, suivre la revue par email, s'abonner... Flashez ce QR Code pour accéder à la page de ce numéro sur Cairn.info.
In this chapter, we examine active-learning (or what some have termed “progressive” or “student-c... more In this chapter, we examine active-learning (or what some have termed “progressive” or “student-centered”) pedagogies, which constitute a model of teaching that highlights “minimal teacher lecturing or direct transmission of factual knowledge, multiple small group activities that engage students in discovery learning or problem solving, and frequent student questions and discussion” (Leu & Price-Rom, 2006, p. 19).1
In this paper, I explore characteristics of Egyptian who migrate irregularly to Europe and reason... more In this paper, I explore characteristics of Egyptian who migrate irregularly to Europe and reasons of irregular migration from the point of departure through a field survey in some Egyptian villages known of sending irregular – as well as regular - migrants to Europe (mainly Italy and France). The survey gathered information about the level of awareness of potential migrants about irregular migration and migrants smuggling from Egypt. The results indicate that the vast majority of youth who want to migrate to Europe as well as current migrants intend to return to Egypt after a temporary stay in the countries of destination. These findings suggest that the Egyptian migration to Europe is a re-production of the pattern of Egyptian migration to the Arab Gulf countries, where young males migrate to achieve specific financial goals and then they return.
... Migrants utilize coping 1 Ayman Zohry (Ph.D. University of Sussex) is an Expert on Migration ... more ... Migrants utilize coping 1 Ayman Zohry (Ph.D. University of Sussex) is an Expert on Migration Studies based in Cairo, Egypt. ... The author also acknowledges the useful discussions on this work with Dr. Mohamed Mohieddin and Mr. Salah Abdel-Tawab. Page 22. 20 References ...
Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 2003
Historically, Egypt was a land of immigrants not emigrants (Sell, 1988). Egypt has been an area o... more Historically, Egypt was a land of immigrants not emigrants (Sell, 1988). Egypt has been an area of international migration (migration from the eastern and the northeastern Mediterranean countries to Egypt). In the past, foreigners were coming to Egypt while Egyptians rarely migrated abroad till the mid 1950s. The ancestors of the Egyptian people include many races and ethnic groups, including Africans, Arabs, Berbers, Greeks, Persians, Romans, and Turks. This paper surveys Egyptian immigration with emphasis on emigration to complete the picture. The study is migrant-focused, though some elements of Egyptian government policy are also included. Sections on migration to Egypt focus mainly on refugees, using as examples the largest populations from Palestine, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia, because they form the majority of new migrants to Egypt. These sections are primarily concerned with the policies of the Egyptian government and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which decides refugee status in Egypt. To take a migrant-focused approach to immigrants-mainly refugees-who come from at least 30 different countries, would require political and economic analyses of their countries of origin, and this is beyond the scope of this study. 2 The Place of Egypt in the regional migration system as a receiving country Revue européenne des migrations internationales, vol. 19-n°3 | 2003
... The so-called "four freedoms agreement" was signed ... more ... The so-called "four freedoms agreement" was signed during a summit between President Hosni Mubarak and his Sudanese counterpart Omar Hassan ... Somalis are concentrated in two districts of Cairo, Ard El-Liwa and Nasr City. Because ... I would like to thank Prof. ...
This article aims at exploring the impact of internal versus international migration on developme... more This article aims at exploring the impact of internal versus international migration on development at the micro level through field work carried out in two different geographical locations in Egypt. The conclusion to be drawn from this study is that, both Egyptian internal and international migrations are deployed to escape poverty and mal economic development. Migration is a survival strategy; it is more to decrease hazards than to maximize benefits.
From Biblical times, Egypt has been a haven for people fleeing persecution and natural disasters.... more From Biblical times, Egypt has been a haven for people fleeing persecution and natural disasters. Egypt has continued to fulfill this role into the present. People fled to Egypt after the Armenian massacres in Turkey in the 1920s and from both World Wars.
have the reputation of preferring their own soil. Few ever leave except to study or travel; and t... more have the reputation of preferring their own soil. Few ever leave except to study or travel; and they always return … Egyptians do not emigrate" (Cleland 1936: 36, 52). This was the case until the middle of the twentieth century with few exceptions. Only small numbers of Egyptians, primarily professionals, had emigrated before 1974. Then, in 1974, the government lifted all restrictions on labour migration. The move came at a time when Arab Gulf states and Libya were implementing major development programs with funds generated by the quadrupling of oil revenues in 1973. The number of Egyptians working abroad in the Arab region around 1975 reached about 370,000 as part of about 655,000 total migrants (Brinks and Sinclair 1980). By 1980 more than one million Egyptians were working abroad. This number more than doubled by 1986 with an estimate of 2.25 million Egyptians abroad (CAPMAS 1989). The emergence of foreign job opportunities alleviated some of the pressure on domestic employment. Many of these workers sent a significant portion of their earnings to their families in Egypt. As early as 1979, these remittances amounted to $2 billion; a sum equivalent to the country's combined earnings from cotton exports, Suez Canal transit fees, and tourism. The foreign demand for Egyptian labour peaked in 1983, when an estimated 3.28 million Egyptians workers were employed abroad. After that year, political and economic developments in the Arab oil-producing countries caused a cutback in employment opportunities. The decline in oil prices during the Iran-Iraq War forced the Arab Gulf oil industry into a recession, which costs some Egyptians their jobs. Most of the expatriate workforce remained abroad but new labour migration from Egypt slowed considerably.
This paper compares marriage and fertility patterns and trends among the Arab countries of Bahrai... more This paper compares marriage and fertility patterns and trends among the Arab countries of Bahrain Oman Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Findings are related to socioeconomic changes and the implicit and explicit population policies of the six countries. Data are obtained from the Gulf Child and Health Surveys (GCHS) which are consistent with the methodology and structure of the Demographic and Health Surveys. Bahrain and Kuwait are known for well-developed statistical systems and high quality data. Oman had never had a census before the GCHS was administered. Saudi Arabian censuses were of unknown quality. The low level of female education was a handicap to reliable data. Still there is "a reasonable degree of confidence in some of the fertility measures." Analysis is based on the fertility measures that are based on pregnancy histories. The highest fertility rates were in Oman and Saudi Arabia and the lowest in Bahrain. The differences in fer...
The Egyptian population and family planning review, Jan 2, 1994
The authors measured the impact of the socioeconomic setting (SES) and the family planning progra... more The authors measured the impact of the socioeconomic setting (SES) and the family planning program effort upon variations in the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) at the governorate level during 1992. Indexes are developed to measure the SES and the family planning program effort at the governorate level. The study was also conducted to measure the extent to which the SES and the program effort affect CPRs at the governorate level and to measure the impact of the SES on the program effort. The following indicators were chosen to use in building the SES index: population literacy rate, primary and secondary school enrollment ratios, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, per capita income, percent of the population working in agriculture, and the percent of the population living in urban areas. The number of governorate population council meetings; the number of women per family planning center; the number of women per pharmacy; the percent of women who have family planning services in their localities; the number of information, education, and communication hours per 1000 women/year; the number of home visits per woman; record keeping and statistical reporting; social marketing; and the private sector were chosen as indicators in building the family planning program effort index.
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour L'Harmattan. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour ... more Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour L'Harmattan. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour L'Harmattan. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit. Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse https://www.cairn.info/revue-confluences-mediterranee-2013-4-page-47.htm Découvrir le sommaire de ce numéro, suivre la revue par email, s'abonner... Flashez ce QR Code pour accéder à la page de ce numéro sur Cairn.info.
In this chapter, we examine active-learning (or what some have termed “progressive” or “student-c... more In this chapter, we examine active-learning (or what some have termed “progressive” or “student-centered”) pedagogies, which constitute a model of teaching that highlights “minimal teacher lecturing or direct transmission of factual knowledge, multiple small group activities that engage students in discovery learning or problem solving, and frequent student questions and discussion” (Leu & Price-Rom, 2006, p. 19).1
In this paper, I explore characteristics of Egyptian who migrate irregularly to Europe and reason... more In this paper, I explore characteristics of Egyptian who migrate irregularly to Europe and reasons of irregular migration from the point of departure through a field survey in some Egyptian villages known of sending irregular – as well as regular - migrants to Europe (mainly Italy and France). The survey gathered information about the level of awareness of potential migrants about irregular migration and migrants smuggling from Egypt. The results indicate that the vast majority of youth who want to migrate to Europe as well as current migrants intend to return to Egypt after a temporary stay in the countries of destination. These findings suggest that the Egyptian migration to Europe is a re-production of the pattern of Egyptian migration to the Arab Gulf countries, where young males migrate to achieve specific financial goals and then they return.
... Migrants utilize coping 1 Ayman Zohry (Ph.D. University of Sussex) is an Expert on Migration ... more ... Migrants utilize coping 1 Ayman Zohry (Ph.D. University of Sussex) is an Expert on Migration Studies based in Cairo, Egypt. ... The author also acknowledges the useful discussions on this work with Dr. Mohamed Mohieddin and Mr. Salah Abdel-Tawab. Page 22. 20 References ...
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