Development Economist at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Research interests on poverty assessment and poverty reduction policy.
The chapter includes new, country-by-country data on electrification rates worldwide and provides... more The chapter includes new, country-by-country data on electrification rates worldwide and provides regional projections to 2030. It also includes estimates on the use of traditional biomass energy sources in developing countries over the same period. The chapter sets out a quantitative framework for poverty alleviation strategies. This study, as well as the full book from which it is taken, was prepared by the IEA's Economic Analysis Division.
Go to AGRIS search. Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development (1987... more Go to AGRIS search. Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development (1987). Postharvest losses, technology, and employment: the case of rice in Bangladesh. Greeley, Martin. Publisher, Westview Press, Boulder, [Colo. Date of publication, 1987. ...
In assessing the value of different approaches to real-time monitoring for the most vulnerable, a... more In assessing the value of different approaches to real-time monitoring for the most vulnerable, an initial requirement is to set out a conceptual framework that provides at least some degree of clarity as to what precisely is meant by 'real time', 'monitoring' and 'vulnerable'-all terms that can be highly contextspecific. That is the first task addressed here. The second is to consider potential sources of data that might be used to undertake real-time monitoring and assess their advantages and disadvantages for the present purpose. Four general approaches are considered-community-based participatory monitoring, sentinel sites, routine data systems and rapid surveys-and selected examples from the literature are given to illustrate the potential use and limitations of their applications. 1
The prevention of food loss in the farm‐level post‐harvest system has become an objective of food... more The prevention of food loss in the farm‐level post‐harvest system has become an objective of food policy in many developing countries. This objective is founded on the allegations that food losses are high, that technology is available to prevent or reduce these losses and that, as a consequence, hungry people will be less hungry. This paper first reviews the development of this policy objective. It then goes on to argue that this formulation of post‐harvest policy is inaccurate and frequently misleading. Evidence on the levels of food loss under traditional practices, and on the costs and benefits of technical change, show that at farm level cost reduction is the chief influence on technological choice; from a social perspective, employment and hence income distribution considerations are often the decisive factor in evaluating new techniques.
appreciated that they cannot be sustained and that yields will fall. These situations occur in di... more appreciated that they cannot be sustained and that yields will fall. These situations occur in different agro-climatic conditions but are particularly common in rainfed slope land agriculture-as with the Indian project area discussed below. In many cases, population pressure has led to intensification of cultivation, loss of fallow periods and a reduced ability to invest resources for soil and moisture conservation. Annual production of food crops takes place on land that is better suited to perennials. Lack of alternative sources of food make this a necessary survival strategy for poor households. The problem of increased population is often compounded by restricted land rights. In this particular project area the indigenous population are scheduled tribes, who now have very little access to the irrigable valley bottom land which has been taken by outsiders. As a consequence their cultivation of annual crops has now spread to middle and upper slopeland which is actually owned officially by the forestry department and they are liable to be fined at any time for illegal encroachment. This absence of land rights means there is no incentive for land improvement and incipient gullying is a pervasive feature in the area. Under these types of circumstance an environmental objective can be clearly defined in terms of a shift to a sustainable pattern of land use. Typically, this will involve replacement of annual cropping by perennials-as was the case in the Indian project. However, this is a purely technical response and says nothing about the food security and livelihoods of those households currently using the land for annual cropping. They are maximising short-term gains at the cost of longer-term sustainability in order to feed themselves; any proposals for change, such as a shift to perennials, must involve measures for interim food security and, for the longer term, sustainability of livelihoods. If such changes are possible they would allow a move out of a situation of conflict between environmental sustainability and food security needs to one of complementarity. One problem occurs frequently and inhibits achievement of this complementarity. It is that during project preparation, situation specific analysis often concentrates almost exclusively on the technical problems; i.e. on identifying physical inputs and land use patterns that will allow sustainabile production. The institutional framework, and most fundamentally, the
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D71503/87 / BLDSC - British Libra... more SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D71503/87 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
The paper is concerned with the impact of new technologies on the rural poorest in Bangladesh. Th... more The paper is concerned with the impact of new technologies on the rural poorest in Bangladesh. The arguments relate to technical change in rice processing and are based on work in eight villages of Bangladesh. The paper is in two parts. The first sketches post-...
AGRIS record. Record number, US9522616. Titles, Postharvest technologies: implications for food p... more AGRIS record. Record number, US9522616. Titles, Postharvest technologies: implications for food policy analysis. Personal Authors, Greeley, M. Publisher, World Bank. Publisher Place, Washington, DC (USA). Publication Date, 1991. AGRIS Subj. Cat. ...
There is no assumption that these institutional innovations will be sufficient to achieve the amb... more There is no assumption that these institutional innovations will be sufficient to achieve the ambitious poverty-reduction objectives, which governments have set for themselves in recent years. But they are at the very least, necessary. Moreover, their ultimate impact and replicability will ...
The Wageningen UR Library Catalogue contains bibliographic data on books and periodicals held by ... more The Wageningen UR Library Catalogue contains bibliographic data on books and periodicals held by the libraries of Wageningen University and Research Centre and some 15 associated libraries. Holding data are added to each record.
A report of a study of farm level food grain losses carried out in Andhra Pradesh, India, from 19... more A report of a study of farm level food grain losses carried out in Andhra Pradesh, India, from 1976 to 1978 is summarised. The object of the project was to provide a social cost benefit analysis of farm level storage improvements. The study concentrated on the storage of paddy (rice) as the staple crop. Eighteen villages provided approximately twenty sample stores each during the two year period of the project. Samples were subjected to laboratory analysis with emphasis on physical dry weight loss. The final estimate of loss was 4.26 per cent± 1.33 per cent. In the second year various improved storage practices were tested, including improvements to traditional stores, use of metal bins, and pesticides. Analysis of the data suggested a positive cost-benefit from these measures and support for the expansion of India's storage extension service, the Save Grain Campaign. Resume Resume du rapport redige a la conclusion d'une etude menee dans le Andhra Pradesh, en lnde, de 1976 8.1978 sur les partes au niveau de la ferme de graines alimentaires. Le projet avait pour but de dresser une analyse avantages-couts des perfectionnements apportes aux methodes de stockage a !'echelon de !'exploitation agricole. L'etude se concentra sur l'entreposage du paddy, denree de premiere necessite dans le contexte indlen. Dans chacun de dlx-hult villages visites, quelnue vingt greniers furent
This paper reports and assesses the results of a comparative survey on the costs and benefits of ... more This paper reports and assesses the results of a comparative survey on the costs and benefits of windmills and kerosene pumpsets for irrigation of subsidiary food crops in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Secondary objectives are to draw out lessons from the survey (i) for other renewable energy technology programs and (ii) for evaluation methods. Survey results provide a windmill user evaluation, a cost analysis and a comparison of net crop income under the two techniques (windmill and kerosene pumpset). At both financial and economic prices the renewable energy technology is found inferior to the fossil-fuel based technology. The small data set requires caution in drawing final conclusions but does suggest that there is a critical loss in flexibility over cropping patterns by adoption of the windmill. 'This paper was presented at the Second International Workshop on the Food Energy Nexus and Ecosystems held in New Delhi. India. Februarv 1986. The uaoer is based on Sri Lankan dat'a collect;d whilst th; aLthor was a visting researcher at the Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo. The author is grateful to R. P. Sunil and Sunil Seneratne who are chiefly responsible for data collection and to T. Nithianandan, previously at the Department of Agriculture, Government of Sri Lanka, for engineering advice and help in supervision. The author is also grateful to Jayantha Kottege, Research Officer, Agrarian Research and Training Institute for help in field work and to Sunil Fernando and Davendra Amersingham of the Wind Energy Unit, Colombo for their untiring assistance and advice throughout the period of fieldwork. The author acknowledges with thanks the financial support for this work that was provided by the British Overseas Development Administration. Finally, the author is grateful to Andrew Barnett, Michael Howes and an anonymous referee for comments on this paper, and, of course, the usual disclaimers apply.
ABSTRACT The author discusses some key factors which determine the policy implications of rural t... more ABSTRACT The author discusses some key factors which determine the policy implications of rural technology research. He examines the background to farm-level storage in India and the implications for methodology and objectives of research projects on storage. Two different approaches to farm-level storage research are compared and limitations of the appropriate technology approach to agricultural research are discussed.
The chapter includes new, country-by-country data on electrification rates worldwide and provides... more The chapter includes new, country-by-country data on electrification rates worldwide and provides regional projections to 2030. It also includes estimates on the use of traditional biomass energy sources in developing countries over the same period. The chapter sets out a quantitative framework for poverty alleviation strategies. This study, as well as the full book from which it is taken, was prepared by the IEA's Economic Analysis Division.
Go to AGRIS search. Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development (1987... more Go to AGRIS search. Westview special studies in social, political, and economic development (1987). Postharvest losses, technology, and employment: the case of rice in Bangladesh. Greeley, Martin. Publisher, Westview Press, Boulder, [Colo. Date of publication, 1987. ...
In assessing the value of different approaches to real-time monitoring for the most vulnerable, a... more In assessing the value of different approaches to real-time monitoring for the most vulnerable, an initial requirement is to set out a conceptual framework that provides at least some degree of clarity as to what precisely is meant by 'real time', 'monitoring' and 'vulnerable'-all terms that can be highly contextspecific. That is the first task addressed here. The second is to consider potential sources of data that might be used to undertake real-time monitoring and assess their advantages and disadvantages for the present purpose. Four general approaches are considered-community-based participatory monitoring, sentinel sites, routine data systems and rapid surveys-and selected examples from the literature are given to illustrate the potential use and limitations of their applications. 1
The prevention of food loss in the farm‐level post‐harvest system has become an objective of food... more The prevention of food loss in the farm‐level post‐harvest system has become an objective of food policy in many developing countries. This objective is founded on the allegations that food losses are high, that technology is available to prevent or reduce these losses and that, as a consequence, hungry people will be less hungry. This paper first reviews the development of this policy objective. It then goes on to argue that this formulation of post‐harvest policy is inaccurate and frequently misleading. Evidence on the levels of food loss under traditional practices, and on the costs and benefits of technical change, show that at farm level cost reduction is the chief influence on technological choice; from a social perspective, employment and hence income distribution considerations are often the decisive factor in evaluating new techniques.
appreciated that they cannot be sustained and that yields will fall. These situations occur in di... more appreciated that they cannot be sustained and that yields will fall. These situations occur in different agro-climatic conditions but are particularly common in rainfed slope land agriculture-as with the Indian project area discussed below. In many cases, population pressure has led to intensification of cultivation, loss of fallow periods and a reduced ability to invest resources for soil and moisture conservation. Annual production of food crops takes place on land that is better suited to perennials. Lack of alternative sources of food make this a necessary survival strategy for poor households. The problem of increased population is often compounded by restricted land rights. In this particular project area the indigenous population are scheduled tribes, who now have very little access to the irrigable valley bottom land which has been taken by outsiders. As a consequence their cultivation of annual crops has now spread to middle and upper slopeland which is actually owned officially by the forestry department and they are liable to be fined at any time for illegal encroachment. This absence of land rights means there is no incentive for land improvement and incipient gullying is a pervasive feature in the area. Under these types of circumstance an environmental objective can be clearly defined in terms of a shift to a sustainable pattern of land use. Typically, this will involve replacement of annual cropping by perennials-as was the case in the Indian project. However, this is a purely technical response and says nothing about the food security and livelihoods of those households currently using the land for annual cropping. They are maximising short-term gains at the cost of longer-term sustainability in order to feed themselves; any proposals for change, such as a shift to perennials, must involve measures for interim food security and, for the longer term, sustainability of livelihoods. If such changes are possible they would allow a move out of a situation of conflict between environmental sustainability and food security needs to one of complementarity. One problem occurs frequently and inhibits achievement of this complementarity. It is that during project preparation, situation specific analysis often concentrates almost exclusively on the technical problems; i.e. on identifying physical inputs and land use patterns that will allow sustainabile production. The institutional framework, and most fundamentally, the
SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D71503/87 / BLDSC - British Libra... more SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D71503/87 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
The paper is concerned with the impact of new technologies on the rural poorest in Bangladesh. Th... more The paper is concerned with the impact of new technologies on the rural poorest in Bangladesh. The arguments relate to technical change in rice processing and are based on work in eight villages of Bangladesh. The paper is in two parts. The first sketches post-...
AGRIS record. Record number, US9522616. Titles, Postharvest technologies: implications for food p... more AGRIS record. Record number, US9522616. Titles, Postharvest technologies: implications for food policy analysis. Personal Authors, Greeley, M. Publisher, World Bank. Publisher Place, Washington, DC (USA). Publication Date, 1991. AGRIS Subj. Cat. ...
There is no assumption that these institutional innovations will be sufficient to achieve the amb... more There is no assumption that these institutional innovations will be sufficient to achieve the ambitious poverty-reduction objectives, which governments have set for themselves in recent years. But they are at the very least, necessary. Moreover, their ultimate impact and replicability will ...
The Wageningen UR Library Catalogue contains bibliographic data on books and periodicals held by ... more The Wageningen UR Library Catalogue contains bibliographic data on books and periodicals held by the libraries of Wageningen University and Research Centre and some 15 associated libraries. Holding data are added to each record.
A report of a study of farm level food grain losses carried out in Andhra Pradesh, India, from 19... more A report of a study of farm level food grain losses carried out in Andhra Pradesh, India, from 1976 to 1978 is summarised. The object of the project was to provide a social cost benefit analysis of farm level storage improvements. The study concentrated on the storage of paddy (rice) as the staple crop. Eighteen villages provided approximately twenty sample stores each during the two year period of the project. Samples were subjected to laboratory analysis with emphasis on physical dry weight loss. The final estimate of loss was 4.26 per cent± 1.33 per cent. In the second year various improved storage practices were tested, including improvements to traditional stores, use of metal bins, and pesticides. Analysis of the data suggested a positive cost-benefit from these measures and support for the expansion of India's storage extension service, the Save Grain Campaign. Resume Resume du rapport redige a la conclusion d'une etude menee dans le Andhra Pradesh, en lnde, de 1976 8.1978 sur les partes au niveau de la ferme de graines alimentaires. Le projet avait pour but de dresser une analyse avantages-couts des perfectionnements apportes aux methodes de stockage a !'echelon de !'exploitation agricole. L'etude se concentra sur l'entreposage du paddy, denree de premiere necessite dans le contexte indlen. Dans chacun de dlx-hult villages visites, quelnue vingt greniers furent
This paper reports and assesses the results of a comparative survey on the costs and benefits of ... more This paper reports and assesses the results of a comparative survey on the costs and benefits of windmills and kerosene pumpsets for irrigation of subsidiary food crops in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Secondary objectives are to draw out lessons from the survey (i) for other renewable energy technology programs and (ii) for evaluation methods. Survey results provide a windmill user evaluation, a cost analysis and a comparison of net crop income under the two techniques (windmill and kerosene pumpset). At both financial and economic prices the renewable energy technology is found inferior to the fossil-fuel based technology. The small data set requires caution in drawing final conclusions but does suggest that there is a critical loss in flexibility over cropping patterns by adoption of the windmill. 'This paper was presented at the Second International Workshop on the Food Energy Nexus and Ecosystems held in New Delhi. India. Februarv 1986. The uaoer is based on Sri Lankan dat'a collect;d whilst th; aLthor was a visting researcher at the Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo. The author is grateful to R. P. Sunil and Sunil Seneratne who are chiefly responsible for data collection and to T. Nithianandan, previously at the Department of Agriculture, Government of Sri Lanka, for engineering advice and help in supervision. The author is also grateful to Jayantha Kottege, Research Officer, Agrarian Research and Training Institute for help in field work and to Sunil Fernando and Davendra Amersingham of the Wind Energy Unit, Colombo for their untiring assistance and advice throughout the period of fieldwork. The author acknowledges with thanks the financial support for this work that was provided by the British Overseas Development Administration. Finally, the author is grateful to Andrew Barnett, Michael Howes and an anonymous referee for comments on this paper, and, of course, the usual disclaimers apply.
ABSTRACT The author discusses some key factors which determine the policy implications of rural t... more ABSTRACT The author discusses some key factors which determine the policy implications of rural technology research. He examines the background to farm-level storage in India and the implications for methodology and objectives of research projects on storage. Two different approaches to farm-level storage research are compared and limitations of the appropriate technology approach to agricultural research are discussed.
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Papers by Martin Greeley