2024 Developer Survey

2 Technology

Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.

This year, we included new questions about embedded technology tools and industry-sourced, community-vetted technology options.

2.2 Admired and Desired

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

JavaScript, Python and SQL are all highly-desired and admired programming languages, but Rust continues to be the most-admired programming language with an 83% score this year.

Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.4%54.4%Zephyr0.7%23.5%Prolog0.7%26.2%Cobol0.7%42.8%Apex0.7%47.4%Crystal0.9%28.4%Fortran0.9%50.5%Nim1%41.9%Delphi1.1%40.2%Ada1.2%26.3%Objective-C1.3%24.9%VBA1.4%32.8%Perl1.5%30.5%Groovy1.6%21.7%MATLAB1.6%51.5%Solidity1.7%24.7%Visual Basic 1.8%48.6%MicroPython1.8%53.1%OCaml1.9%57.7%Erlang2.1%61.7%Julia2.1%57.3%Lisp2.2%53.1%F#2.3%68.4%Clojure2.8%65.2%GDScript3%50.9%Scala3.7%41.3%R3.7%53.1%Haskell4.7%50.1%Ruby4.9%76.8%Elixir5.1%43.6%Assembly5.6%52.6%Lua6.2%73.8%Zig6.2%55%Dart6.5%63.3%Swift7.2%43.3%PowerShell9.6%43.8%PHP12.3%60.9%Kotlin13.9%47.4%C17.9%47.6%Java18.3%53.1%C++21.6%64.1%C#23%62.6%Bash/Shell 23.1%67.7%Go28.7%82.2%Rust33.8%69.5%TS34.6%62.4%HTML/CSS37.4%67.4%SQL39.8%58.3%JS41.9%67.6%PYAdmiredDesired
Responses: 60,100 (91.8%)

Databases

SQLite increased its desired score this year to become wanted by more developers than MySQL compared to last year, increasing from 23% to 27%.

If you're curious about SQLite, listen to our podcast interview with the creator.

Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.5%41.5%RavenDB0.5%48.8%TiDB0.7%55.1%Presto0.8%54.9%EventStoreDB0.8%32%Couchbase0.8%70.7%Datomic0.9%26.9%IBM DB20.9%39.6%Firebird1.1%41.8%Solr1.3%31.5%Couch DB1.4%23.3%Microsoft Access2.1%42.4%H22.2%44.9%InfluxDB2.3%46%Cockroachdb2.5%49.1%Databricks SQL2.6%58.4%Clickhouse3%69.2%DuckDB3.1%46.4%Neo4J3.5%50.2%Cosmos DB3.6%51.2%Snowflake4.2%52.1%Cloud Firestore4.8%36.4%Cassandra5.1%46.1%Firebase Realtime Database5.2%50.8%BigQuery5.3%37.6%Oracle5.9%60.4%Supabase6.9%49.7%Dynamodb11.6%55.8%MariaDB12.2%49.8%Elasticsearch15.4%54.5%Microsoft SQL Server21.1%67%Redis21.9%55.4%MongoDB24.6%52.5%MySQL26.8%62.7%SQLite47.1%74.5%PostgreSQLAdmiredDesired
Responses: 51,992 (79.5%)

Cloud platforms

Hetzner is the most-admired cloud platform for the second year in a row with a 75% admire score, rising from their 70% score last year.

Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.8%62.5%Colocation0.9%55.6%Scaleway1.4%40.3%IBM Cloud Or Watson1.4%40.9%Alibaba Cloud1.5%51.1%Vultr2.1%41.6%PythonAnywhere2.1%49%OpenStack2.2%50.2%Render2.4%55.1%OVH2.4%62.6%Managed Hosting2.5%52%OpenShift2.7%54.9%Databricks2.9%56.3%Oracle Cloud Infra. 3.5%55.2%Linode3.8%39.1%VMware3.9%61.7%Fly.io4%25.8%Heroku5.2%49.4%Netlify5.3%62.8%Supabase5.6%74.6%Hetzner10.4%56.6%Digital Ocean10.6%59.4%Vercel11.8%54.8%Firebase15.8%68.2%Cloudflare23.4%55.6%Google Cloud24.9%59.9%Microsoft Azure43.4%63.3%Amazon Web Services AdmiredDesired
Responses: 45,711 (69.9%)

Web frameworks and technologies

73% of developers that used it want to keep working with Svelte. Fun fact: Our team at Stack Overflow used Svelte for the first time in building our 2024 Developer Survey results site. We could go on and on about Svelte, listen to us do just that in a interview with one of our own.

Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.6%34.1%Yii 20.7%39.5%Play Framework0.8%30%CodeIgniter0.9%28.5%Drupal1%24.7%Gatsby1.4%52.4%Elm1.5%43.4%Strapi2.4%56.1%Fastify2.5%54.6%Symfony2.8%56.7%Remix3.5%83.7%Phoenix3.6%67%Solid.js4.2%56.5%Deno4.2%23.1%AngularJS4.7%60.2%Nuxt.js4.8%72.2%Astro5%55.4%Ruby on Rails5.5%34.5%WordPress6.4%61.2%Blazor6.5%60.8%NestJS6.6%56.4%Laravel7%41.6%ASP.NET8.9%46.1%Flask9.1%35.7%jQuery9.3%72.9%Htmx10.9%64.9%FastAPI10.9%62.3%Spring Boot11.3%50.7%Django11.5%72.8%Svelte11.9%53.1%Express13.9%53.4%Angular14.7%72%ASP.NET CORE16.3%60.2%Vue.js18.2%59.5%Next.js31.8%64.2%Node.js33.4%62.2%ReactAdmiredDesired
Responses: 47,707 (72.9%)

Embedded Technologies

New to the survey this year, Cargo comes in with a very weighty 83% admire score.

Which embedded systems and technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.6%54.5%CUTE0.7%48.2%build20.9%39.7%SCons1.2%70.9%ZMK1.2%49.2%Boost.Test1.3%63%doctest1.3%55.7%Micronaut1.5%49.3%cppunit1.6%37.2%QMake1.8%65%Catch22.9%53.5%Meson4.6%66.4%PlatformIO5.2%50%MSVC6.5%61.1%Ninja16.3%73.2%LLVM's Clang18.4%83%Cargo18.5%51.6%CMake22.8%68.3%GNU GCC32.7%59.5%Arduino48.4%74.3%Rasberry PiAdmiredDesired
Responses: 27,454 (42%)

Other frameworks and libraries

Ruff is a new addition to technologies listed in the survey this year, and developers love it: 84% of those that use Ruff want to continue using it.

Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.5%26.9%MFC1%23.9%Cordova1.6%68%Tidyverse1.6%64.2%mlflow1.7%54.2%Capacitor1.7%55.4%JAX1.8%20.1%Xamarin1.9%69.6%Ktor2%73.9%Roslyn2%39.6%Ionic2.1%62.1%Quarkus2.7%48%DirectX2.9%53.6%OpenCL3%36.2%Hadoop3%47%GTK3.1%84.1%Ruff4.8%60%Keras5.5%53.1%.NET MAUI5.7%73.8%Tauri6.2%57.2%Apache Spark6.3%46.5%Qt6.4%33.7%.NET Framework 7%41.4%Electron7.1%72.6%Hugging Face Transformers7.1%68.1%SwiftUI8.4%55.9%OpenGL8.7%60.3%Opencv9.1%62.8%CUDA9.5%63.7%Spring Framework9.9%66.6%Scikit-Learn11.7%56.5%React Native12.3%60%RabbitMQ12.4%60.6%Flutter13.2%63.9%Apache Kafka15.5%57.8%TensorFlow15.5%69.7%Torch/PyTorch17.7%65.6%Pandas18.2%67.9%Numpy21.9%71.1%.NET AdmiredDesired
Responses: 45,166 (69%)

Other tools

Docker users have elevated this tool to most-admired (78%) this year along with being most-desired for the second year in a row.

Which developer tools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Desired and Admired to-do 0.8%28.1%Chef1%35.6%Puppet1.2%58%Dagger1.2%30.9%Ant1.8%63.4%Pulumi3%62.5%Google Test3.3%63.2%Ninja4.3%72.4%Nix4.9%45.9%Chocolatey5.3%46%Unity 3D5.6%72.8%Pacman5.7%53.9%Unreal Engine6%61.7%Composer6%67.1%Podman6.7%73.7%Godot7.2%61.4%MSBuild7.2%76.1%Bun7.7%70.2%APT7.9%59%Ansible8.3%68.1%pnpm8.5%39%Webpack9.5%54.8%Maven 9.9%52.7%Gradle11.1%51%Yarn11.5%69.3%Visual Studio Solution11.5%67.6%NuGet11.7%65.9%Terraform13.8%60.2%Make16.4%69.8%Homebrew18.6%76.6%Vite21.3%62.2%Pip25%72.4%Kubernetes31.2%59.8%npm49.5%77.5%DockerAdmiredDesired
Responses: 53,727 (82.1%)

Integrated development environment

Visual Studio Code is the most-desired (and used) IDE tool (59%) for developers but the most-admired is Neovim (83%).

Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Desired and Admired to-do 0.4%45.6%Spacemacs0.7%48.6%Geany0.7%59.7%BBEdit0.7%21.3%Code::Blocks0.8%60.6%Rad Studio 0.9%42.6%Spyder1%25.2%Netbeans1.1%61.1%RubyMine1.4%64.3%Kate1.7%43.4%Fleet1.7%41.9%Qt Creator1.8%49%RStudio1.9%68.6%Helix3.4%30.1%Eclipse3.4%69.3%Goland3.6%57.4%CLion3.7%67.3%Emacs3.8%69.3%IPython4.3%63.1%PhpStorm4.3%73%DataGrip4.5%65.4%VSCodium5.5%73.4%Rider5.8%60.1%Nano6.3%65%WebStorm6.5%54.9%Sublime Text6.8%49.5%Xcode9.7%63.3%Jupyter Notebook/JupyterLab10.7%49.8%Android Studio11.3%63.8%PyCharm13.9%82.7%Neovim15.4%62.8%Notepad++16.6%69.2%Vim19.2%61.3%Visual Studio20.3%68.4%IntelliJ IDEA58.7%77.2%Visual Studio CodeAdmiredDesired
Responses: 57,940 (88.5%)

Asynchronous tools

Markdown wins the popularity contest with developers this year! Not only do users say they admire it more this year than last (84% vs. 82%), but Markdown also received the highest admired score of all technologies on our survey this year.

Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Desired and Admired to-do 0.5%33.1%Smartsheet0.7%56.2%Shortcut0.8%45.6%Microsoft Lists1.2%39.5%Basecamp1.3%34.9%Airtable1.3%29.7%Monday.com1.4%39.9%Redmine1.8%42.5%Microsoft Planner2%51.1%YouTrack2.1%52.8%Lucid2.4%38.9%Asana2.4%44%Clickup3%58.6%Doxygen3.1%69.7%Linear3.4%58.2%Stack Overflow for Teams5.9%68%Wikis7.7%50.3%Miro10.3%45.4%Trello12.1%61.4%Azure Devops12.8%75.9%Obsidian13.4%60.7%Notion15.8%70.5%GitHub Discussions17.7%52.5%Confluence25.3%84.3%Markdown File31.6%55.4%JiraAdmiredDesired
Responses: 49,126 (75.1%)

Synchronous tools

Signal users greatly admire the tool (74% admiration score) despite its being ranked eighth on the list for synchronous tools users want to use.

Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Desired and Admired to-do 0.2%57.1%Unify Circuit0.2%63.2%Coolfire Core0.2%38.7%Wickr0.3%37.4%Symphony0.3%35.7%Ringcentral0.3%44.8%Wire1.1%42.8%Rocketchat1.4%61.7%Zulip2.1%28.9%Cisco Webex Teams2.5%60.4%Jitsi2.9%61.8%IRC3%56.8%Mattermost4.3%71.4%Matrix4.5%33.7%Skype6.2%50.6%Google Chat10.2%74%Signal14.9%66.8%Telegram19.5%46.6%Zoom19.6%61.2%Whatsapp25.4%65.2%Google Meet27.1%48.6%Microsoft Teams29.9%70.9%Discord34.5%69.2%SlackAdmiredDesired
Responses: 55,859 (85.4%)

AI Search and Developer Tools

Most developers who use ChatGPT want to keep using it (75% Admired), while most who use Replit Ghostwrite or Tabnine are least likely to keep using it (36% Admired). If you aren't familiar with Replit, we have an interview for you to familiarize yourself.

Which AI-powered search and developer tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply.
Desired and Admired to-do 0.3%46.3%Neeva AI0.3%56.6%Metaphor0.3%53.6%Andi0.4%45.4%AskCodi0.4%36.1%Replit Ghostwriter0.6%62%Lightning AI0.7%47.3%Quora Poe0.9%43.2%You.com0.9%53.3%Snyk Code1.1%49.7%Cody1.2%51.3%Whispr AI1.9%52.6%OpenAI Codex2.4%46.3%Amazon Q2.5%36.1%Tabnine2.6%59.6%Phind3.9%55.2%Meta AI4.7%62.1%Perplexity AI4.8%66.4%WolframAlpha5.4%67.3%Codeium8.2%62.8%Claude9.3%52.1%Bing AI12.2%73%Visual Studio Intellicode21.1%62.1%Google Gemini41.4%72.1%GitHub Copilot63.6%74.4%ChatGPTAdmiredDesired
Responses: 45,809 (70%)

2.3 Worked with vs. want to work with

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Those learning to code want to try more languages next year compared to their professional counterparts. On average, each user who is learning to code wants to try 12 other languages in the next year versus users who are professional devs who want to try eight.

Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Other Coders
All Respondents to-do Bash/Shell (all shells)CC#C++GoHTML/CSSJavaJavaScriptKotlinPHPPowerShellPythonRustSQLTypeScript
Responses: 59,429 (90.8%)
Minimum 3,000 respondents per connection.
Professional Developers to-do