Various Near Eastern and European writers of the thirteenth century remarked on the outlandish ap... more Various Near Eastern and European writers of the thirteenth century remarked on the outlandish appearance of the Mongol warriors then rampaging across Eurasia. One aspect of this was their distinctive headgear. From our sources it is clear that Mongol costume could be exploited by non-Mongols in the Near East for a variety of purposes; how these distinctive hats were described, and how contemporary artists depicted them, will also be discussed.
The irruption of the Mongols led to profound changes in the political, cultural and confessional ... more The irruption of the Mongols led to profound changes in the political, cultural and confessional climate of the thirteenth-century Near East. While many did not survive the initial onslaught and the years of turmoil that followed, and rulers that opposed the Mongols were largely swept away, the communities and dynasties that remained were forced to seek some sort of accommodation with the new overlords. While subjection to the Mongol yoke was far from desirable, rulers could seek to make the best of the situation, in the hope that the ambitions of the Mongols might come to match their own, or that the Mongols might be persuaded to support their cause. This paper will consider how certain Christian groups in the Near East sought to reconcile themselves to the Mongol presence, and how they sought to place these alien invaders within a more familiar framework. In particular it will examine the visual evidence for this process by looking at a couple of appearances of recognisably Mongol...
In 1289, Tripoli was taken from the Franks by the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun. In 1291, Qalawun’s son ... more In 1289, Tripoli was taken from the Franks by the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun. In 1291, Qalawun’s son al-Ashraf Khalīl captured Acre, the last capital of the Crusader ‘kingdom of Jerusalem’, and the few surviving Frankish outposts on the Levantine coast were swiftly abandoned. Next in line seemed to be the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia and the Taurus mountains – but it was to be a further 84 years before Sis, the kingdom’s capital, was to fall to the Mamluks. It does not seem unreasonable to ask why the Mamluks should have let it survive so long: indeed, how did it survive the 1290s?
... Angus Stewart * pages 47-54. ... 4The formula used on her coins was malikat al-muslimīn, wāli... more ... Angus Stewart * pages 47-54. ... 4The formula used on her coins was malikat al-muslimīn, wālidat al-malik al-man ūr amīr ('Queen of the Muslims, Mother of al-Malik al-Man ūr Amīr'): see Paul Balog, The Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria (New York, 1964), p. 71. ...
... ed. KM Setton, II, The Later Crusades, 11891311 (second edition, Madison, 1969), pp. 630659... more ... ed. KM Setton, II, The Later Crusades, 11891311 (second edition, Madison, 1969), pp. 630659; here p. 658) all call him Bilarghu. 23 Samuel of Ani, Extrait de la Chronographie cit., p. 466; al-Maqr¯ız¯ı, cit., II:i, p. 38; al-↩Ayn¯ı cit., IV, p. 458. ...
Various Near Eastern and European writers of the thirteenth century remarked on the outlandish ap... more Various Near Eastern and European writers of the thirteenth century remarked on the outlandish appearance of the Mongol warriors then rampaging across Eurasia. One aspect of this was their distinctive headgear. From our sources it is clear that Mongol costume could be exploited by non-Mongols in the Near East for a variety of purposes; how these distinctive hats were described, and how contemporary artists depicted them, will also be discussed.
The irruption of the Mongols led to profound changes in the political, cultural and confessional ... more The irruption of the Mongols led to profound changes in the political, cultural and confessional climate of the thirteenth-century Near East. While many did not survive the initial onslaught and the years of turmoil that followed, and rulers that opposed the Mongols were largely swept away, the communities and dynasties that remained were forced to seek some sort of accommodation with the new overlords. While subjection to the Mongol yoke was far from desirable, rulers could seek to make the best of the situation, in the hope that the ambitions of the Mongols might come to match their own, or that the Mongols might be persuaded to support their cause. This paper will consider how certain Christian groups in the Near East sought to reconcile themselves to the Mongol presence, and how they sought to place these alien invaders within a more familiar framework. In particular it will examine the visual evidence for this process by looking at a couple of appearances of recognisably Mongol...
In 1289, Tripoli was taken from the Franks by the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun. In 1291, Qalawun’s son ... more In 1289, Tripoli was taken from the Franks by the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun. In 1291, Qalawun’s son al-Ashraf Khalīl captured Acre, the last capital of the Crusader ‘kingdom of Jerusalem’, and the few surviving Frankish outposts on the Levantine coast were swiftly abandoned. Next in line seemed to be the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia and the Taurus mountains – but it was to be a further 84 years before Sis, the kingdom’s capital, was to fall to the Mamluks. It does not seem unreasonable to ask why the Mamluks should have let it survive so long: indeed, how did it survive the 1290s?
... Angus Stewart * pages 47-54. ... 4The formula used on her coins was malikat al-muslimīn, wāli... more ... Angus Stewart * pages 47-54. ... 4The formula used on her coins was malikat al-muslimīn, wālidat al-malik al-man ūr amīr ('Queen of the Muslims, Mother of al-Malik al-Man ūr Amīr'): see Paul Balog, The Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt and Syria (New York, 1964), p. 71. ...
... ed. KM Setton, II, The Later Crusades, 11891311 (second edition, Madison, 1969), pp. 630659... more ... ed. KM Setton, II, The Later Crusades, 11891311 (second edition, Madison, 1969), pp. 630659; here p. 658) all call him Bilarghu. 23 Samuel of Ani, Extrait de la Chronographie cit., p. 466; al-Maqr¯ız¯ı, cit., II:i, p. 38; al-↩Ayn¯ı cit., IV, p. 458. ...
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