The Square Packing Problem
The square packing problem is a simple and long-standing problem in geometry: what is the size of the smallest square that can hold unit squares, where the squares are free to rotate but cannot overlap? The side length of that smallest square is written .
The value of remains unknown for most . In many cases, is known only to lie between an upper bound (the size of the enclosing square for the tightest packing ever discovered, such as ) and a lower bound (a size below which it is proved that no packing can exist, such as the reported ).
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Khalili and Gharabaghi Report s(k² − 5) = k for Every k ≥ 7
Mohsen Khalili and Sara Gharabaghi report that unit squares need a square of side for every . One periodic family of measures reduces every to a single finite statement on an board, which the authors decide with Daniel’s checkers and a new Tight-Tile Lemma where box subdivision stalls. New to the record are eight open counts, to . T-298 is reported at V0/C1.
- , and rest on certificates the record already holds (T-252, T-066 and T-184), and is Greff’s T-191. At to the reported lower bounds move to ; the verified ones are unchanged.
- What the import lane ran, about 2.5 CPU-hours: the source’s fast checks, 30 of the
55 columns of the source’s
zmx2sweep, root 9632 with both checkers and 26 of the 323 Tight-Tile jobs, each equal to the source’s records, and the source’s controls, refused as reported. That is a diagnostic, not a replay. The full replay, about 145 to 180 CPU-hours, up to about 320, and the Lean build are held for the owner. - A stage 4 review by a separately prompted Claude agent, at the strong tier rather
than the strongest the runbook asks for, found no blocking defect and two major
findings:
zmx2’s area-density and first-order lemmas, on which most of the board’s poses rest, have no review in this record (F1; a review of them is held), and the Tight-Tile Lemma has one implementation and no full replay (F2). - The paper says the search, the certificate, the Tight-Tile checker and its proof, and the verification runs were produced with Claude (Anthropic) under the authors’ direction, and that the authors reviewed the method, the checks and the text. It builds on Daniel’s linear program, format, checkers and Lean reduction. The source reports no review by outside mathematicians.
Published artifacts:
Current T-298 record
First public: 2026-11-14
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #973
PR #974
Source, retention and the checks made here
Stage 4 mathematical review
Daniel’s, Couzo’s and Polkovskyi’s Certificates Become the House Best Packings at Eight Counts
Eight counts take new house best packings after clean-room reviews here. Daniel’s certificates of #845 take 172, 204, 260 and 293, and his update to #824 takes 299. Couzo’s certificates of #844 take 232 and 307. Couzo’s #843 packing takes 130, in Polkovskyi’s re-solved certificate of #846, lower. Each is regularized for display, and T-254 to T-259 are confirmed at V3/C3.
- The margins below the packings they replace are at 130, at 172, at 204, at 232, at 260, at 293, at 299 and at 307. At 293 and 299 the houses had been the Kingbird catalogue’s constructions, and , and the case records’ conjectured optima there are withdrawn.
- Daniel’s packings are new arrangements found by his population searches and, at 299, from his packing of 26 October; the 293 is his 260 plus one L-shaped strip. Couzo’s refine public Kaggle notebook packings, Chilton’s at 232 and ntumlnoob’s at 307; at 307 the new arrangement is his certificate of 28 October (T-255), which #844 refines.
- This project’s two maintained exact routes decided every certificate, sharing components with the sources’ checkers. Separately prompted mathematical reviews by Claude agents decided them again on clean-room checkers of their own, which is the independent confirmation; the reviews ran at the strong tier rather than the strongest the runbook asks for. No source program ran here.
- Six cases draw grid-slack’s views at the certificates’ sides; 299 and 307 keep the axis tool’s view. Fourteen sub-print re-certifications by Polkovskyi wait on the maintainer’s question of whether the 23 October restatement ruling reaches them, and move no house. Upper bounds only; no optimality, rigidity or priority is claimed.
Published artifacts:
Daniel’s certificates of #845
Daniel’s certificate at 299
Couzo’s certificates of #844
Polkovskyi’s re-solve at 130
First public: 2026-10-31
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #824
Issue #843
Issue #844
Issue #845
Issue #846
PR #852
Mathematical review of #845
Mathematical review of the #824 update
Mathematical review of #844
Mathematical review of #843
Mathematical review of #846
Couzo’s Packings Become the House Best Packings at 268 and 303
Couzo’s certificates of #763 at 268 and 303 pass a clean-room review here and become the house best packings there, and below the packings they replace, each regularized for display. T-240 is confirmed at V3/C3.
- Each refines a public Kaggle notebook packing: Tymchishin’s at 268, and at 303 Couzo’s own push packing, which his manifest credits after Lavrentev’s. Each is a new arrangement relative to the record: 118 and 133 squares lie more than a tenth from their places in the packings they replace.
- This project’s two maintained exact routes decided both certificates; they share
components with the source’s pipeline, whose manifest names this repository’s
sqpack/verify.pyas its first checker. A separately prompted mathematical review decided them again on a clean-room checker of its own, by a Claude agent, which is the independent confirmation. No source program ran here. - Both cases draw grid-slack’s views at the certificates’ sides. Daniel’s later 268, lower, is another placement of the same arrangement, validated separately; it re-houses 268 in a later change. Upper bounds only; no optimality, rigidity or priority is claimed.
Published artifacts:
Couzo’s certificates at 268 and 303
First public: 2026-10-25
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #763
PR #794
The case record at 268
The case record at 303
Mathematical review of 24 October
Daniel’s New Arrangement Becomes the House Best Packing at 182
Daniel’s packing at 182, cut from Couzo’s 211 packing, an arrangement of Ostashev’s design, and polished, passes a clean-room review here. At 13.970916436215, below the packing it replaces and a new arrangement relative to the record, it becomes the house best packing at 182. T-243 is confirmed at V3/C3.
- This project’s two maintained exact routes decided the certificate, and a separately prompted mathematical review decided it again on a clean-room checker of its own, by a Claude agent, which is the independent confirmation. No source program ran here.
- The case draws the regularizer’s view at the certificate’s side, which is Daniel’s own regularized certificate, square for square.
- Upper bounds only; no optimality is claimed. Local minimality is the source’s numerical report.
Published artifacts:
Daniel’s certificate at 182
First public: 2026-10-25
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #806
PR #814
The case record at 182
Mathematical review of 25 October
Jatloe Reports a Lean Proof for 12 Squares
The record now holds, as a report, a Lean 4 proof by jatloe that the grid is the optimal packing of 12 unit squares: . It is the first optimality claim the project’s records hold at 12, one of the five open cases below 21; if the proof holds, it closes the gap of between the verified lower bound, , and the grid’s side. T-245 remains reported at V0/C0; the Lean build has not been replayed here.
- Lean’s kernel checks the geometric arguments and the assembly, and 1,624 finite
facts are decided by
native_decide, so Lean’s compiler is trusted as well. The source reports that a run in a repository that is not public accepted all 5,377 modules of the theorem’s closure on compiled objects reused from an earlier run, and says that no full rebuild has been run. - A statement audit of 25 October, an AI review, read the theorem as the unrestricted problem with no premise, and mapped the 1,624 facts of the source’s axiom log one to one onto the code’s calls. It did not read the proof, so it moves no rung. A mathematical review of the written proof and a complete build, about 28 CPU-hours by the source’s own receipts, come next.
- Jatloe wrote the proof and a partial formalization, Ben Gurevitch aided the formalization, and ctjlewis refactored and compiled it. Ahmed published it on 16 October and announced it on 22 October.
- The same change registers Daniel’s S3 report that the side of the best known packing of 29 squares is a root of an integer polynomial of degree 7213 (T-246), also at V0/C0.
Published artifacts:
Current 12-square Lean proof report
First public: 2026-10-25
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #810
PR #812
Statement audit of 25 October
Retained source and verification limits
Fitzharding Reports a Lean Proof for 19 Squares
Fitzharding reports a Lean 4 proof that Wainwright’s 1979 packing of 19 unit squares is optimal: . It is the first optimality claim the project’s records hold at 19; if the proof holds, it closes the gap of about between the verified lower bound, , and Wainwright’s side. T-194 remains reported at V0/C1; the Lean build has not been replayed here.
- Lean’s kernel checks the geometric arguments, and 4,320 finite certificate facts are
decided by
native_decide, so Lean’s compiler, its native evaluator and the C toolchain are trusted. The source reports a kernel replay of the theorem’s import closure that takes those facts as axioms, and says a complete rebuild from its published sources has not yet been run. - A separately prompted mathematical review of 16 October found no blocking or major defect. It checked the statement and decided the endpoint packing exactly, re-derived the six-step chain to the final theorem, and with programs of its own re-established what each of the 2,328 native facts in the Git tree certifies. The 1,992 facts in the release archives were scanned but not re-run.
- The proof builds on Fitzharding’s 17-square formalization (T-154), whose checker modules it compiles. The source says it was developed with substantial assistance from Claude and Codex.
Published artifacts:
Current 19-square Lean proof report
First public: 2026-10-16
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #640
PR #651
Source and premise review
Retained source and verification limits
Basic and Advanced Tutorials Under Explanations
The Explanations page pairs a short introduction to square packing with an advanced tutorial. Beginners can start with bounds and small examples; the companion develops linear programs, exact certificates, regularization and global proofs.
- Existing tutorial links lead to the moved explanations. The two tutorials retain the definitions, notation, worked derivations, figures and sources.
- News has its own page, with individual articles and filters for significance and topic. Reported proof announcements keep verification limits beside the claims.
- The Explanations index links the tutorials, research papers, downloadable PDFs, film and interactive Workbench. Both web Atlas views use the available screen width.
Published artifacts:
Current basic tutorial
Current advanced tutorial
Current Explanations index
Component editions:
Site v0.7.0
First public: 2026-10-14
Publication evidence
PRs and supporting records:
PR #604
Tutorial preservation and editorial review
Fang and Hosono Report New Bound Families
Fang reports a construction packing unit squares in a square of side less than , for every integer . Hosono reports a closed-form lower bound for every non-square count , raising 154 reported case bounds. The register adds these two families and 22 other results. Fang’s theorem has a mathematical review; Hosono’s complete formula replay remains unfinished.
- The 24 records, T-161 through T-184, preserve report order. No new packing is adopted in this registration.
- Couzo, Ostashev, PingYou Ltd and Polkovskyi supplied smaller packings and tighter certificates at 69 counts. Their source certificates were replayed; independent review and adoption remained pending at this date.
- Hosono also reports lower bounds at 37, 39, 44 and 145 through 149 squares. Greff reports an optimality proof for 76 squares. These reports retain their separate verification limits.
- Independently verified lower bounds are unchanged. Each case record distinguishes reported bounds from independently verified ones.
Published artifacts:
Current Fang theorem record
Current closed-form lower-bound record
Component editions:
Site v0.7.1
First public: 2026-10-14
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #446
Issue #503
Issue #504
Issue #561
Issue #562
Issue #564
Issue #566
Issue #567
Issue #568
Issue #569
Issue #570
Issue #573
Issue #574
Issue #575
Issue #583
Issue #586
Issue #593
Issue #594
Issue #600
Issue #603
PR #602
Current result register
The intake ledger
Fitzharding Reports a Lean Proof for 17 Squares
Fitzharding reports a Lean 4 proof that Bidwell’s 1998 packing of 17 unit squares is optimal: . It is the first proof-assistant proof of this value in the project’s records and uses a different argument from Overbeck’s candidate proof. T-154 remains reported at V0/C1; the full Lean build has not been replayed here.
The source comparison traces 32 of the 35 patterns to the project’s certified sub-pattern ledger, including eleven from Hosono (wand125). The review distinguishes those mathematical sources from Fitzharding’s formalization and reported build.
Published artifacts:
Current 17-square Lean proof report
First public: 2026-10-13
Publication evidence
Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #565
PR #588
Source and premise review
Changelog
14 November 2026 · 2 results · 1 new record · 2 bounds beyond 324 · 1 change
- T-298 s(k² − 5) = k for every integer k from 7 up; k = 7…18 are the cases held here12 counts from 44 to 319 · V0 C1 S4 · Khalili, Gharabaghi
- T-299 De Winter's double-step staircases in T-174's layout at 297, a new arrangement 9.62e-04 below itn = 297 · V3 C3 S3 · de Winter
- T-299 is now the record packing at 297
- 2 upper bounds beyond n = 324n = 332–409 · Joost de Winter
- Khalili and Gharabaghi Report s(k² − 5) = k for Every k ≥ 7S4 · Issue #973 · PR #974
13 November 2026 · 1 result · 1 new record
12 November 2026 · 5 results · 4 new records
- T-292 De Winter's pinwheel at 132 from Samanyu-dev's 109, a new arrangement 9.63e-03 below T-174n = 132 · V3 C3 S3 · de Winter
- T-293 De Winter's pinwheel at 157 from Samanyu-dev's 109, the first below the grid's 13, by 6.70e-03n = 157 · V3 C3 S3 · de Winter
- T-294 Özden's further arrangement of his T-291 band at 179, 4.07e-04 below it, 2.645e-12 above s(70) + 5n = 179 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden
- T-295 Özden's packing at 237, a band from two copies of the registry's 70, 8.80e-03 below T-190n = 237 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden
- T-296 Özden's band at 269 from tilted squares of the 207, the 70 and his 179, 1.53e-03 below his T-290n = 269 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden · superseded
- T-292 is now the record packing at 132
- T-293 is now the record packing at 157
- T-294 is now the record packing at 179
- T-295 is now the record packing at 237
Results
| Date | S | Result | n | Credit | Rungs | Status | ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-11-13 published | for every integer k from 7 up; k = 7…18 are the cases held here | 44, 59, 76, 95, 116, 139, 164, 191, 220, 251, 284, 319 | Khalili, Gharabaghi after Daniel | V0 C1Optimality | reviewed | T-298 | |
| 2026-10-16 published | Jatloe reports a Lean proof that the 4 × 3 grid is optimal, | 12 | jatloe, Gurevitch, ctjlewis, Ahmed | V0 C0Optimality | recorded | T-245 | |
| 2026-10-16 published | Fitzharding reports a Lean proof that Wainwright's packing is optimal, | 19 | Fitzharding after Levy, Ahmed | V0 C1Optimality | reviewed | T-194 | |
| 2026-10-13 published | Closed-form lower bound for every non-square , reported | 50–63, 65–80, 82–99, 101–120, 122–143, 145–168, 170–195, 197–224, 226–255, 257–288, 290–323 | Hosono | V0 C1Lower bound | reviewed | T-180 | |
| 2026-10-12 published | Fitzharding reports a Lean proof that | 17 | Fitzharding after Levy, Ahmed, MacIver | V3 C1Formalization | reviewed | T-154 | |
| 2026-10-12 published | Candidate proof that Bidwell's 1998 packing is optimal, | 17 | Overbeck after Levy, Ahmed, Mira-acc, Guzhou0806, Maaz | V0 C1Optimality | reviewed | T-153 | |
| 2026-10-03 published | for every integer from 5 up; are the cases held here | 21, 32, 45, 60, 77, 96, 117, 140, 165, 192, 221, 252, 285, 320 | Daniel after Burns, Massaccesi | V0 C1Optimality | reviewed | T-081 | |
| 2026-09-30 published | for every integer from 6 up; are the cases held here | 33, 46, 61, 78, 97, 118, 141, 166, 193, 222, 253, 286, 321 | Daniel after Burns, Massaccesi | V3 C3Optimality | confirmed | T-064 | |
| 2026-09-29 published | Trump's eleven-square packing is globally optimal | 11 | Ahmed after Levy, Overbeck | V3 C3Optimality | confirmed | T-060 | |
| 2026-09-27 published | , by a mixed cover of points and grid-line segments | 21 | Daniel after Burns, Massaccesi | V3 C3Optimality | confirmed | T-052 | |
| 2026-09-26 published | 32 | Daniel after Burns, Massaccesi | V3 C3Optimality | confirmed | T-051 |
Fitzharding reports a Lean proof that Wainwright's packing is optimal,
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