Best known packing for 53 identical squares

The Square Packing Problem

The square packing problem is a simple and long-standing problem in geometry: what is the size of the smallest square that can hold n unit squares, where the squares are free to rotate but cannot overlap? The side length of that smallest square is written s(n).

The value of s(n) remains unknown for most n. In many cases, s(n) is known only to lie between an upper bound (the size of the enclosing square for the tightest packing ever discovered, such as s(29)≤5.934) and a lower bound (a size below which it is proved that no packing can exist, such as the reported s(29)≥5.81).

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Jatloe Reports a Lean Proof for 12 Squares

The record now holds, as a report, a Lean 4 proof by jatloe that the 4×3 grid is the optimal packing of 12 unit squares: s(12)=4. It is the first optimality claim the project’s records hold at 12, one of the five open cases below 21; if the proof holds, it closes the gap of 0.0285 between the verified lower bound, 7943/2000, and the grid’s side. T-245 remains reported at V0/C0; the Lean build has not been replayed here.

  • Lean’s kernel checks the geometric arguments and the assembly, and 1,624 finite facts are decided by native_decide, so Lean’s compiler is trusted as well. The source reports that a run in a repository that is not public accepted all 5,377 modules of the theorem’s closure on compiled objects reused from an earlier run, and says that no full rebuild has been run.
  • A statement audit of 25 October, an AI review, read the theorem as the unrestricted problem with no premise, and mapped the 1,624 facts of the source’s axiom log one to one onto the code’s calls. It did not read the proof, so it moves no rung. A mathematical review of the written proof and a complete build, about 28 CPU-hours by the source’s own receipts, come next.
  • Jatloe wrote the proof and a partial formalization, Ben Gurevitch aided the formalization, and ctjlewis refactored and compiled it. Ahmed published it on 16 October and announced it on 22 October.
  • The same change registers Daniel’s S3 report that the side of the best known packing of 29 squares is a root of an integer polynomial of degree 7213 (T-246), also at V0/C0.

Fitzharding Reports a Lean Proof for 19 Squares

Fitzharding reports a Lean 4 proof that Wainwright’s 1979 packing of 19 unit squares is optimal: s(19)=3+42/3=4.88561808316412…. It is the first optimality claim the project’s records hold at 19; if the proof holds, it closes the gap of about 0.0606 between the verified lower bound, 193/40, and Wainwright’s side. T-194 remains reported at V0/C1; the Lean build has not been replayed here.

  • Lean’s kernel checks the geometric arguments, and 4,320 finite certificate facts are decided by native_decide, so Lean’s compiler, its native evaluator and the C toolchain are trusted. The source reports a kernel replay of the theorem’s import closure that takes those facts as axioms, and says a complete rebuild from its published sources has not yet been run.
  • A separately prompted mathematical review of 16 October found no blocking or major defect. It checked the statement and decided the endpoint packing exactly, re-derived the six-step chain to the final theorem, and with programs of its own re-established what each of the 2,328 native facts in the Git tree certifies. The 1,992 facts in the release archives were scanned but not re-run.
  • The proof builds on Fitzharding’s 17-square formalization (T-154), whose checker modules it compiles. The source says it was developed with substantial assistance from Claude and Codex.

Fitzharding Reports a Lean Proof for 17 Squares

Fitzharding reports a Lean 4 proof that Bidwell’s 1998 packing of 17 unit squares is optimal: s(17)=4.67553009360455…. It is the first proof-assistant proof of this value in the project’s records and uses a different argument from Overbeck’s candidate proof. T-154 remains reported at V0/C1; the full Lean build has not been replayed here.

The source comparison traces 32 of the 35 patterns to the project’s certified sub-pattern ledger, including eleven from Hosono (wand125). The review distinguishes those mathematical sources from Fitzharding’s formalization and reported build.

Published artifacts:
Current 17-square Lean proof report

First public: 2026-10-13
Publication evidence

Issues, PRs and supporting records:
Issue #565
PR #588
Source and premise review

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Changelog

14 November 2026 · 2 results · 1 new record · 2 bounds beyond 324 · 1 change

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13 November 2026 · 1 result · 1 new record
  • T-297 Özden's column-band packing at 269, 9.74e-03 below his T-296 and 1.13e-02 below his T-290n = 269 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden
  • T-297 is now the record packing at 269

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12 November 2026 · 5 results · 4 new records
  • T-292 De Winter's pinwheel at 132 from Samanyu-dev's 109, a new arrangement 9.63e-03 below T-174n = 132 · V3 C3 S3 · de Winter
  • T-293 De Winter's pinwheel at 157 from Samanyu-dev's 109, the first below the grid's 13, by 6.70e-03n = 157 · V3 C3 S3 · de Winter
  • T-294 Özden's further arrangement of his T-291 band at 179, 4.07e-04 below it, 2.645e-12 above s(70) + 5n = 179 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden
  • T-295 Özden's packing at 237, a band from two copies of the registry's 70, 8.80e-03 below T-190n = 237 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden
  • T-296 Özden's band at 269 from tilted squares of the 207, the 70 and his 179, 1.53e-03 below his T-290n = 269 · V3 C3 S3 · Ozden · superseded
  • T-292 is now the record packing at 132
  • T-293 is now the record packing at 157
  • T-294 is now the record packing at 179
  • T-295 is now the record packing at 237

Show these 5 in the table

Changelog

Results

DateSResultnCreditRungsStatusID
2026-11-13 publisheds(k2−5)=k for every integer k from 7 up; k = 7…18 are the cases held here44, 59, 76, 95, 116, 139, 164, 191, 220, 251, 284, 319Khalili, Gharabaghi after DanielV0 C1OptimalityreviewedT-298
2026-10-16 publishedJatloe reports a Lean proof that the 4 × 3 grid is optimal, s(12)=412jatloe, Gurevitch, ctjlewis, AhmedV0 C0OptimalityrecordedT-245
2026-10-16 publishedFitzharding reports a Lean proof that Wainwright's packing is optimal, s(19)=3+42/319Fitzharding after Levy, AhmedV0 C1OptimalityreviewedT-194
2026-10-13 publishedClosed-form lower bound s(N)≥a(N) for every non-square N≥49, reported50–63, 65–80, 82–99, 101–120, 122–143, 145–168, 170–195, 197–224, 226–255, 257–288, 290–323HosonoV0 C1Lower boundreviewedT-180
2026-10-12 publishedFitzharding reports a Lean proof that s(17)=4.67553009360455…17Fitzharding after Levy, Ahmed, MacIverV3 C1FormalizationreviewedT-154
2026-10-12 publishedCandidate proof that Bidwell's 1998 packing is optimal, s(17)=4.67553009360455…17Overbeck after Levy, Ahmed, Mira-acc, Guzhou0806, MaazV0 C1OptimalityreviewedT-153
2026-10-03 publisheds(k2−4)=k for every integer k from 5 up; k=5…18 are the cases held here21, 32, 45, 60, 77, 96, 117, 140, 165, 192, 221, 252, 285, 320Daniel after Burns, MassaccesiV0 C1OptimalityreviewedT-081
2026-09-30 publisheds(k2−3)=k for every integer k from 6 up; k=6…18 are the cases held here33, 46, 61, 78, 97, 118, 141, 166, 193, 222, 253, 286, 321Daniel after Burns, MassaccesiV3 C3OptimalityconfirmedT-064
2026-09-29 publishedTrump's eleven-square packing is globally optimal11Ahmed after Levy, OverbeckV3 C3OptimalityconfirmedT-060
2026-09-27 publisheds(21)=5, by a mixed cover of points and grid-line segments21Daniel after Burns, MassaccesiV3 C3OptimalityconfirmedT-052
2026-09-26 publisheds(32)=632Daniel after Burns, MassaccesiV3 C3OptimalityconfirmedT-051

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About the Squares Project

About the Squares Project