{"id":3671644,"date":"2026-01-05T08:00:14","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T13:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spin.atomicobject.com\/?p=3671644"},"modified":"2026-01-06T17:48:38","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T22:48:38","slug":"class-record-struct-c-sharp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spin.atomicobject.com\/class-record-struct-c-sharp\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Choose Among Class, Record, and Struct in C#"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>If you write C#, you eventually need to decide whether a type should be a <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/dotnet\/csharp\/language-reference\/keywords\/class\"><strong>class<\/strong><\/a>, a <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/dotnet\/csharp\/language-reference\/builtin-types\/struct\"><strong>struct<\/strong><\/a>, or a <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/dotnet\/csharp\/fundamentals\/types\/records\"><strong>record<\/strong><\/a>. All three can represent data, but they communicate different intent and come with different tradeoffs around equality, mutability, and usage.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;ll walk you through how these types are commonly used in C#, how they differ, and some practical guidance for choosing among them.<\/p>\n<h2>A Useful Distinction: Identity vs. Value<\/h2>\n<p>One way to compare these types is by looking at whether a type represents <strong>identity<\/strong> or <strong>value<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>A type with identity represents a specific instance that changes over time. Even if two instances have the same data, they are not interchangeable.\u00a0A type that represents a value is primarily defined by the data it contains. Two instances with the same data are typically considered equal.<\/p>\n<p>This distinction helps explain why class, record, and struct behave the way they do.<\/p>\n<h2>Quick Comparison<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature<\/th>\n<th>Class<\/th>\n<th>Record (class)<\/th>\n<th>Struct (record struct)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Type semantics<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Reference type<\/td>\n<td>Reference type<\/td>\n<td>Value type<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mutability<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mutable by default<\/td>\n<td>Immutable by default<\/td>\n<td>Mutable by default; best practice is to make immutable using the <code>readonly<\/code> keyword<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Equality<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Reference equality<\/td>\n<td>Value-based equality<\/td>\n<td>Value-based equality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Inheritance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Full inheritance<\/td>\n<td>Record-to-record inheritance<\/td>\n<td>No inheritance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Common use cases<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Domain entities, rich behavior, identity<\/td>\n<td>DTOs, immutable data models, value objects<\/td>\n<td>Small, lightweight values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>Classes<\/h2>\n<p><code>class<\/code> types are reference types. Assigning or passing a class variable copies a reference, not the object itself. By default, equality is based on reference identity unless explicitly overridden.<\/p>\n<p>Classes are commonly used for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>domain entities<\/li>\n<li>types with behavior and invariants<\/li>\n<li>objects with a clear lifecycle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here\u2019s a simple example using a cat as a domain entity:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-csharp\">public class Cat\r\n{\r\n    public Guid Id { get; }\r\n    public string Name { get; private set; }\r\n    public int LivesRemaining { get; private set; } = 9;\r\n\r\n    public Cat(Guid id, string name)\r\n    {\r\n        Id = id;\r\n        Name = name;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public void LoseLife()\r\n    {\r\n        LivesRemaining--;\r\n    }\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>In this example, the identity of the <code>Cat<\/code> matters more than the values of its properties. Even if two cats have the same name and number of lives, they are not interchangeable.<\/p>\n<h2>Records<\/h2>\n<p>Records were introduced to simplify modeling data-centric types. A record provides value-based equality by default and encourages immutability.<\/p>\n<p>Records are commonly used for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Data Transfer Objects (DTOs)<\/li>\n<li>request and response models<\/li>\n<li>messages and result types<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here\u2019s an example using a book recommendation, written with explicit properties instead of positional parameters:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-csharp\">public record BookRecommendation\r\n{\r\n    public string Title { get; init; }\r\n    public string Author { get; init; }\r\n    public int YearPublished { get; init; }\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>If two instances of <code>BookRecommendation<\/code> contain the same data, they&#8217;re considered equal. This behavior is often desirable when comparing or passing around data objects.<\/p>\n<p>By default, records are reference types (<code>record class<\/code>), though <code>record struct<\/code> is also available when value-type semantics are needed.<\/p>\n<h2>Structs<\/h2>\n<p><code>struct<\/code> types are value types. Assigning or passing a struct copies the entire value. This makes them suitable for small, self-contained data, but it also means their design needs to be deliberate.<\/p>\n<p>Structs are commonly used for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>small value objects<\/li>\n<li>types that represent a single concept<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here\u2019s a small example using a book rating:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-csharp\">public readonly struct Rating\r\n{\r\n    public int Stars { get; }\r\n\r\n    public Rating(int stars)\r\n    {\r\n        if (stars &lt; 1 || stars &gt; 5)\r\n        {\r\n            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(stars));\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        Stars = stars;\r\n    }\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Because structs are copied by value, they are typically designed to be immutable. Mutable structs can lead to subtle bugs, especially when used in collections or passed through interfaces.<\/p>\n<h2>Common Points of Confusion<\/h2>\n<p>Here are a few areas of confusion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Records are not always value types; <code>record class<\/code> is still a reference type.<\/li>\n<li>Structs are copied on assignment, which affects behavior.<\/li>\n<li>Changing a type from class to record changes its equality semantics.<\/li>\n<li><code>record struct<\/code> behaves like a struct, not a class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Choosing: Class, Record, or Struct?<\/h2>\n<p>While there is no single rule that fits every situation, these guidelines reflect common usage in C#:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <code>class<\/code> when a type represents an entity with identity or behavior.<\/li>\n<li>Use <code>record<\/code> when a type represents data and value-based equality is important.<\/li>\n<li>Use <code>struct<\/code> when modeling a small value where copying is expected.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Understanding how these types behave makes it easier to choose the one that best fits the role the type plays in your code.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you write C#, you eventually need to decide whether a type should be a class, a struct, or a record. All three can represent data, but they communicate different intent and come with different tradeoffs around equality, mutability, and usage. I&#8217;ll walk you through how these types are commonly used in C#, how they [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":663,"featured_media":3671894,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23446],"tags":[1631],"series":[],"class_list":["post-3671644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-c","tag-c-sharp"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Choose AmongClass, Record, and Struct in C#<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Class, Record, and Struct: Walk through how these types are commonly used in C#, how they differ, and learn to choose among them.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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