Papers by Caroline Krafft
Journal of Development Economics, 2025
Economic Research Forum Special Policy Research Report, 2024
As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives i... more As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development.
International Labour Review, 2024
Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 2024
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electron... more All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Forum, members of its Board of Trustees, or its donors.
Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 2024
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electron... more All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Forum, members of its Board of Trustees, or its donors.
Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 2024
This paper introduces the 2023 wave of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS). This is the f... more This paper introduces the 2023 wave of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS). This is the fifth wave of the ELMPS, following a panel of households and individuals from 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 into 2023. The ELMPS tracks individuals even as they form new households and includes these households in the sample. Waves since 2006 have also added refresher samples to the panel. In this paper, we describe the questionnaires, sample, fielding, and weighting of the 2023 wave. We assess and model attrition on the household and individual levels and discuss how we account for this attrition in the calculation of weights. The paper also validates the ELMPS data against other sources, such as Egypt's Labor Force Survey.
Journal of Development Studies, 2024
Forced displacement has disrupted Syrian refugees' lives and exposed them to new communities and ... more Forced displacement has disrupted Syrian refugees' lives and exposed them to new communities and norms. This paper assesses how gender norms shape the lives of Syrian refugee adolescent girls in Jordan, using nationally representative data. We use factor analysis to summarise a variety of beliefs and behavioural aspects of norms: gender role attitudes, justification of domestic violence, decision-making, and mobility. We compare these outcomes by sex, nationality, and for adolescents versus adults. We complement our data on individual beliefs and behaviours with family and community beliefs and behaviours as proxies for others' expectations and behaviours. We then examine how own, family, and community gender norms relate to two key adolescent outcomes: domestic work and enrolment in school. We find that while gender role attitudes are similar across generations and nationalities, Syrian adolescent girls are particularly restricted in their mobility. Nonetheless, they have similar educational outcomes as boys and, after accounting for differences in socioeconomic status, as Jordanian girls. While gender inequality in domestic work is substantial, higher levels of own and mother's decision-making predict lower domestic workloads, illustrating the linkages between different dimensions of gender norms and economic outcomes.
Demographic Research, 2024
Population Research and Policy Review, 2024
Minnesota Center for Diversity in Economics Working Paper Series, 2024
This research describes a "Data Fest" approach that combines big data and social issues with a co... more This research describes a "Data Fest" approach that combines big data and social issues with a collaborative and community-engaged event. In this paper we describe Data Fest, and present quantitative and qualitative analyses from three years of pre-and post-surveys of Data Fest events. Changes from pre-to post-survey suggest Data Fest led students to build both economic analysis skills and their sense of relevance, belonging, growth mindset, and confidence. Student narratives illustrate the importance of a fun and supportive environment as well as the accountability to a community stakeholder as motivating their success and progress.
Minnesota Center for Diversity in Economics Policy Brief, 2024
Economics has a leaky pipeline Only a third (34%) of economics bachelor's degree graduates are wo... more Economics has a leaky pipeline Only a third (34%) of economics bachelor's degree graduates are women, and only 18% of economics bachelor's degree graduates are underrepresented minority students (Chari 2023; Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession (CSMGEP) 2023). In addition to this sizeable underrepresentation, economics also has a "leaky pipeline," with declines in female and minority shares across the stages of career progression (Buckles 2019; Gentry, Meer, and Serra 2023; Foster, McEntarfer, and Sandler 2023; Berland, Harman, and Moreau-Kastler 2023). Progress diversifying earlier stages of the economics profession has not translated to later stages, with only 18% of full professors being women and 7% being underrepresented minorities (Chari 2023; Committee on the Status of Minority Groups in the Economics Profession (CSMGEP) 2023). More evidence is needed about how to best plug the holes in this leaky pipeline. Underrepresented undergraduate students interested in economics may particularly desist if they do not do well in introductory classes (Rask and Tiefenthaler 2008; Owen 2010). Students' senses of relevance, belonging, and growth mindset (RBG) can increase persistence in economics (Bayer et al. 2020; Krafft et al. 2024). Women's colleges and minority-serving institutions may contribute to better mindsets as well as entry into an economics major (
Demographic Research, 2024
This paper describes the new Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) 2022, the first nationally r... more This paper describes the new Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) 2022, the first nationally representative survey in Sudan in almost a decade. METHODS The paper details the design of the survey, including the topics covered by this multipurpose household survey and the complexities of the sampling strategy, which over-sampled refugees and the internally displaced. The training, fieldwork, resulting sample, and weights are described. CONTRIBUTION The rich, publicly available data of the SLMPS provide substantial opportunities for researchers to better understand the evolution of Sudan's labor market, economy, and society.
Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 2024
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electron... more All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Economic Research Forum, members of its Board of Trustees, or its donors.
Journal of Development Studies, 2024
Review of Development Economics, 2024
Formalizing firms can potentially increase the tax base, expand safety and social protections for... more Formalizing firms can potentially increase the tax base, expand safety and social protections for workers, create good jobs, and promote firm growth. However, the costs and processes of formality may be too challenging for some firms to bear. Thus, informal firms may not be able to survive the transition to formality, and attempts to expand formality through more intensive enforcement may be harmful and counterproductive to job creation and growth. This paper investigates the potential for currently informal firms to formalize in Egypt. The paper compares the characteristics of formal and informal micro and small nonagricultural firms and identifies the extent of similarities and potential for formalization. The analysis finds that, beyond firm size and whether the firm operates in a fixed establishment, the basic and easily observable characteristics of firms
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 2024
Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 2024
Sudan is a primarily agrarian economy. Formal employment or even wage employment comprises a rela... more Sudan is a primarily agrarian economy. Formal employment or even wage employment comprises a relatively small proportion of the productive activities in which individuals engage. In this paper we examine the broad spectrum of involvement in economic work activities by gender, including wage employment, self-employment and unpaid family labor, both in activities for the purpose of pay or profit (employment) as well as in subsistence activities. Along with gender, we assess the variation in work patterns by urban/rural location, education, and marital status. Given the agrarian nature of Sudan's economy, we delve in more detail into the gender division of labor in agriculture, including participation in crop production, animal rearing, and other agricultural activities, distinguishing between primary roles and support roles in these activities. We end the paper by looking at the interplay between work and other time uses such as paid and unpaid care work and the gender division of labor in time use.
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, 2024
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encoura... more The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, 2023
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Papers by Caroline Krafft