Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. ARTHURIAN STUDIES LVII ARTHURIAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF PJC... more Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. ARTHURIAN STUDIES LVII ARTHURIAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF PJC FIELD The essays in this volume celebrate the career of Peter Field, Professor of English at the University of Wales, Bangor. ...
The Socrates of the Gauls, the greatest Plato of the West, our Aristotle, Peer or superior to all... more The Socrates of the Gauls, the greatest Plato of the West, our Aristotle, Peer or superior to all other logicians, whoever they may be, Acknowledged prince of worldly studies, subtle, sharp, and diverse in the range of his talents, Best of all in the force of reason and the art of speaking was Abelard. But with far greater distinction as a professed monk of Cluny, He passed over to the philosophy of Christ. Through his long striving, At the end of his life, he won hope of a place with God's philosophers. M. M. McLaughlin et al. (eds.
To instruct you and your spiritual daughters, I shall reply succinctly and in a few words, if I c... more To instruct you and your spiritual daughters, I shall reply succinctly and in a few words, if I can, to your charity, which has raised the question of the profession to which you are vowed: that is, concerning the origin of the religious life of nuns. The order of both monks and nuns was given the form of its religious life by our Lord Jesus Christ, although even before the Incarnation some early form of this life had existed among men as well as women. Thus when Jerome writes to Eustochium, he refers to the “Sons of the Prophets, of whom we read in the Old Testament as living like monks,” and so on.1 The Evangelist (Luke 2:25) describes Anna as a widow who devoted herself assiduously to the service of the Temple and to divine worship, and who, with Simeon, was worthy of receiving the Lord in the Temple and being filled with the spirit of prophecy.
Four topics, I recall, make up the whole of your last letter, in which you have made very clear t... more Four topics, I recall, make up the whole of your last letter, in which you have made very clear the distress you have suffered. First of all, you complain that my putting your name before my own in the salutation of the letter I sent you is contrary to the custom in letter-writing and even against the natural order of things. Second, you say that when I should have comforted you, I have instead added to your desolation and provoked the tears I should have dried. And you quote my request “that if the Lord deliver me into their hands, so that prevailing against me they kill me,” etc. Third, you bring up your old and unceasing complaint against God, I mean, about the circumstances of our conversion to him and the cruelty of that treacherous outrage to my body. Finally, you counter my praise of you with accusations against yourself and an urgent request that I should no longer be so presumptuous. I have decided to reply to each of these points in turn, not so much to justify myself as to instruct you and urge you to agree more willingly to what I ask, as you come to realize that it is reasonable. I hope that you will be more willing to listen to me in those matters that concern you, as you find me less to blame in my own affairs, and that you will be more hesitant to criticize me when you see that I am less deserving of reproach.
Ipresent my comments as a coda to Helen Cooper's very useful (and, one might note, entirely t... more Ipresent my comments as a coda to Helen Cooper's very useful (and, one might note, entirely too self-deprecating) survey of 'Malorys' currently available for teaching and reading. I have used all the Malory editions and translations that she cites in teaching my undergraduate and graduate classes, from Eugene Vinaver's Works of Sir Thomas Malory in all its various appearances and editions (including the regrettably out-of-print third edition revised by P.J.C. Field) to the most recent (2009) Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur translated by Dorsey Armstrong. I have also used Helen Cooper's own Oxford World's Classics Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript (1998) and frequently use Stephen Shepherd's 2004 Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur: A Norton Critical Edition. I've rarely used the various cheap Caxtons that flood the market except for comparative analysis of variants, though I did once, quite profitably but at greater expense than most students can manage, use James W. Spisak's 1983 Caxton's Malory: A New Edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur based on the Pierpont Morgan Copy of William Caxton's edition of 1485. Until Shepherd's edition became available, I almost always defaulted to Vinaver's one-volume Malory: Works. One happy summer, irate undergraduates in my Oxford study-abroad program marched themselves collectively over to the OUP offices to complain of the shoddy binding and were each given replacement copies. In undergraduate academic courses in which only a brief period-a few hours, if that- are allotted to Malory, some assign one of the exellent abridged editions like Brewer's or Field's. Most, I suspect, still select bits from either Janet Cowen's 1969 Penguin or from one of he many cheap Caxton paperbacks edition, or they use Vinaver's 1975 King Arthur and His Knights: Selected Tales. I was a peer reviewer for Oxford for this book in the early 1970s, I argued (as Cooper does above) that this totally commercial venture constituted an actual 'act of vandalism' on Malory. It is a weird, out-of-joint book, seemingly Vinaver's vengeance on the presumably functionally illiterate author with whom he spent most of his life and career. Cooper's un-translated edition has many strengths (including pointers to 'Lancelot's account of his knighting,' to which she teasingly refers) and I especially like her unobtrusive but striking editorial and contextual guidance, but her edition has the deficit shared by all abridgements-to wit, it leaves stuff out. Thus the editor/translator/publisher decides what really matters and what is subordinate or expendable. In Cooper's case, I suspect that editors with profit in mind were concerned with limiting the number of pages rather than with 'commune profit,' but the edition suffers from truncation. When I teach, I want all of Malory, even missing bits from the manuscript that have to be adduced from Caxton. Until recently, many Chaucerians didn't cope with the Parson's Tale except to note its prologue and length, and until recently, many Malorians (like Cooper) suppressed bits of the early sections and some or all of the Tale of Sir Tristram. This past term, I used Dorsey Armstrong's fresh-off-the-press modern English translation, Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur: A New Modern English Translation based on the Winchester Manuscript (Parlor Press Renaissance and Medieval Studies Series). Unlike Cooper, I don't think that Armstrong has presented her translation as a novel: here we still have Malory's romance(s). …
Background: Often misunderstood and neglected, here in its first English translation, this signif... more Background: Often misunderstood and neglected, here in its first English translation, this significant work survives, with the Problemata, in a single manuscript, Paris BnF 14511, dating from the very late fourteenth or early fifteenth century. Formerly Saint-Victor MS 297, the manuscript had come to the abbey as a bequest from its late medieval owner, the scholar and early humanist, Simon de Plumetot, a notable collector of Abelardian works. The second part of the manuscript, containing these two texts, was copied for him; the first part of the manuscript includes several briefer writings by Abelard.
At the Modern Language Association meeting in San Francisco in December 2008, members of the Coun... more At the Modern Language Association meeting in San Francisco in December 2008, members of the Council of Editors of Learned Journals (CELJ) considered some practical and ontological issues about the status of scholarly journals in contemporary contexts. Our general rubric, 'What Is a Scholarly Journal? Identity Issues in Our Digital Age,' provoked a wide battery of responses and attracted serious and concerned attention from our audiences. James J. O'Donnell (Provost, Georgetown University) provided our keynote address. He addressed issues specifically confronting journals that are associated with learned societies. Do such journals have a future? he asked, and he considered options that might better fulfil the mandates of specialized scholarly societies. A roundtable discussion among CELJ editors suggested other aspects of those changes, and some of these issues are reflected in the cluster of essays that follows. All of us see the decline of the scholarly journal as a physical artefact. Users increasingly access individual studies-bits of journals, literally and figuratively-electronically, and several editors at our meeting discussed some consequences of that change. Alan Rauch, in a broad overview titled 'The Scholarly Journal: Hindsight toward a Digital Future,' responds directly to concerns raised by O'Donnell. He warns us of some current downsides of digitized articles and institutional repositories, including problems with 're-versioning' journal articles. Rauch also reminds us that we editors may bear legal responsibility for matters over which we have no control. His metaphor of the history of the train reminds us that we may be verging on a train wreck. On the positive side of 'best practices,' Sheri Spaine Long, editor of Hispania, details ways in which editors can benefit from Web-based peer-review systems by amplifying their pool of peer reviewers and by using swift feedback to improve the quality of articles in process. On the negative side, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, editor of CLCWeb, in
Introduction J.Carmi Parsons & B.Wheeler Eleanor of Aquitaine Reconsidered: The Woman and her... more Introduction J.Carmi Parsons & B.Wheeler Eleanor of Aquitaine Reconsidered: The Woman and her Seasons E.A.R.Brown Queen Eleanor and Aquitaine, 1137-1189 M.Hivergneaux Eleanor of Aquitaine in the Reigns of her Sons Richard and John R.V.Turner Wife, Widow and Mother: Some Comparisons between Eleanor of Aquitaine and Noblewomen of the Anglo-Norman and Angevin World R.C.DeAragon Alianora Regina Anglorum: Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Predecessors as Queens of England L. L.Huneycutt Queenship: Office, Custom or Ad Hoc? The Case of Queen Matilda of England (1135-1152) H.J.Tanner The Birth and Childhood of King John: Some Revisions A.W.Lewis A Taste of the Feast: Re-considering Eleanor of Aquitaine's Female Descendants C.Hoffman Berman & M.Shadis The Canon Law of Divorce from Louis VII: The Uses of Consanguinity C.Brittain Bouchard The Reciprocal Loyalty of Eleanor of Aquitaine and William Marshal E.Mullally Scandalizing Desire: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Chroniclers P.McCracken Damned if She Didn't and Damned When She Did: Bodies, Babies and Bastards in the Lives of Two Queens of France J.Carmi Parsons Tempering Scandal: Eleanor of Aquitaine and Benoit de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie T.F.O'Callaghan What Ever Happened to Eleanor? Reflections of Eleanor of Aquitaine in Wace's Roman de Brut and Lawman's Brut F.Tolhurst Marie de France, Alienor d'Aquitaine, and the Alien Queen M.A.Pappano The Eleanor of Aquitaine Vase G.T.Beech The Queen's Choice: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Tombs at Fontevraud K.Nolan Fontevraud, Dynasticism, and Eleanor of Aquitaine C.T. Wood Epilogue: Eleanor of Aquitaine and a 'queenly court'? J.Martindale
Preface Charles T.Wood 1.Joan of Arc's Sword in the Stone Bonnie Wheeler 2.A Woman as Leader ... more Preface Charles T.Wood 1.Joan of Arc's Sword in the Stone Bonnie Wheeler 2.A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career Kelly DeVries 3.Joan of Arc's Mission and the Lost Record of her Interrogation at Poitiers Charles T.Wood 4.True Lies: Transvestism and Idolatry in the Trial of Joan of Arc Susan Schibanoff 5.Transcription Errors in Texts of Joan of Arc's History Bouzy Olivier 6.Readers of the Lost Arc: Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation in the Trial of Joan of Arc Steven Weiskopf 7.Joan of Arc and Christine de Pizan: The Symbiosis of the Two Warriors in the Ditie de Jeanne d'Arc Christine McWebb 8.Speaking of Angels: A Fifteenth Century Bishop in Defense of Joan of Arc's Mystical Voices Jane Marie Pinzino 9.Why Joan of Arc Never Became an Amazon Deborah Fraioli 10.Joan of Arc's Last Trial: The Attack of the Devil's Advocates Henry Ansgar Kelly 11.Jeanne Au Cinema Kevin J.Harty 12.The "Joan Phenomenon" and the French Right Nadia Margolis 13.Epilogue: Joan of Arc or the Survival of a People Regine Pernoud
Background: No longer commonly regarded as a work written after Abelard’s condemnation at the cou... more Background: No longer commonly regarded as a work written after Abelard’s condemnation at the council of Sens, now dated 25–26 May 1141, this letter, like Abelard’s Apologia, has been more securely assigned by Charles S.F. Burnett to the period immediately preceding the council. Preserved only by its citation in the work of Abelard’s follower, Berengar of Poitiers, this is a firmly orthodox profession of faith. Without refuting specifically the charges against him, Abelard maintains that any accusations are based on distortions of his teaching.1 Abelard dealt more specifically with the charges against him in a longer profession of faith.2 Abelard defended himself and his teachings much more fully in still another ‘apology,’ also probably written before the council of Sens, of which only a fragment concerning his Trinitarian doctrine survives.3 Abelard’s vigorous and specific rejection of the heresies of Arius and Sabellius suggests that he had in mind the accusations of William of Saint-Thierry and Bernard of Clairvaux in their intensive campaign against him during 1140 and early 1141. This letter would thus seem intended to reassure Heloise of his orthodoxy at a time of accelerated opposition to his teaching.4
Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. ARTHURIAN STUDIES LVII ARTHURIAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF PJC... more Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Page 5. ARTHURIAN STUDIES LVII ARTHURIAN STUDIES IN HONOUR OF PJC FIELD The essays in this volume celebrate the career of Peter Field, Professor of English at the University of Wales, Bangor. ...
The Socrates of the Gauls, the greatest Plato of the West, our Aristotle, Peer or superior to all... more The Socrates of the Gauls, the greatest Plato of the West, our Aristotle, Peer or superior to all other logicians, whoever they may be, Acknowledged prince of worldly studies, subtle, sharp, and diverse in the range of his talents, Best of all in the force of reason and the art of speaking was Abelard. But with far greater distinction as a professed monk of Cluny, He passed over to the philosophy of Christ. Through his long striving, At the end of his life, he won hope of a place with God's philosophers. M. M. McLaughlin et al. (eds.
To instruct you and your spiritual daughters, I shall reply succinctly and in a few words, if I c... more To instruct you and your spiritual daughters, I shall reply succinctly and in a few words, if I can, to your charity, which has raised the question of the profession to which you are vowed: that is, concerning the origin of the religious life of nuns. The order of both monks and nuns was given the form of its religious life by our Lord Jesus Christ, although even before the Incarnation some early form of this life had existed among men as well as women. Thus when Jerome writes to Eustochium, he refers to the “Sons of the Prophets, of whom we read in the Old Testament as living like monks,” and so on.1 The Evangelist (Luke 2:25) describes Anna as a widow who devoted herself assiduously to the service of the Temple and to divine worship, and who, with Simeon, was worthy of receiving the Lord in the Temple and being filled with the spirit of prophecy.
Four topics, I recall, make up the whole of your last letter, in which you have made very clear t... more Four topics, I recall, make up the whole of your last letter, in which you have made very clear the distress you have suffered. First of all, you complain that my putting your name before my own in the salutation of the letter I sent you is contrary to the custom in letter-writing and even against the natural order of things. Second, you say that when I should have comforted you, I have instead added to your desolation and provoked the tears I should have dried. And you quote my request “that if the Lord deliver me into their hands, so that prevailing against me they kill me,” etc. Third, you bring up your old and unceasing complaint against God, I mean, about the circumstances of our conversion to him and the cruelty of that treacherous outrage to my body. Finally, you counter my praise of you with accusations against yourself and an urgent request that I should no longer be so presumptuous. I have decided to reply to each of these points in turn, not so much to justify myself as to instruct you and urge you to agree more willingly to what I ask, as you come to realize that it is reasonable. I hope that you will be more willing to listen to me in those matters that concern you, as you find me less to blame in my own affairs, and that you will be more hesitant to criticize me when you see that I am less deserving of reproach.
Ipresent my comments as a coda to Helen Cooper's very useful (and, one might note, entirely t... more Ipresent my comments as a coda to Helen Cooper's very useful (and, one might note, entirely too self-deprecating) survey of 'Malorys' currently available for teaching and reading. I have used all the Malory editions and translations that she cites in teaching my undergraduate and graduate classes, from Eugene Vinaver's Works of Sir Thomas Malory in all its various appearances and editions (including the regrettably out-of-print third edition revised by P.J.C. Field) to the most recent (2009) Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur translated by Dorsey Armstrong. I have also used Helen Cooper's own Oxford World's Classics Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript (1998) and frequently use Stephen Shepherd's 2004 Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur: A Norton Critical Edition. I've rarely used the various cheap Caxtons that flood the market except for comparative analysis of variants, though I did once, quite profitably but at greater expense than most students can manage, use James W. Spisak's 1983 Caxton's Malory: A New Edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur based on the Pierpont Morgan Copy of William Caxton's edition of 1485. Until Shepherd's edition became available, I almost always defaulted to Vinaver's one-volume Malory: Works. One happy summer, irate undergraduates in my Oxford study-abroad program marched themselves collectively over to the OUP offices to complain of the shoddy binding and were each given replacement copies. In undergraduate academic courses in which only a brief period-a few hours, if that- are allotted to Malory, some assign one of the exellent abridged editions like Brewer's or Field's. Most, I suspect, still select bits from either Janet Cowen's 1969 Penguin or from one of he many cheap Caxton paperbacks edition, or they use Vinaver's 1975 King Arthur and His Knights: Selected Tales. I was a peer reviewer for Oxford for this book in the early 1970s, I argued (as Cooper does above) that this totally commercial venture constituted an actual 'act of vandalism' on Malory. It is a weird, out-of-joint book, seemingly Vinaver's vengeance on the presumably functionally illiterate author with whom he spent most of his life and career. Cooper's un-translated edition has many strengths (including pointers to 'Lancelot's account of his knighting,' to which she teasingly refers) and I especially like her unobtrusive but striking editorial and contextual guidance, but her edition has the deficit shared by all abridgements-to wit, it leaves stuff out. Thus the editor/translator/publisher decides what really matters and what is subordinate or expendable. In Cooper's case, I suspect that editors with profit in mind were concerned with limiting the number of pages rather than with 'commune profit,' but the edition suffers from truncation. When I teach, I want all of Malory, even missing bits from the manuscript that have to be adduced from Caxton. Until recently, many Chaucerians didn't cope with the Parson's Tale except to note its prologue and length, and until recently, many Malorians (like Cooper) suppressed bits of the early sections and some or all of the Tale of Sir Tristram. This past term, I used Dorsey Armstrong's fresh-off-the-press modern English translation, Sir Thomas Malory's Morte Darthur: A New Modern English Translation based on the Winchester Manuscript (Parlor Press Renaissance and Medieval Studies Series). Unlike Cooper, I don't think that Armstrong has presented her translation as a novel: here we still have Malory's romance(s). …
Background: Often misunderstood and neglected, here in its first English translation, this signif... more Background: Often misunderstood and neglected, here in its first English translation, this significant work survives, with the Problemata, in a single manuscript, Paris BnF 14511, dating from the very late fourteenth or early fifteenth century. Formerly Saint-Victor MS 297, the manuscript had come to the abbey as a bequest from its late medieval owner, the scholar and early humanist, Simon de Plumetot, a notable collector of Abelardian works. The second part of the manuscript, containing these two texts, was copied for him; the first part of the manuscript includes several briefer writings by Abelard.
At the Modern Language Association meeting in San Francisco in December 2008, members of the Coun... more At the Modern Language Association meeting in San Francisco in December 2008, members of the Council of Editors of Learned Journals (CELJ) considered some practical and ontological issues about the status of scholarly journals in contemporary contexts. Our general rubric, 'What Is a Scholarly Journal? Identity Issues in Our Digital Age,' provoked a wide battery of responses and attracted serious and concerned attention from our audiences. James J. O'Donnell (Provost, Georgetown University) provided our keynote address. He addressed issues specifically confronting journals that are associated with learned societies. Do such journals have a future? he asked, and he considered options that might better fulfil the mandates of specialized scholarly societies. A roundtable discussion among CELJ editors suggested other aspects of those changes, and some of these issues are reflected in the cluster of essays that follows. All of us see the decline of the scholarly journal as a physical artefact. Users increasingly access individual studies-bits of journals, literally and figuratively-electronically, and several editors at our meeting discussed some consequences of that change. Alan Rauch, in a broad overview titled 'The Scholarly Journal: Hindsight toward a Digital Future,' responds directly to concerns raised by O'Donnell. He warns us of some current downsides of digitized articles and institutional repositories, including problems with 're-versioning' journal articles. Rauch also reminds us that we editors may bear legal responsibility for matters over which we have no control. His metaphor of the history of the train reminds us that we may be verging on a train wreck. On the positive side of 'best practices,' Sheri Spaine Long, editor of Hispania, details ways in which editors can benefit from Web-based peer-review systems by amplifying their pool of peer reviewers and by using swift feedback to improve the quality of articles in process. On the negative side, Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, editor of CLCWeb, in
Introduction J.Carmi Parsons & B.Wheeler Eleanor of Aquitaine Reconsidered: The Woman and her... more Introduction J.Carmi Parsons & B.Wheeler Eleanor of Aquitaine Reconsidered: The Woman and her Seasons E.A.R.Brown Queen Eleanor and Aquitaine, 1137-1189 M.Hivergneaux Eleanor of Aquitaine in the Reigns of her Sons Richard and John R.V.Turner Wife, Widow and Mother: Some Comparisons between Eleanor of Aquitaine and Noblewomen of the Anglo-Norman and Angevin World R.C.DeAragon Alianora Regina Anglorum: Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Predecessors as Queens of England L. L.Huneycutt Queenship: Office, Custom or Ad Hoc? The Case of Queen Matilda of England (1135-1152) H.J.Tanner The Birth and Childhood of King John: Some Revisions A.W.Lewis A Taste of the Feast: Re-considering Eleanor of Aquitaine's Female Descendants C.Hoffman Berman & M.Shadis The Canon Law of Divorce from Louis VII: The Uses of Consanguinity C.Brittain Bouchard The Reciprocal Loyalty of Eleanor of Aquitaine and William Marshal E.Mullally Scandalizing Desire: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Chroniclers P.McCracken Damned if She Didn't and Damned When She Did: Bodies, Babies and Bastards in the Lives of Two Queens of France J.Carmi Parsons Tempering Scandal: Eleanor of Aquitaine and Benoit de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie T.F.O'Callaghan What Ever Happened to Eleanor? Reflections of Eleanor of Aquitaine in Wace's Roman de Brut and Lawman's Brut F.Tolhurst Marie de France, Alienor d'Aquitaine, and the Alien Queen M.A.Pappano The Eleanor of Aquitaine Vase G.T.Beech The Queen's Choice: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Tombs at Fontevraud K.Nolan Fontevraud, Dynasticism, and Eleanor of Aquitaine C.T. Wood Epilogue: Eleanor of Aquitaine and a 'queenly court'? J.Martindale
Preface Charles T.Wood 1.Joan of Arc's Sword in the Stone Bonnie Wheeler 2.A Woman as Leader ... more Preface Charles T.Wood 1.Joan of Arc's Sword in the Stone Bonnie Wheeler 2.A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career Kelly DeVries 3.Joan of Arc's Mission and the Lost Record of her Interrogation at Poitiers Charles T.Wood 4.True Lies: Transvestism and Idolatry in the Trial of Joan of Arc Susan Schibanoff 5.Transcription Errors in Texts of Joan of Arc's History Bouzy Olivier 6.Readers of the Lost Arc: Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation in the Trial of Joan of Arc Steven Weiskopf 7.Joan of Arc and Christine de Pizan: The Symbiosis of the Two Warriors in the Ditie de Jeanne d'Arc Christine McWebb 8.Speaking of Angels: A Fifteenth Century Bishop in Defense of Joan of Arc's Mystical Voices Jane Marie Pinzino 9.Why Joan of Arc Never Became an Amazon Deborah Fraioli 10.Joan of Arc's Last Trial: The Attack of the Devil's Advocates Henry Ansgar Kelly 11.Jeanne Au Cinema Kevin J.Harty 12.The "Joan Phenomenon" and the French Right Nadia Margolis 13.Epilogue: Joan of Arc or the Survival of a People Regine Pernoud
Background: No longer commonly regarded as a work written after Abelard’s condemnation at the cou... more Background: No longer commonly regarded as a work written after Abelard’s condemnation at the council of Sens, now dated 25–26 May 1141, this letter, like Abelard’s Apologia, has been more securely assigned by Charles S.F. Burnett to the period immediately preceding the council. Preserved only by its citation in the work of Abelard’s follower, Berengar of Poitiers, this is a firmly orthodox profession of faith. Without refuting specifically the charges against him, Abelard maintains that any accusations are based on distortions of his teaching.1 Abelard dealt more specifically with the charges against him in a longer profession of faith.2 Abelard defended himself and his teachings much more fully in still another ‘apology,’ also probably written before the council of Sens, of which only a fragment concerning his Trinitarian doctrine survives.3 Abelard’s vigorous and specific rejection of the heresies of Arius and Sabellius suggests that he had in mind the accusations of William of Saint-Thierry and Bernard of Clairvaux in their intensive campaign against him during 1140 and early 1141. This letter would thus seem intended to reassure Heloise of his orthodoxy at a time of accelerated opposition to his teaching.4
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