ABSTRACT Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled with for decades. Conse... more ABSTRACT Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled with for decades. Consequently, many academics expressed skepticism when states like Canada and Australia decided to enshrine definitions of terrorism in post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation. Academics warned that there were many potential pitfalls in legalizing a definition of terrorism. However, it is unclear if legislators actually overcame those potential challenges or simply formalized a “we know it when we see it” labeling strategy. This work will take three steps in addressing this concern. First, it will assess some notable attempts at academic definitions of terrorism as to explore the gains and potential pitfalls that they warn about. Second, it will assess sociopolitical labeling strategies used by media and politicians when discussing terrorism. Finally, it will analyze Canadian and Australian antiterrorism legislative definitions to assess their success in overcoming the potential pitfalls of defining terrorism. This work offers perspective for academics and legislators on the importance of fully understanding the difficulties in defining terrorism.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribut... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0) LicenseU T H , T which permits unrestricted non-commercial useT , distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is ... more In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is an important area of study. However criminological study of how these powers expand into unintended areas of criminal justice is currently underdeveloped. A few notable authors have set out complimentary templates that can provide basic tools to understanding the processes by which extraordinary laws are normalised into not so extraordinary activity. By analysing, understanding and unifying the existing literature in this area, this article seeks to amalgamate the studies of control creep and normalisation of the extraordinary into one comprehensive school of thought capable of recognising, and analysing unjustified expansion of state power. Furthermore this article will analyse the G8/G20 Meetings in Ontario, Canada to demonstrate how the processes of creep and normalisation have intentionally been used to criminalise legitimate protest.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribut... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0) LicenseU T H , T which permits unrestricted non-commercial useT , distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Framing of criminal violence has taken on a particular and troubling trajectory with regard to te... more Framing of criminal violence has taken on a particular and troubling trajectory with regard to terrorism. Despite the lack of a universal academic definition of terrorism, both the news media and political leaders regularly frame certain violent offences as terrorism while excluding other similar events. This work will use two similar Canadian incidents of violent crime to explore how one was framed as terrorism, while the other was not. In doing so, this work will demonstrate how this distinction is often based on subjective and troubling judgements by those in a position to directly benefit from the use of the label of terrorism.
The War on Terrorism began after the events of September 11, 2001. Countries like Australia immed... more The War on Terrorism began after the events of September 11, 2001. Countries like Australia immediately expressed their support for the military response that would follow. To one Australian, David Hicks, this support meant that his Australian citizenship and the legal protection associated with it, became irrelevant. Instead, populist narratives were employed about terrorism and David Hicks himself to justify placing him in a state of exception by allowing him to languish alone in the American Military Detention Centre at Guantanamo Bay. This work will analyse the parameters of the David Hicks case, including the controversial nature of the term terrorism, declaring war on social phenomenon and the consequences of the case for Australia. Terrorism: We know it when we see it. The term terrorisme first made its debut in common French language in the late 18 th Century. The origins of the word can be traced back to a specific, particularly violent period during the French Revolution. This brief but volatile analogue in history known as the Reign of Terror and its practitioners as terrorists. Both labels were derived from a French adaptation of the word terror into terrorisme (Sinclaire, 2003). Although initially utilised to denote a specific and defined governing strategy and leadership, the term has evolved as an ambiguous and problematic term. Although terrorism is referred to regularly in political, academic and public circles, a definition of the term is infamously elusive. In fact the development of a universally accepted definition of terrorism has not been accomplished despite decades of effort. Despite ongoing attempts to define this social phenomenon, participants have thus far been unsuccessful in reaching a consensus. There are a number of issues with the word and its use that impede a universally accepted definition.
Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled
with for decades. Consequently, ... more Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled with for decades. Consequently, many academics expressed skepticism when states like Canada and Australia decided to enshrine definitions of terrorism in post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation. Academics warned that there were many potential pitfalls in legalizing a definition of terrorism. However, it is unclear if legislators actually overcame those potential challenges or simply formalized a “we know it when we see it” labeling strategy. This work will take three steps in addressing this concern. First, it will assess some notable attempts at academic definitions of terrorism as to explore the gains and potential pitfalls that they warn about. Second, it will assess sociopolitical labeling strategies used by media and politicians when discussing terrorism. Finally, it will analyze Canadian and Australian antiterrorism legislative definitions to assess their success in overcoming the potential pitfalls of defining terrorism. This work offers perspective for academics and legislators on the importance of fully understanding the difficulties in defining terrorism.
In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is ... more In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is an important area of study. However criminological study of how these powers expand into unintended areas of criminal justice is currently underdeveloped. A few notable authors have set out complimentary templates that can provide basic tools to understanding the processes by which extraordinary laws are normalised into not so extraordinary activity. By analysing, understanding and unifying the existing literature in this area, this article seeks to amalgamate the studies of control creep and normalisation of the extraordinary into one comprehensive school of thought capable of recognising, and analysing unjustified expansion of state power. Furthermore this article will analyse the G8/G20 Meetings in Ontario, Canada to demonstrate how the processes of creep and normalisation have intentionally been used to criminalise legitimate protest.
ABSTRACT Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled with for decades. Conse... more ABSTRACT Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled with for decades. Consequently, many academics expressed skepticism when states like Canada and Australia decided to enshrine definitions of terrorism in post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation. Academics warned that there were many potential pitfalls in legalizing a definition of terrorism. However, it is unclear if legislators actually overcame those potential challenges or simply formalized a “we know it when we see it” labeling strategy. This work will take three steps in addressing this concern. First, it will assess some notable attempts at academic definitions of terrorism as to explore the gains and potential pitfalls that they warn about. Second, it will assess sociopolitical labeling strategies used by media and politicians when discussing terrorism. Finally, it will analyze Canadian and Australian antiterrorism legislative definitions to assess their success in overcoming the potential pitfalls of defining terrorism. This work offers perspective for academics and legislators on the importance of fully understanding the difficulties in defining terrorism.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribut... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0) LicenseU T H , T which permits unrestricted non-commercial useT , distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is ... more In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is an important area of study. However criminological study of how these powers expand into unintended areas of criminal justice is currently underdeveloped. A few notable authors have set out complimentary templates that can provide basic tools to understanding the processes by which extraordinary laws are normalised into not so extraordinary activity. By analysing, understanding and unifying the existing literature in this area, this article seeks to amalgamate the studies of control creep and normalisation of the extraordinary into one comprehensive school of thought capable of recognising, and analysing unjustified expansion of state power. Furthermore this article will analyse the G8/G20 Meetings in Ontario, Canada to demonstrate how the processes of creep and normalisation have intentionally been used to criminalise legitimate protest.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribut... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons H T U Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0) LicenseU T H , T which permits unrestricted non-commercial useT , distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Framing of criminal violence has taken on a particular and troubling trajectory with regard to te... more Framing of criminal violence has taken on a particular and troubling trajectory with regard to terrorism. Despite the lack of a universal academic definition of terrorism, both the news media and political leaders regularly frame certain violent offences as terrorism while excluding other similar events. This work will use two similar Canadian incidents of violent crime to explore how one was framed as terrorism, while the other was not. In doing so, this work will demonstrate how this distinction is often based on subjective and troubling judgements by those in a position to directly benefit from the use of the label of terrorism.
The War on Terrorism began after the events of September 11, 2001. Countries like Australia immed... more The War on Terrorism began after the events of September 11, 2001. Countries like Australia immediately expressed their support for the military response that would follow. To one Australian, David Hicks, this support meant that his Australian citizenship and the legal protection associated with it, became irrelevant. Instead, populist narratives were employed about terrorism and David Hicks himself to justify placing him in a state of exception by allowing him to languish alone in the American Military Detention Centre at Guantanamo Bay. This work will analyse the parameters of the David Hicks case, including the controversial nature of the term terrorism, declaring war on social phenomenon and the consequences of the case for Australia. Terrorism: We know it when we see it. The term terrorisme first made its debut in common French language in the late 18 th Century. The origins of the word can be traced back to a specific, particularly violent period during the French Revolution. This brief but volatile analogue in history known as the Reign of Terror and its practitioners as terrorists. Both labels were derived from a French adaptation of the word terror into terrorisme (Sinclaire, 2003). Although initially utilised to denote a specific and defined governing strategy and leadership, the term has evolved as an ambiguous and problematic term. Although terrorism is referred to regularly in political, academic and public circles, a definition of the term is infamously elusive. In fact the development of a universally accepted definition of terrorism has not been accomplished despite decades of effort. Despite ongoing attempts to define this social phenomenon, participants have thus far been unsuccessful in reaching a consensus. There are a number of issues with the word and its use that impede a universally accepted definition.
Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled
with for decades. Consequently, ... more Defining terrorism has been a challenge academics have struggled with for decades. Consequently, many academics expressed skepticism when states like Canada and Australia decided to enshrine definitions of terrorism in post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation. Academics warned that there were many potential pitfalls in legalizing a definition of terrorism. However, it is unclear if legislators actually overcame those potential challenges or simply formalized a “we know it when we see it” labeling strategy. This work will take three steps in addressing this concern. First, it will assess some notable attempts at academic definitions of terrorism as to explore the gains and potential pitfalls that they warn about. Second, it will assess sociopolitical labeling strategies used by media and politicians when discussing terrorism. Finally, it will analyze Canadian and Australian antiterrorism legislative definitions to assess their success in overcoming the potential pitfalls of defining terrorism. This work offers perspective for academics and legislators on the importance of fully understanding the difficulties in defining terrorism.
In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is ... more In the post 9/11 world, expansion of extraordinary powers of control through criminal justice is an important area of study. However criminological study of how these powers expand into unintended areas of criminal justice is currently underdeveloped. A few notable authors have set out complimentary templates that can provide basic tools to understanding the processes by which extraordinary laws are normalised into not so extraordinary activity. By analysing, understanding and unifying the existing literature in this area, this article seeks to amalgamate the studies of control creep and normalisation of the extraordinary into one comprehensive school of thought capable of recognising, and analysing unjustified expansion of state power. Furthermore this article will analyse the G8/G20 Meetings in Ontario, Canada to demonstrate how the processes of creep and normalisation have intentionally been used to criminalise legitimate protest.
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with for decades. Consequently, many academics expressed
skepticism when states like Canada and Australia decided to
enshrine definitions of terrorism in post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation.
Academics warned that there were many potential pitfalls
in legalizing a definition of terrorism. However, it is unclear if legislators
actually overcame those potential challenges or simply
formalized a “we know it when we see it” labeling strategy. This
work will take three steps in addressing this concern. First, it will
assess some notable attempts at academic definitions of terrorism
as to explore the gains and potential pitfalls that they warn
about. Second, it will assess sociopolitical labeling strategies used
by media and politicians when discussing terrorism. Finally, it will
analyze Canadian and Australian antiterrorism legislative definitions
to assess their success in overcoming the potential pitfalls
of defining terrorism. This work offers perspective for academics
and legislators on the importance of fully understanding the difficulties
in defining terrorism.
with for decades. Consequently, many academics expressed
skepticism when states like Canada and Australia decided to
enshrine definitions of terrorism in post-9/11 antiterrorism legislation.
Academics warned that there were many potential pitfalls
in legalizing a definition of terrorism. However, it is unclear if legislators
actually overcame those potential challenges or simply
formalized a “we know it when we see it” labeling strategy. This
work will take three steps in addressing this concern. First, it will
assess some notable attempts at academic definitions of terrorism
as to explore the gains and potential pitfalls that they warn
about. Second, it will assess sociopolitical labeling strategies used
by media and politicians when discussing terrorism. Finally, it will
analyze Canadian and Australian antiterrorism legislative definitions
to assess their success in overcoming the potential pitfalls
of defining terrorism. This work offers perspective for academics
and legislators on the importance of fully understanding the difficulties
in defining terrorism.