(1 1) Potassium ferricyanide has previously been used to convert vic-l,2-di-carboxylate groups to... more (1 1) Potassium ferricyanide has previously been used to convert vic-l,2-di-carboxylate groups to double bonds. See, for example, L. F. Fieser and M. J. Haddadin, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 86, 2392 (1964). The oxidative dide-carboxylation of 1,2dicarboxyiic acids is, of course, a ...
Chromosome correlation maps display correlations between the expression patterns of genes on the ... more Chromosome correlation maps display correlations between the expression patterns of genes on the same chromosome. Using these maps, we show here that adjacent pairs of genes, as well as nearby non-adjacent pairs of genes, show correlated expression independent of their orientation. We present specific examples of adjacent pairs with highly correlated expression patterns, in which the promoter of only one of the two genes contains an upstream activating sequence (UAS) known to be associated with that expression pattern. Finally, we show that genes with similar functions tend to occur in adjacent positions along the chromosomes. Our results suggest that, in certain chromosomal expression domains, an UAS can affect the transcription of genes that are not immediately downstream from it.
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 1996
This paper addresses the problem of encoder optimization in a macroblock-based multimode video co... more This paper addresses the problem of encoder optimization in a macroblock-based multimode video compression system. An efficient solution is proposed in which, for a given image region, the optimum combination of macroblock modes and the associated mode parameters are jointly selected so as to minimize the overall distortion for a given bit-rate budget. Conditions for optimizing the encoder operation are derived within a rate-constrained product code framework using a Lagrangian formulation. The instantaneous rate of the encoder is controlled by a single Lagrange multiplier that makes the method amenable to mobile wireless networks with time-varying capacity. When rate and distortion dependencies are introduced between adjacent blocks (as is the case when the motion vectors are differentially encoded and/or overlapped block motion compensation is employed), the ensuing encoder complexity is surmounted using dynamic programming. Due to the generic nature of the algorithm, it can be successfully applied to the problem of encoder control in numerous video coding standards, including H.261, MPEG-1, and MPEG-2. Moreover, the strategy is especially relevant for very low bit rate coding over wireless communication channels where the low dimensionality of the images associated with these bit rates makes real-time implementation very feasible. Accordingly, in this paper, the method is successfully applied to the emerging H.263 video coding standard with excellent results at rates as low as 8.0 Kb per second. Direct comparisons with the H.263 test model, TMN5, demonstrate that gains in peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNR) are achievable over a wide range of rates
The advent of nearly ubiquitous information infrastructures has led many to predict that one effe... more The advent of nearly ubiquitous information infrastructures has led many to predict that one effect of electronic markets will be the bypassing of intermediaries in electronic markets. The ability of electronic networks to ...
Page 1. Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach 3 rd Edition by Sanjit K. Mitra Erra... more Page 1. Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach 3 rd Edition by Sanjit K. Mitra Errata List Chapter 1 1. Page 4, Eq. ...
A fuzzy neural network model based on the multilayer perceptron, using the backpropagation algori... more A fuzzy neural network model based on the multilayer perceptron, using the backpropagation algorithm, and capable of fuzzy classification of patterns is described. The input vector consists of membership values to linguistic properties while the output vector is defined in terms of fuzzy class membership values. This allows efficient modeling of fuzzy uncertain patterns with appropriate weights being assigned to the backpropagated errors depending upon the membership values at the corresponding outputs. During training, the learning rate is gradually decreased in discrete steps until the network converges to a minimum error solution. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on a speech recognition problem. The results are compared with those of the conventional MLP, the Bayes classifier, and other related models.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1995
A new approach to determining the admissibility of variable bit rate (VBR) traffic in buffered di... more A new approach to determining the admissibility of variable bit rate (VBR) traffic in buffered digital networks is developed. In this approach all traffic presented to the network is assumed to have been subjected to leaky-bucket regulation, and extremal, periodic, on-off regulated traffic is considered; the analysis is based on fluid models. Each regulated traffic stream is allocated bandwidth and buffer resources which are independent of other traffic. Bandwidth and buffer allocations are traded off in a manner optimal for an adversarial situation involving minimal knowledge of other traffic. This leads to a single-resource statistical-multiplexing problem which is solved using techniques previously used for unbuffered traffic. VBR traffic is found to be divisible into two classes, one for which statistical multiplexing is effective and one for which statistical multiplexing is ineffective in the sense that accepting small losses provides no advantage over requiring lossless performance. The boundary of the set of admissible traffic sources is examined, and is found to be sufficiently linear that an effective bandwidth can be meaningfully assigned to each VBR source, so long as only statistically-multiplexable sources are considered, or only nonstatistically-multiplexable sources are considered. If these two types of sources are intermixed, then nonlinear interactions occur and fewer sources can be admitted than a linear theory would predict. A qualitative characterization of the nonlinearities is presented. The complete analysis involves conservative approximations; however, admission decisions based on this work are expected to be less overly conservative than decisions based on alternative approaches.
(1 1) Potassium ferricyanide has previously been used to convert vic-l,2-di-carboxylate groups to... more (1 1) Potassium ferricyanide has previously been used to convert vic-l,2-di-carboxylate groups to double bonds. See, for example, L. F. Fieser and M. J. Haddadin, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 86, 2392 (1964). The oxidative dide-carboxylation of 1,2dicarboxyiic acids is, of course, a ...
Chromosome correlation maps display correlations between the expression patterns of genes on the ... more Chromosome correlation maps display correlations between the expression patterns of genes on the same chromosome. Using these maps, we show here that adjacent pairs of genes, as well as nearby non-adjacent pairs of genes, show correlated expression independent of their orientation. We present specific examples of adjacent pairs with highly correlated expression patterns, in which the promoter of only one of the two genes contains an upstream activating sequence (UAS) known to be associated with that expression pattern. Finally, we show that genes with similar functions tend to occur in adjacent positions along the chromosomes. Our results suggest that, in certain chromosomal expression domains, an UAS can affect the transcription of genes that are not immediately downstream from it.
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 1996
This paper addresses the problem of encoder optimization in a macroblock-based multimode video co... more This paper addresses the problem of encoder optimization in a macroblock-based multimode video compression system. An efficient solution is proposed in which, for a given image region, the optimum combination of macroblock modes and the associated mode parameters are jointly selected so as to minimize the overall distortion for a given bit-rate budget. Conditions for optimizing the encoder operation are derived within a rate-constrained product code framework using a Lagrangian formulation. The instantaneous rate of the encoder is controlled by a single Lagrange multiplier that makes the method amenable to mobile wireless networks with time-varying capacity. When rate and distortion dependencies are introduced between adjacent blocks (as is the case when the motion vectors are differentially encoded and/or overlapped block motion compensation is employed), the ensuing encoder complexity is surmounted using dynamic programming. Due to the generic nature of the algorithm, it can be successfully applied to the problem of encoder control in numerous video coding standards, including H.261, MPEG-1, and MPEG-2. Moreover, the strategy is especially relevant for very low bit rate coding over wireless communication channels where the low dimensionality of the images associated with these bit rates makes real-time implementation very feasible. Accordingly, in this paper, the method is successfully applied to the emerging H.263 video coding standard with excellent results at rates as low as 8.0 Kb per second. Direct comparisons with the H.263 test model, TMN5, demonstrate that gains in peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNR) are achievable over a wide range of rates
The advent of nearly ubiquitous information infrastructures has led many to predict that one effe... more The advent of nearly ubiquitous information infrastructures has led many to predict that one effect of electronic markets will be the bypassing of intermediaries in electronic markets. The ability of electronic networks to ...
Page 1. Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach 3 rd Edition by Sanjit K. Mitra Erra... more Page 1. Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach 3 rd Edition by Sanjit K. Mitra Errata List Chapter 1 1. Page 4, Eq. ...
A fuzzy neural network model based on the multilayer perceptron, using the backpropagation algori... more A fuzzy neural network model based on the multilayer perceptron, using the backpropagation algorithm, and capable of fuzzy classification of patterns is described. The input vector consists of membership values to linguistic properties while the output vector is defined in terms of fuzzy class membership values. This allows efficient modeling of fuzzy uncertain patterns with appropriate weights being assigned to the backpropagated errors depending upon the membership values at the corresponding outputs. During training, the learning rate is gradually decreased in discrete steps until the network converges to a minimum error solution. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on a speech recognition problem. The results are compared with those of the conventional MLP, the Bayes classifier, and other related models.
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1995
A new approach to determining the admissibility of variable bit rate (VBR) traffic in buffered di... more A new approach to determining the admissibility of variable bit rate (VBR) traffic in buffered digital networks is developed. In this approach all traffic presented to the network is assumed to have been subjected to leaky-bucket regulation, and extremal, periodic, on-off regulated traffic is considered; the analysis is based on fluid models. Each regulated traffic stream is allocated bandwidth and buffer resources which are independent of other traffic. Bandwidth and buffer allocations are traded off in a manner optimal for an adversarial situation involving minimal knowledge of other traffic. This leads to a single-resource statistical-multiplexing problem which is solved using techniques previously used for unbuffered traffic. VBR traffic is found to be divisible into two classes, one for which statistical multiplexing is effective and one for which statistical multiplexing is ineffective in the sense that accepting small losses provides no advantage over requiring lossless performance. The boundary of the set of admissible traffic sources is examined, and is found to be sufficiently linear that an effective bandwidth can be meaningfully assigned to each VBR source, so long as only statistically-multiplexable sources are considered, or only nonstatistically-multiplexable sources are considered. If these two types of sources are intermixed, then nonlinear interactions occur and fewer sources can be admitted than a linear theory would predict. A qualitative characterization of the nonlinearities is presented. The complete analysis involves conservative approximations; however, admission decisions based on this work are expected to be less overly conservative than decisions based on alternative approaches.
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