Papers by Dr Gulzar Badroo
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Jun 12, 2024
Journal of food protection, May 1, 2024
Research Square (Research Square), May 22, 2024
Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a serious... more Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a serious and often fatal disease that affects cattle and other ruminants.This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of OvHV-2 strains circulating in sheep and cattle populations in the Jammu and Kashmir region of India. Screening of 150 sheep and 57 cattle blood samples revealed the presence of the OvHV-2 polymerase (pol) gene in 8.6% of sheep, 10% of apparently healthy cattle, and 29.7% of cattle exhibiting MCF-like symptoms. The full-length glycoprotein B (gB) gene (2800 bp) and an 875 bp internal fragment were successfully ampli ed, cloned, and sequenced from pol-positive samples. Comparative sequence analysis of the deduced gB amino acid sequences identi ed seven substitutions at positions 278, 341, 390, 440, 468, 539, and 566 compared to reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the gB nucleotide sequences clustered the OvHV-2 strains from this study within the Indian clade, distinct from strains reported in the UK and US. These ndings provide insights into the genetic diversity of OvHV-2 strains circulating in Jammu and Kashmir, with the identi ed mutations potentially in uencing virus-host interactions. Further investigations into the functional implications of these mutations are warranted to understand their role in viral pathogenesis and tropism.
Human gastrointestinal infections caused by Campylobacter species is the second most important fo... more Human gastrointestinal infections caused by Campylobacter species is the second most important foodborne illness after Salmonellosis worldwide. Poultry are the largest reservoir for Campylobacter organisms. In the present study the short variable region of flagellin gene (SVR-flaA) typing was carried out to determine the variation among the circulating strains of C. jejuni and C. coli. The Campylobacter jejuni and C coli isolated from poultry birds and poultry meat were screened for the presence of virulence determinants like cadF, flaA, cdtB, and wlaN gene. The screening for wlaN gene is crucial in view of fact that C jejuni strains that elicit Guillian Barre’s (GB) syndrome in humans carry wlaN gene. Out of the 200 samples comprising of poultry meat and cloacal swabs, 21.5% of samples were found positive for Campylobacter spp, 2.5% for C. jejuni, and 19% for C. coli. The cadF, flaA, cdtB virulence genes were detected in all strains of Campylobacter isolated in the present study. T...
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2014
agents with diarrhoea-induced hospitalizations in children in Jammu. None of the child under the ... more agents with diarrhoea-induced hospitalizations in children in Jammu. None of the child under the study had been vaccinated for rotavirus. Since, India has a high under-5 mortality rate of 69 per 1000 live births [4] the age group selected for the investigation was 0-5 years. Materials and Methods A total of 210 diarrhoeic children (below 5 years) attending different hospitals in Jammu, J and K were included in the study. Diarrhoea was characterised by the occurrence of three or more loose, liquid or watery stools or at least one bloody loose stool in a 24-h period. Faecal samples (one from each subject) were collected within 24 h of hospital admission, kept at 4°C, and transferred to laboratory within 24 h. The remains of each sample after the fi rst culture on the media were kept at-70°C for further work. Rotavirus detection Ribonucleic acid-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (RNA-PAGE) Faecal samples were suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and 10% suspensions were prepared followed by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min Viral double-stranded RNA (ds RNA) was extracted from the clarifi ed supernatant by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS): Phenol: Chloroform method as described previously. [5] RNA-PAGE was performed in minigel twin vertical electrophoresis apparatus (Biometra) using 5% stacking gel and 8% resolving gel. Electrophoresis was carried out using freshly prepared Tris glycine buffer at a current of 10 milli-amperes for stacking and 25 milli-amperes for resolving gel. The gel was stained by silver nitrate staining method [6] with minor modifi cations for minigel (fi xation and staining, each for 15 min).
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Aug 10, 2017
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Dec 10, 2017
Bacillus cereus is a Gram positive, motile, rod shaped, aerobic and spore forming bacteria belong... more Bacillus cereus is a Gram positive, motile, rod shaped, aerobic and spore forming bacteria belonging to the family Bacillaceae. The vegetative cells are typically 1.0-1.2 μm by 3.0-5.0 μm in size. The spores are ellipsoidal in shape and are formed in a central or
Veterinary World, Mar 1, 2017
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of methicillin-sensitive and Staphyloco... more Aim: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of methicillin-sensitive and Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from bovine mastitis and to characterize them with respect to antibiotic resistance gene mecA. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 mastitic milk samples were screened for the presence of S. aureus. The presumptive positive isolates were confirmed using nuc and 23S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction. All the confirmed isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiogram using a number of antibiotics. Isolates which showed resistance against methicillin were characterized for the presence of mecA gene. Results: Out of the total 160 milk samples, 36 (22.5%) samples yielded S. aureus. The in vitro antibiogram revealed that 16.6% S. aureus isolates were resistant to all antibiotics screened for and 5.5% isolates were sensitive to all of them. Furthermore, the study found 94.4%, 83.3%, 77.7%, 66.6%, 50%, and 27.7% of S. aureus isolates resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-sulbactam, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and methicillin, respectively. Out of the 36 S. aureus isolates, only 6 (16.6%) isolates were confirmed as MRSA while rest were MSSA. Conclusion: The higher occurrence of S. aureus-mediated mastitis was concluded due to improper hygienic and poor farm management. The multiple drug resistance reveals the indiscriminate use of drugs and presence of methicillin resistance gene determinant is an alarming situation as such infections are difficult to treat.
Veterinary World, Apr 1, 2018
Aim: This study was conducted to study the coagulase gene-based genetic diversity of Staphylococc... more Aim: This study was conducted to study the coagulase gene-based genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from different samples of cattle using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and their sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: A total of 192 different samples from mastitic milk, nasal cavity, and pus from skin wounds of cattle from Military Dairy Farm, Jammu, India, were screened for the presence of S. aureus. The presumptive isolates were confirmed by nuc gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The confirmed S. aureus isolates were subjected to coagulase (coa) gene PCR. Different coa genotypes observed were subjected to RFLP using restriction enzymes Hae111 and Alu1, to obtain the different restriction patterns. One isolate from each restriction pattern was sequenced. These sequences were aligned for maximum homology using the Bioedit software and similarity in the sequences was inferred with the help of sequence identity matrix. Results: Of 192 different samples, 39 (20.31%) isolates of S. aureus were confirmed by targeting nuc gene using PCR. Of 39 S. aureus isolates, 25 (64.10%) isolates carried coa gene. Four different genotypes of coa gene, i.e., 514 bp, 595 bp, 757 bp, and 802 bp were obtained. Two coa genotypes, 595 bp (15 isolates) and 802 bp (4 isolates), were observed in mastitic milk. 514 bp (2 isolates) and 757 bp (4 isolates) coa genotypes were observed from nasal cavity and pus from skin wounds, respectively. On RFLP using both restriction enzymes, four different restriction patterns P1, P2, P3, and P4 were observed. On sequencing, four different sequences having unique restriction patterns were obtained. The most identical sequences with the value of 0.810 were found between isolate S. aureus 514 (nasal cavity) and S. aureus 595 (mastitic milk), and thus, they are most closely related. While as the most distant sequences with the value of 0.483 were found between S. aureus 514 and S. aureus 802 isolates. Conclusion: The study, being localized to only one farm, yielded different RFLP patterns as observed from different sampling sites, which indicates that different S. aureus coagulase types have a site-specific predilection. Two coa patterns were observed in mastitic milk indicating multiple origins of infection, with 595 bp coa genotype being predominant in mastitic milk. The coa genotypes and their restriction patterns observed in the present study are novel, not published earlier. 514 and 595 coa variants of S. aureus are genetically most related.
The Indian journal of animal sciences
Escherichia coli isolates (115) were obtained from faecal samples collected from diarrheic sheep ... more Escherichia coli isolates (115) were obtained from faecal samples collected from diarrheic sheep in Jammu, J&K. All the isolates were subjected to virulence characterization by multiplex PCR using primers for stx1, stx2, eae and ehxA genes. A total of 19 (16.5%) isolates were found to harbour toxic genes, out of which 12 isolates carried stx1, 3 carried eae whereas 3 were detected positive for both stx1 and exhA genes. Only 1 of these 19 isolates was found to carry 3 genes (stx1, stx2 and eae). Upon serogrouping of all the isolates O69 was found to be the predominant serogroup (present in 30 of 115 isolates). In this study 12 serogroups were found. In vitro sensitivity test was also carried out to determine antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates to various drugs. Maximum resistance was noted against antibiotics like polymixin and nitrofurantoin (38.46%) whereas maximum sensitivity was noted to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (92%). Thus, these drugs can be recommended to treat diarrhoea in ovines.
Pathogens
Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75... more Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75%. The viruses belong to the genus henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The natural reservoirs of NiV and HeV are bats (flying foxes) in which the virus infection is asymptomatic. The intermediate hosts for NiV and HeV are swine and equine, respectively. In humans, NiV infections result in severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological manifestations. The Nipah virus was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers and subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India almost every year. Due to its extreme pathogenicity, pandemic potential, and lack of established antiviral therapeutics and vaccines, research on henipaviruses is highly warranted so as to develop antivirals or vaccines that could aid in the prevention and control of future outbreaks.
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of methicillin-sensitive and Staphyloco... more Aim: This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of methicillin-sensitive and Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) from bovine mastitis and to characterize them with respect to antibiotic resistance gene mecA. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 mastitic milk samples were screened for the presence of S. aureus. The presumptive positive isolates were confirmed using nuc and 23S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction. All the confirmed isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiogram using a number of antibiotics. Isolates which showed resistance against methicillin were characterized for the presence of mecA gene. Results: Out of the total 160 milk samples, 36 (22.5%) samples yielded S. aureus. The in vitro antibiogram revealed that 16.6% S. aureus isolates were resistant to all antibiotics screened for and 5.5% isolates were sensitive to all of them. Furthermore, the study found 94.4%, 83.3%, 77.7%, 66.6%, 50%, and 27.7% of S. aureus isola...
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Rhodococcus equi infection in equi... more The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Rhodococcus equi infection in equines of Jammu and Kashmir, India, and evaluate the zoonotic threat posed by this organism to equine owners and tourists. One hundred and forty-one samples (98 samples from adult animals ≥5 years old and 43 samples from foals less than 6 months old) were collected in duplicate from nasopharyngeal tract of equines for isolation and direct PCR. A total of 12 isolates of R. equi were recovered, of which 9 were from foals and 3 from adult animals. Therefore, the present study recorded prevalence rates of 20.93 % and 3.06 % among foals and adult equines respectively. The prevalence rates were found to be 25.58 % and 4.08 % by 16S rRNA species-specific PCR among foals and adult animals respectively. Thus, the PCR-based assay was found to be more sensitive and helped in quick detection of R. equi than the culture based method which is time consuming and laborious. However, the culture-based metho...
Veterinary World
Aim: To isolate aerobic bacterial micro flora residing in the upper respiratory tract of equines ... more Aim: To isolate aerobic bacterial micro flora residing in the upper respiratory tract of equines used by the pilgrims and tourists in Jammu & Kashmir. Materials and Methods: 88 apparently healthy equines and 53 equines with respiratory tract diseases were used in this study. Swab samples were collected from the upper respiratory tract of equines. Isolation and identification of the bacteria was conducted under aerobic conditions. Each of the sample processed yielded at least one type of bacteria species. Results: A total of 321 bacterial isolates were recovered from both groups of equines. The majority of the isolates were Gram positive (84.11%) and the rest were Gram negative (15.88%). Bacterial isolates identified in order of the magnitude were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (17.44%), Micrococcus spp. (9.96%), Corynebacterium (9.65%), Staphylococcus intermedius (9.65%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.72%), Bacillus spp. (7.16%), Streptococcus pneumonia (5.60%), Staphylococcus chromogens (5.60%), Streptococcus equismilis (5.29%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.29%), Rhodococcus equi (3.73%), Escherichia coli (3.73%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.42%), Proteus vulgaris (3.42%), and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (1.24%). Conclusion: The present study reveals the predominance of Gram positive bacteria in both healthy and diseased animals. Bacteria were recovered at a higher rate from diseased equines than from apparently healthy animals. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was mainly found to be associated with respiratory tract infections.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Staphylococcus aureus present worldwide is a gram positive coccus, facultative anaerobe habituall... more Staphylococcus aureus present worldwide is a gram positive coccus, facultative anaerobe habitually positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is coagulase variable which can be positive or negative. This organism can get transmitted from animals to humans through contamination of skin lesions while in contact with the affected animals, other possible vehicle including milkers hand and milking equipment is responsible for transmission of organism between animals. Due to its virulence factors like hyluronidase, protease, lipase, nuclease; coagulase; Clumping factors (Clf A); fibrinogen binding proteins (Fnbp A); Protein A; Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL); Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SE) A to International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 6 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Journal of Equine Science, 2015
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Rhodococcus equi infection in equi... more The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Rhodococcus equi infection in equines of Jammu and Kashmir, India, and evaluate the zoonotic threat posed by this organism to equine owners and tourists. One hundred and forty-one samples (98 samples from adult animals ≥5 years old and 43 samples from foals less than 6 months old) were collected in duplicate from nasopharyngeal tract of equines for isolation and direct PCR. A total of 12 isolates of R. equi were recovered, of which 9 were from foals and 3 from adult animals. Therefore, the present study recorded prevalence rates of 20.93% and 3.06% among foals and adult equines respectively. The prevalence rates were found to be 25.58% and 4.08% by 16S rRNA species-specific PCR among foals and adult animals respectively. Thus, the PCR-based assay was found to be more sensitive and helped in quick detection of R. equi than the culture based method which is time consuming and laborious. However, the culture-based method is still preferred due to some limitations of PCR. The antibiogram of the isolates revealed that erythromycin and rifampicin were the most effective antimicrobials with 100% sensitivity, followed by amoxicillin (66.67%), lincomycin (58.3%) and kanamycin (58.3%). The results also revealed that resistance was highest for penicillin G (50%), followed by kanamycin (25%) and streptomycin (25%).
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2000
Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus based on PCR-RFLP of coa gene and RAPD analysis The aim... more Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus based on PCR-RFLP of coa gene and RAPD analysis The aim of this study was molecular identification of S. aureus strains isolated from mastitic milk samples and establishing the genetic relationship between strains isolated from cows belonging to the same herd. In all 43 isolated strains the gap gene (930 bp) was amplified, which enabled their affiliation to the Staphylococcus genus to be established. PCR-RFLP with AluI endonuclease of the gap gene as well as nuc (450 bp) and coa (1130 bp) gene amplification allowed precise S. aureus species identification. One hundred percent of the genetic relationship between strains was established via RAPD-PCR and coa-typing.
Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2013
In total, 363 Escherichia coli were isolated from 165 faecal samples of healthy buffaloes in West... more In total, 363 Escherichia coli were isolated from 165 faecal samples of healthy buffaloes in West Bengal, India. Twenty-four of these isolates (6·61%) were found to carry at least one gene characteristic for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). These STEC strains belonged to 13 different O-serogroups. The stx1 gene was present in 23 (95·8%) of total STEC isolates, whereas 20 (83·3%) STEC isolates carried the gene stx2. Twelve strains of E. coli (50% of total STEC isolates) possessed enterohaemolysin (ehxA) gene in combination with others. Fourteen (58·33%) isolates found to possess saa gene. However, no E. coli was detected harbouring gene for intimin protein (eaeA). Of 23 stx1 -positive isolates, seven (30·43%) were positive for genes of the stx1C subtype. Of the 20 isolates with the stx2 gene, 25% (5/20) possessed stx2C and 10% (2/20) possessed stx2d gene. The phylogenetic analysis after RAPD of STEC strains revealed six major clusters. The isolated STEC strains were resistant most frequently to erythromycin (95·83%), cephalothin (62·5%), amikacin (54·17%), kanamycin (45·83%) and gentamicin (41·67%) group of antibiotics. No ESBL-producing (blaCTXM , blaTEM , blaSHV ) or quinolone resistance gene (qnrA) was detected in the STEC isolates.
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Papers by Dr Gulzar Badroo