Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. computer-aided crown design and to determine the effectiveness of either technique through comparative grading of the final products. On one of twoidentical tooth preparations, second-year students at one dental school fabricated a wax pattern for a full contour crown; on the second tooth preparation, the same students designed and fabricated an all-ceramic crown using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Projects were graded for occlusion and anatomic form by three faculty members. On completion of the projects, 100 percent of the students (n=50) completed an eight-question, five-point Likert scalesurvey, designed to assess their perceptions of and learning associated with the two design techniques. The average grades for the crown design projects were 78.3 (CAD) and 79.1 (wax design). The mean numbers of occlusal contacts were 3.8 (CAD) and...
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. computer-aided crown design and to determine the effectiveness of either technique through comparative grading of the final products. On one of two identical tooth preparations, second-year students at one dental school fabricated a wax pattern for a full contour crown; on the second tooth preparation, the same students designed and fabricated an all-ceramic crown using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Projects were graded for occlusion and anatomic form by three faculty members. On completion of the projects, 100 percent of the students (n=50) completed an eight-question, five-point Likert scale survey, designed to assess their perceptions of and learning associated with the two design techniques. The average grades for the crown design projects were 78.3 (CAD) and 79.1 (wax design). The mean numbers of occlusal contacts were 3.8 (CAD) and 2.9 (wax design), which was significantly higher for CAD (p=0.02). The survey results indicated that students enjoyed designing a full contour crown using CAD as compared to using conventional wax techniques and spent less time designing the crown using CAD. From a learning perspective, students felt that they learned more about position and the size/strength of occlusal contacts using CAD. However, students recognized that CAD technology has limits in terms of representing anatomic contours and excursive occlusion compared to conventional wax techniques. The results suggest that crown design using CAD could be considered as an adjunct to conventional wax-added techniques in preclinical fixed prosthodontic curricula.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. computer-aided crown design and to determine the effectiveness of either technique through comparative grading of the final products. On one of twoidentical tooth preparations, second-year students at one dental school fabricated a wax pattern for a full contour crown; on the second tooth preparation, the same students designed and fabricated an all-ceramic crown using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Projects were graded for occlusion and anatomic form by three faculty members. On completion of the projects, 100 percent of the students (n=50) completed an eight-question, five-point Likert scalesurvey, designed to assess their perceptions of and learning associated with the two design techniques. The average grades for the crown design projects were 78.3 (CAD) and 79.1 (wax design). The mean numbers of occlusal contacts were 3.8 (CAD) and...
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
Approximately 50 articles were included in this review based on a MEDLINE and PubMed search of En... more Approximately 50 articles were included in this review based on a MEDLINE and PubMed search of English-language peer-reviewed literature focused on research published between 1993 and 2008. The authors also hand searched relevant dental journals. Randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, longitudinal experimental clinical studies, longitudinal prospective studies, and longitudinal retrospective studies were all eligible for inclusion in this review. Treatment of teeth with an all-ceramic restoration in the form of a veneer, inlay, onlay, crown, or fixed dental prosthesis, and the subsequent clinical success or failure of these restorations. Restoration survival rate (in percent) as a function of observation period and fabrication method, reported by restoration type. Specific fabrication methods for single-tooth restorations included InCeram Alumina, InCeram Spinell, Procera, IPS Empress, IPS Empress 2, and Dicor crowns. Fabrication methods for fixed partial dentures included InCeram, InCeram Zr, IPS Empress 2, and Cercon Zr, respectively. The reported Kaplan-Meier survival rates were grouped by restoration type rather than by ceramic system. For porcelain veneers, less than 5% failure was reported at 5 years and less than 10% failure rate at 10 years (n ranging from 83 to 3047). For ceramic inlay and onlay restorations, 10-year failure rates were found to be less than 10% (n ranging from 200 to 1588). Greater success rates were reported for anterior crowns. Kaplan-Meier survival rates were calculated for end points ranging in duration from 1 to 4 years (6 studies), 5 to 6 years (12 studies), 7 to 8 years (5 studies), and 10 years or more (2 studies). The results for multiunit prostheses included 11 studies, fewer prostheses, and generally higher failure rates. As with single crowns, failure rates for multiunit prostheses were reported to be consistently higher in the posterior region than anteriorly. Kaplan-Meier survival rates were reported for 3-unit fixed partial dentures for end points ranging from 1 to 10 years, with a mean end point of approximately 5.6 years. The authors suggest that many all-ceramic restorations were found to demonstrate acceptable longevity compared with conventional restorations (eg, metal-ceramic crowns). For single-rooted anterior teeth, broad support was found for the premise that clinicians may select from any all-ceramic system for laminate veneers, intracoronal restorations such as inlays and onlays, and for full-coverage restorations. For restoration of molar teeth, the review suggests that relatively few all-ceramic systems will provide predictable long-term success. The number of clinical complications with all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses (multiunit) remains high, even with increased connector size. Although zirconium systems offer the advantage of favorable material characteristics for substructures, the clinical problem of chipping of the weaker esthetic veneer persists.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 2013
This review of ceramic inlays in posterior teeth includes a review of the history of ceramic rest... more This review of ceramic inlays in posterior teeth includes a review of the history of ceramic restorations, followed by common indications and contraindications for their use. A discussion on the potential for tooth wear is followed by a review of recommended preparation design considerations, fabrication methods, and material choices. Despite the improved materials available for fabrication of porcelain inlays, fracture remains a primary mode of inlay failure. Therefore, a brief discussion on strengthening methods for ceramics is included. The review concludes with a section on luting considerations, and offers the clinician specific recommendations for luting procedures. In conclusion, inlay success rates and longevity, as reported in the literature, are summarized.
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. computer-aided crown design and to determine the effectiveness of either technique through comparative grading of the final products. On one of twoidentical tooth preparations, second-year students at one dental school fabricated a wax pattern for a full contour crown; on the second tooth preparation, the same students designed and fabricated an all-ceramic crown using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Projects were graded for occlusion and anatomic form by three faculty members. On completion of the projects, 100 percent of the students (n=50) completed an eight-question, five-point Likert scalesurvey, designed to assess their perceptions of and learning associated with the two design techniques. The average grades for the crown design projects were 78.3 (CAD) and 79.1 (wax design). The mean numbers of occlusal contacts were 3.8 (CAD) and...
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. computer-aided crown design and to determine the effectiveness of either technique through comparative grading of the final products. On one of two identical tooth preparations, second-year students at one dental school fabricated a wax pattern for a full contour crown; on the second tooth preparation, the same students designed and fabricated an all-ceramic crown using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Projects were graded for occlusion and anatomic form by three faculty members. On completion of the projects, 100 percent of the students (n=50) completed an eight-question, five-point Likert scale survey, designed to assess their perceptions of and learning associated with the two design techniques. The average grades for the crown design projects were 78.3 (CAD) and 79.1 (wax design). The mean numbers of occlusal contacts were 3.8 (CAD) and 2.9 (wax design), which was significantly higher for CAD (p=0.02). The survey results indicated that students enjoyed designing a full contour crown using CAD as compared to using conventional wax techniques and spent less time designing the crown using CAD. From a learning perspective, students felt that they learned more about position and the size/strength of occlusal contacts using CAD. However, students recognized that CAD technology has limits in terms of representing anatomic contours and excursive occlusion compared to conventional wax techniques. The results suggest that crown design using CAD could be considered as an adjunct to conventional wax-added techniques in preclinical fixed prosthodontic curricula.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate dental students' perceptions of traditional waxing vs. computer-aided crown design and to determine the effectiveness of either technique through comparative grading of the final products. On one of twoidentical tooth preparations, second-year students at one dental school fabricated a wax pattern for a full contour crown; on the second tooth preparation, the same students designed and fabricated an all-ceramic crown using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. Projects were graded for occlusion and anatomic form by three faculty members. On completion of the projects, 100 percent of the students (n=50) completed an eight-question, five-point Likert scalesurvey, designed to assess their perceptions of and learning associated with the two design techniques. The average grades for the crown design projects were 78.3 (CAD) and 79.1 (wax design). The mean numbers of occlusal contacts were 3.8 (CAD) and...
Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the ... more Benzocaine, the most commonly used topical anesthetic in dentistry, often fails to eliminate the pain associated with injections. One type of anesthetic used frequently in medicine with success is tetracaine, but minimal research has been done regarding the application of tetracaine in dentistry. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tetracaine anesthetic paste (TAP), a newly formulated topical anesthetic. For this study, TAP was applied to the maxillary mucobuccal fold of one side of the arch and benzocaine paste was applied to the opposite side prior to injection of anesthetic. Patients then reported the level of pain experienced on each side and were evaluated for any adverse reactions. The results showed no difference in effectiveness between TAP and benzocaine paste, and no adverse reactions were reported. Because of the safety and effectiveness of tetracaine extraorally, further research is warranted on its intraoral use.
Approximately 50 articles were included in this review based on a MEDLINE and PubMed search of En... more Approximately 50 articles were included in this review based on a MEDLINE and PubMed search of English-language peer-reviewed literature focused on research published between 1993 and 2008. The authors also hand searched relevant dental journals. Randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, longitudinal experimental clinical studies, longitudinal prospective studies, and longitudinal retrospective studies were all eligible for inclusion in this review. Treatment of teeth with an all-ceramic restoration in the form of a veneer, inlay, onlay, crown, or fixed dental prosthesis, and the subsequent clinical success or failure of these restorations. Restoration survival rate (in percent) as a function of observation period and fabrication method, reported by restoration type. Specific fabrication methods for single-tooth restorations included InCeram Alumina, InCeram Spinell, Procera, IPS Empress, IPS Empress 2, and Dicor crowns. Fabrication methods for fixed partial dentures included InCeram, InCeram Zr, IPS Empress 2, and Cercon Zr, respectively. The reported Kaplan-Meier survival rates were grouped by restoration type rather than by ceramic system. For porcelain veneers, less than 5% failure was reported at 5 years and less than 10% failure rate at 10 years (n ranging from 83 to 3047). For ceramic inlay and onlay restorations, 10-year failure rates were found to be less than 10% (n ranging from 200 to 1588). Greater success rates were reported for anterior crowns. Kaplan-Meier survival rates were calculated for end points ranging in duration from 1 to 4 years (6 studies), 5 to 6 years (12 studies), 7 to 8 years (5 studies), and 10 years or more (2 studies). The results for multiunit prostheses included 11 studies, fewer prostheses, and generally higher failure rates. As with single crowns, failure rates for multiunit prostheses were reported to be consistently higher in the posterior region than anteriorly. Kaplan-Meier survival rates were reported for 3-unit fixed partial dentures for end points ranging from 1 to 10 years, with a mean end point of approximately 5.6 years. The authors suggest that many all-ceramic restorations were found to demonstrate acceptable longevity compared with conventional restorations (eg, metal-ceramic crowns). For single-rooted anterior teeth, broad support was found for the premise that clinicians may select from any all-ceramic system for laminate veneers, intracoronal restorations such as inlays and onlays, and for full-coverage restorations. For restoration of molar teeth, the review suggests that relatively few all-ceramic systems will provide predictable long-term success. The number of clinical complications with all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses (multiunit) remains high, even with increased connector size. Although zirconium systems offer the advantage of favorable material characteristics for substructures, the clinical problem of chipping of the weaker esthetic veneer persists.
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 2013
This review of ceramic inlays in posterior teeth includes a review of the history of ceramic rest... more This review of ceramic inlays in posterior teeth includes a review of the history of ceramic restorations, followed by common indications and contraindications for their use. A discussion on the potential for tooth wear is followed by a review of recommended preparation design considerations, fabrication methods, and material choices. Despite the improved materials available for fabrication of porcelain inlays, fracture remains a primary mode of inlay failure. Therefore, a brief discussion on strengthening methods for ceramics is included. The review concludes with a section on luting considerations, and offers the clinician specific recommendations for luting procedures. In conclusion, inlay success rates and longevity, as reported in the literature, are summarized.
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