Papers by Huriye Simten Sütünç
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 2025
Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative document revi... more Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative data analysis and qualitative document review, the research evaluates six key criteria: Energy efficiency, green spaces, waste management, environmental education, carbon footprint reduction, and sustainable transportation. The findings demonstrate significant progress across all institutions in reducing environmental impact, with notable achievements in energy efficiency and carbon emissions reduction. While approaches vary based on local contexts, all universities show a commitment to integrating sustainability into curricula and campus operations. The study reveals that sustainable campus practises contribute positively to environmental conservation, potentially enhance student well-being, and foster environmental consciousness. However, challenges remain, including the need for long-term planning and resource allocation. The research underscores the importance of tailoring sustainability strategies to specific institutional and cultural contexts. It concludes that universities play a crucial role in driving sustainability efforts, not only within their campuses but also in broader societal transitions towards sustainable development. The study recommends further longitudinal research to assess long-term impacts on student behaviour and societal outcomes.
The Frontiers of Climate, Urbanization and Sustainability 2024 (FOCUS'24) Congress FOCUS'24 PROCEEDINGS, Dec 23, 2024
This study explores the use of endemic plant species in campus design through two case studies: t... more This study explores the use of endemic plant species in campus design through two case studies: the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) in the United States and the University of Western Australia (UWA) in Perth, Australia. These institutions represent diverse ecological contexts, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities of endemic plant integration in campus landscapes.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 2024
This study compares natural and artificial wetlands in Türkiye’s Van
sub-basin, exploring human i... more This study compares natural and artificial wetlands in Türkiye’s Van
sub-basin, exploring human impacts on landscape connectivity
and species diversity. It examines how habitat fragmentation
affects species isolation and long-term viability, involving 14 natural
and 9 artificial wetlands to improve conservation strategies. A
four-stage methodology was used to analyze wetland connectivity.
First, focal nodes and resistance surfaces were defined using Corine
2018 data and topographic wetness index (TWI). Second, resistance
maps were created. Third, habitat fragmentation was
assessed using Fragstats software, analysing metrics like PLAND,
and CONNECT. Finally, connectivity was modeled using Circuitscape
software. The study revealed that natural wetlands, despite their
dominance (PLAND = 89.89% for lakes), did not ensure effective
connectivity. Artificial wetlands often served as crucial connectivity
points, with a cumulative current value of 0.99. Land cover characteristics
significantly impacted connectivity, with agricultural and
forest areas promoting better connectivity. The combined analysis
showed a slight increase in connectivity value (4.01687) compared
to natural wetlands alone (4.01654) but a substantial increase
(305%) compared to artificial wetlands alone. Artificial wetlands
significantly contribute to landscape connectivity, particularly in
areas with heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Effective conservation
should consider both wetland types and focus on enhancing
connectivity across landscapes to mitigate habitat fragmentation
and support resilient ecosystems. The study highlights the importance
of integrated approaches, as the combined natural and artificial
wetland network improved overall landscape connectivity by
0.0082% compared to natural wetlands alone.
idealkent, Nov 10, 2022
This study aims to determine the areas with flood risk in the micro-catchment where a university ... more This study aims to determine the areas with flood risk in the micro-catchment where a university campus is located and to evaluate the situation by using multi-criteria decisionmaking method. All the spatial analyses to predict flood risk levels were carried out in the Geographical Information Systems environment. The method consists of seven variables: flow accumulation, rainfall intensity, geology, land cover/use, slope, elevation, and distance from drainage networks. Different weights were given to each variable, and these weights were calculated with the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The information covered by different variables according to their weight values was overlayered and a flood risk map was created. Consequently, Siirt University Kezer Campus has been found to be located in an area with moderate flood risk. Considering the distribution of land cover/use, the riskiest areas are areas with dense urban structure and represented with 14.02%. The areas with the least risk are forested areas, represented by 0.1%. The percentage sum of the areas with the highest and the highest flood risk in the research area is 21.62%. Additionally, it is among the results that the method is useful especially in small scale and quick response studies, and applicable especially in sub-scale planning studies.
Journal of Near Architecture, 2022
Sacred places and landscapes are created and developed by human actions. Such landscapes are dyna... more Sacred places and landscapes are created and developed by human actions. Such landscapes are dynamic and complex landscapes where people connect with the past and re-enact narratives. Although studies have shown that sacred landscapes have an effective role in strengthening social memory by combining the place where rituals take place and actions in transferring this memory by combining to generation, it remains incomplete to explain how the perceived structure of the landscape is transformed by human actions. In this study, the sacred areas and landscape around Beşparmak Mountains and Lake Bafa, which have been preserving their sacredness for thousands of years, have been biographically examined. Sacred areas and landscapes created by anonymous actors in the region from the Prehistoric Period to the present have been determined using historical maps and documents belonging to the Prehistoric, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods. How the anonymous actors who contributed to the transformation of the landscape in each period perceive the landscape with a landscape biography approach. It has been among the important results of the study that sacred landscapes are the result of common human activity and therefore culturally constructed. The landscape biography approach discussed in this study will constitute an effective example of how the landscape is integrated with natural and cultural elements, that the landscape affects people in the long term while the human transforms the landscape, and how this approach shapes the decisions to be taken in future planning and cultural heritage conservation studies.
Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 2021
Aim of study: Aim of this study was to conduct a habitat connectivity analysis using centrality m... more Aim of study: Aim of this study was to conduct a habitat connectivity analysis using centrality metrics to protect the regional wildlife-habitat connections of the Siirt landscape, and to ensure the continuity of ecological flows in the landscape. Area of study: Increasing urbanisation trend in recent years and human impact on natural resources cause the diversity in Siirt landscape to be negatively affected. Centrality metrics were sampled in Siirt landscape in terms of re-establishing and maintaining the connectivity in the landscape. Material and methods: Environmental Plan was used to define the core areas. Land cover/land uses were digitised using Geographical Information Systems. Firstly, landscape connectivity corridors defined with least-cost-path and secondly, current flow centrality was used with circuit theory. Main results: The core area with the strongest flow centrality was forest, with a value of 14.6, and the core area with the weakest flow centrality was marsh at 8.23. The core areas that establish the easiest and strongest connection with each other are wetland-pasture, pasture-geologically reserved area, and pastureecological area. Highlights: The greater the distance between core areas, the weaker the degree of connectivity between species and habitats. Increasing the distance between core areas negatively affects the ecological flow.
The Black Sea Journal of Science, 2021
Protected areas have two tasks on a global scale: First, to protect biodiversity and second, to e... more Protected areas have two tasks on a global scale: First, to protect biodiversity and second, to ensure the continuity of ecosystem services. Identifying potential links between protected areas in a region and barriers between these links or restoration points is very important for the effective development and implementation of conservation strategies within the scope of biodiversity. In this study firstly, potential connectivity corridors between 10 different protected areas were determined to support the biological diversity in the Rize landscape, then the barriers that could block the ecological flows in these corridors were determined by using 100 m, 500 m, 300 m radii. Least Cost Path and Cost Weighted Distance methods were used for both analyses. The most suitable corridors have been identified between Kaçkar Mountains National Park-1 st Degree Natural Protected Areas-Wildlife Protection and Development Area and Firtina Creek. Improvement scores were calculated by considering the radii determined for the barriers. As a result, the highest improvement scores at 100 m, 500 m 300 m radii were calculated as 21.1, 4.49, and 7.0, respectively, and according to these scores, it showed that there were barriers between Karadere, Handüzü Nature Park, Uzungöl Special Environmental Protection Area and Kaçkar Mountains National Park. The method used in this study is important in terms of generating protection strategies for protected areas in the Rize landscape. The results of this study will guide not only protected areas in Rize landscape, but also conservation priority planning studies.
Turkish Journal of Forestry, Sep 30, 2021
Protected areas, where the interaction of human and nature gain significant ecological, biologica... more Protected areas, where the interaction of human and nature gain significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic values and determining character over time, is also of vital importance in maintaining this interaction and protecting its integrity. The protected areas in Bursa, contribute to the landscape heterogeneity of the city and significantly support biological diversity. In this study, the protected areas in Bursa and the landscape connectivity between them and the effectiveness of protected areas related to land use in supporting landscape connectivity were evaluated. For this, the 2018 land use/land cover map was used and corridor connections were determined using the least-cost-path and Euclidean distance methods. The pinch points between these corridors were estimated using circuit theory. The pair of protected areas with the highest effective resistance (37.52) has been nature park and wildlife protection area. Least effective resistance value was calculated between seed stand and national park. The maximum value of the pinch points between all protected areas was calculated as 0.10. The pinch points between protected areas in the landscape represented the areas where movement between protected areas would be directed. Even a small loss of space at pinch points can compromise the connection between protected areas disproportionately. Therefore, determining the pinch points in the landscape has a very important place in planning studies.
Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research, 2021
values, and the complex interaction between social and economic developments in a particular regi... more values, and the complex interaction between social and economic developments in a particular region from prehistoric periods to the present. As an essential part of human life, landscapes have the potential to absorb moments, memories, and thoughts. Human existence and personal life cycles also contribute to this process. In this research, it is revealed biographically how landscape-human-space (wetland-Lake Bafa) and time characteristics shaped, changed, and transformed each other in the long-term (longue durée). For this purpose, the biographical database of Lake Bafa and its surroundings was created by processing historical maps and data using Geographical Information Systems. The data were first separated according to their periodic characteristics and mapped by making trend and density analyses. As a result, the connection of a wetland landscape with the past and the present is revealed biographically, and predictions are made for the future. With these predictions, the long-term changes of the landscape were examined and the importance of the biographical approach not only for landscape architects but also for different professional disciplines that would contribute to this work was emphasized. The results of this research will contribute to cultural heritage in terms of establishing the connection of wetlands and other landscapes to the past and the management of the future.
The Black Sea Journal of Sciences, 2021
Forests are the leading ecosystems that are under threat due to the pressure of global change. Be... more Forests are the leading ecosystems that are under threat due to the pressure of global change. Being under pressure for a forest ecosystem means fragmented and isolated habitats, decrease in biodiversity and change in the landscape. In recent years, restoring landscape connectivity by minimising landscape fragmentation has been recognised as a key strategy to conserve biodiversity. Well-connected habitat networks are thought to both protect existing populations and help adaptation under climate change. It is therefore priority to understand how best to maintain and develop connectivity in fragmented landscapes at multiple spatial scales for effective conservation of forest biodiversity. In this study, fragmentation analysis was performed using area, edge, and isolation metrics in the forest matrix in the Rize landscape and connectivity corridors were interpreted to manage the impact of this fragmentation on species and habitats. The fragmentation analysis was carried out on 3 classes as broad-leaved, coniferous, and mixed using land cover/land use data with the years 1990-2018. The connectivity corridors between these classes were analysed using core area data and resistance maps. According to the results; it was observed that fragmentation in broad-leaved and coniferous classes and an increase in mixed forest class. In the connectivity analysis it was observed that the limiting effects arising from human activities increased more in 2018 compared to 1990. The results of this study showed that in a fragmented forest matrix, connectivity corridors can be identified and reconstructed the conditions necessary for the survival of biodiversity
Duzce University Faculty of Forestry Journal of Forestry, 2020
The study aims to create an upper-scaled green infrastructure plan for the Siirt, using ecologica... more The study aims to create an upper-scaled green infrastructure plan for the Siirt, using ecological planning principles. In order to create this plan, the cores, corridors and sites, which are green infrastructure components, were determined using 1/100.000 scaled Environmental Plan. Landscape core areas have been analysed using landscape structure metrics, and evaluated in terms of fragmentation, connectivity, and isolation. The areas that are of high importance in terms of the landscape structure that will form the basis of the Siirt green infrastructure plan were determined. For landscape connectivity, links have been established between areas whose function is important in the landscape by using least-cost-path and Euclidean distance methods. As a result, the ecological roles and importance of the components in the landscape structure was determined the green infrastructure plan framework for the Siirt. Considering these evaluations, a biodiversity network, arable network and green access network were created, and a green infrastructure plan was designed in Siirt. In this study, while planning a green infrastructure on the upper scale, the fragmentation of the components, which ones can be protected or recovered, and how the strategies formed according to the results of the analysis can be included and applied in other plans were evaluated with a holistic approach. The results of this study and the method used will contribute to other studies in terms of applicability.
Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, Aug 15, 2020
In this study we aim to investigate the effect of fragmentation on the endemic plant species in t... more In this study we aim to investigate the effect of fragmentation on the endemic plant species in the Siirt landscape between 2000 and 2012. Patch classes were systematically generated using CORINE land cover/land use data from 2000 to 2012. Landscape metrics were calculated using the PatchGrid plug-in that is included in the Patch Analyst programme, which works on FRAGSTATS interface. Furthermore, IUCN red list classes of endemic plant species in this landscape were evaluated. Thus, the most fragmented patch classes were coastal landscape and vineyards in 2012. MPS, NumP, and CA values for both these patch classes showed a 100% decrease. On the other hand, fruit trees and berry plantations, sparsely vegetated areas, non-irrigated arable land and natural grasslands turned into larger patches during the same period. When the relationship between endemic species and patch classes was investigated, 48% of the patch classes in which these species were found changed.
Books by Huriye Simten Sütünç
Current Trends in Science and Landscape Management, 2017
Advances in Scientific Research: Engineering and Architecture, 2020
Contemporary Studies in Sciences, 2020
Conference Presentations by Huriye Simten Sütünç
The Frontiers of Climate, Urbanization and Sustainability 2024 (FOCUS'24) Congress FOCUS'24 PROCEEDINGS, 2024
This study explores the use of endemic plant species in campus design through two case studies: t... more This study explores the use of endemic plant species in campus design through two case studies: the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) in the United States and the University of Western Australia (UWA) in Perth, Australia. These institutions represent diverse ecological contexts, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities of endemic plant integration in campus landscapes.
8. Ulusal Tarım Kongresi Özet Kitabı, 2021
Parçalanma, genellikle bir peyzajdaki tüm doğal habitat tiplerinin azalması ve peyzajın küçük par... more Parçalanma, genellikle bir peyzajdaki tüm doğal habitat tiplerinin azalması ve peyzajın küçük parçalara ayrılarak daha yalıtılmış (izole) olma durumu şeklinde tanımlanır. Bu durum, yangın, sel ve volkanik patlamalar gibi doğal süreçler sonucunda olabileceği gibi insan etkilerinden de kaynaklanır. İnsan etkisi ne kadar büyük olursa, parçalanma miktarı da o kadar fazla olur. Peyzajdaki insan etkisini yansıtan kullanımlardan birisi de peyzajlardır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki tarımsal peyzajın parçalanma durumu analiz edilmiştir. Analiz için 1990-2018 yıllarına ait CORINE verisi kullanılarak 1990 yılı için sekiz, 2018 yılı için on arazi kullanım sınıfı oluşturulmuş ve seçilen peyzaj metrikleriyle parçalanma analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler hem sınıf düzeyinde hem de peyzaj düzeyinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amaçları arasında; (1) Türkiye’de son yirmi sekiz yıl içerisindeki toplam tarımsal alan kullanım miktarını belirlemek, (2) tarımsal alanlardaki parçalanmanın farklı derecelerini tanımlamak ve (3) Türkiye’de 1990-2018 yılları arasındaki tarımsal alan kullanımındaki değişimi ortaya koymak bulunmaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; toplam tarımsal alan kullanımı 1990-2018 yılları arasında %30,41 azalmıştır. Çalışma için temel alınan 1990 yılından farklı olarak 2018 yılına gelindiğinde ormanla karışık tarım alanları ile sürekli ürünlerle birlikte bulunan senelik ürünler olarak iki farklı tarımsal alan kullanımı ortaya çıkmıştır. Sınıf düzeyindeki parçalanma analizi sonucuna göre, doğal bitki örtüsüyle birlikte bulunan tarım alanı, karışık tarım alanları, pirinç tarlaları ve üzüm bağları parçalanma eğilimi göstermiştir. Peyzaj düzeyinde ise, leke çeşitliliği artmış fakat lekelerin bolluğu ve düzgün dağılımı düşüş göstermiştir. Bu araştırma sonuçlarının Türkiye’deki tarımsal peyzajların gelecek için planlanması ve yönetimi konusunda olumlu katkılar sağlaması beklenmektedir.
Building Past Landscapes for the Future: Landscape Biography of a Wetland
II. Congress on Architecture and Cultural Heritage in Tourism Book of Abstracts, 2021
Landscape biography is an analysis of the long term changes, spatial transformations, values and ... more Landscape biography is an analysis of the long term changes, spatial transformations, values and the complex interaction between social and economic developments in a particular region from prehistoric periods to the present. As an essential part of human life, landscapes, have the potential to absorb moments, memories, and thoughts. Human existence and personal life cycles also contribute to this process. In this research, it is revealed biographically how landscape-human-space (wetland-Lake Bafa) and time characteristics shaped, changed and transformed each other in the long term (longue durée). For this purpose, the biographical database of Lake Bafa and its surroundings was created by processing historical maps and past data in the Geographical Information Systems. The digitised data in the database were first separated according to their periodic characteristics and mapped by making trend and density analysis. As a result, the connection of a wetland landscape with the past and the present is revealed biographically and predictions are made for the future. With these predictions, the long term changes of the landscape were examined, and the importance of the biographical approach not only for the landscape architects but also for different professional disciplines that would contribute to this work emphasized. The results of this research will contribute to the cultural heritage in terms of establishing the connection of both a wetland landscape and different landscapes with the past and the future and managing the future.
Sacred Places and Sacred Landscapes: A Biographical Approach to Landscapes of Beşparmak Mountains, and Lake Bafa
II. Congress on Architecture and Cultural Heritage in Tourism Book of Abstracts, 2021
Sacred places and landscapes are created and developed by human actions. Such landscapes are dyna... more Sacred places and landscapes are created and developed by human actions. Such landscapes are dynamic and complex landscapes where people connect with the past and re-enact sacred narratives. Although
studies have shown that sacred landscapes have an effective role in strengthening social memory by combining the place where rituals take place and actions and in transferring this memory from generation to generation, it remains incomplete to explain how the perceived structure of the landscape is transformed by human actions. In this study, the sacred areas and landscape around Beşparmak Mountains and Bafa Lake, which have been preserving their sacredness for thousands of years, have been biographically examined. Sacred areas and landscapes created by anonymous actors in the region from the Prehistoric Period to the present have been determined using historical maps and documents
belonging to the prehistoric, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. How the anonymous actors who contributed to the transformation of the landscape in each period perceive the landscape with a landscape
biography approach. It has been among the important results of the study that sacred landscapes are the result of common human activity and therefore culturally constructed. Another noteworthy result is
that Lake Bafa and its surrounding sacred sites were found in 3.-4. BC-12. AD. It is the dominance of different religious beliefs periodically over the inhabitants of the region and it was used extensively between the 12th century. The landscape biography approach discussed in this study will constitute an effective example of how the landscape is integrated with natural and cultural elements, that the landscape affects people in the long term while the human transforms the landscape, and how this
approach shapes the decisions to be taken in future planning and cultural heritage conservation studies
THE BOOK OF FULL TEXTS AND ABSTRACTS OF THE ISBR-2020, 2020
Protected areas have two tasks on a global scale: First, to protect biodiversity and second, to e... more Protected areas have two tasks on a global scale: First, to protect biodiversity and second, to ensure the continuity of ecosystem services. Identifying potential links between protected areas in a region and barriers between these links or restoration points is very important for the effective development and implementation of conservation strategies within the scope of biodiversity. In this study firstly, potential connectivity corridors between 10 different protected areas were determined to support the biological diversity in the Rize landscape, then the barriers that could block the ecological flows in these corridors were determined by using 100 m, 500 m, 300 m radii. Least Cost Path and Cost Weighted Distance methods were used for both analyses. The most suitable corridors have been identified between Kaçkar Mountains National Park-Grade 1 Natural Sites-Wildlife Protection and Development Area and Firtina Creek. Improvement scores were calculated by considering the radii determined for the barriers. As a result, the highest improvement scores at 100 m, 500 m, 300 m radii were calculated as 21.1, 4.49 and 7.0, respectively, and according to these scores, it showed that there were barriers between Karadere, Handüzü Nature Park, Uzungöl Special Environmental Protectıon Area and Kaçkar Mountains National Park. The method used in this study is important in terms of generating protection strategies for protected areas in the Rize landscape. The results of this study willguide not only protected areas in Rize landscape, but also conservation priority planning studies.
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Papers by Huriye Simten Sütünç
sub-basin, exploring human impacts on landscape connectivity
and species diversity. It examines how habitat fragmentation
affects species isolation and long-term viability, involving 14 natural
and 9 artificial wetlands to improve conservation strategies. A
four-stage methodology was used to analyze wetland connectivity.
First, focal nodes and resistance surfaces were defined using Corine
2018 data and topographic wetness index (TWI). Second, resistance
maps were created. Third, habitat fragmentation was
assessed using Fragstats software, analysing metrics like PLAND,
and CONNECT. Finally, connectivity was modeled using Circuitscape
software. The study revealed that natural wetlands, despite their
dominance (PLAND = 89.89% for lakes), did not ensure effective
connectivity. Artificial wetlands often served as crucial connectivity
points, with a cumulative current value of 0.99. Land cover characteristics
significantly impacted connectivity, with agricultural and
forest areas promoting better connectivity. The combined analysis
showed a slight increase in connectivity value (4.01687) compared
to natural wetlands alone (4.01654) but a substantial increase
(305%) compared to artificial wetlands alone. Artificial wetlands
significantly contribute to landscape connectivity, particularly in
areas with heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Effective conservation
should consider both wetland types and focus on enhancing
connectivity across landscapes to mitigate habitat fragmentation
and support resilient ecosystems. The study highlights the importance
of integrated approaches, as the combined natural and artificial
wetland network improved overall landscape connectivity by
0.0082% compared to natural wetlands alone.
Books by Huriye Simten Sütünç
Conference Presentations by Huriye Simten Sütünç
studies have shown that sacred landscapes have an effective role in strengthening social memory by combining the place where rituals take place and actions and in transferring this memory from generation to generation, it remains incomplete to explain how the perceived structure of the landscape is transformed by human actions. In this study, the sacred areas and landscape around Beşparmak Mountains and Bafa Lake, which have been preserving their sacredness for thousands of years, have been biographically examined. Sacred areas and landscapes created by anonymous actors in the region from the Prehistoric Period to the present have been determined using historical maps and documents
belonging to the prehistoric, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. How the anonymous actors who contributed to the transformation of the landscape in each period perceive the landscape with a landscape
biography approach. It has been among the important results of the study that sacred landscapes are the result of common human activity and therefore culturally constructed. Another noteworthy result is
that Lake Bafa and its surrounding sacred sites were found in 3.-4. BC-12. AD. It is the dominance of different religious beliefs periodically over the inhabitants of the region and it was used extensively between the 12th century. The landscape biography approach discussed in this study will constitute an effective example of how the landscape is integrated with natural and cultural elements, that the landscape affects people in the long term while the human transforms the landscape, and how this
approach shapes the decisions to be taken in future planning and cultural heritage conservation studies
sub-basin, exploring human impacts on landscape connectivity
and species diversity. It examines how habitat fragmentation
affects species isolation and long-term viability, involving 14 natural
and 9 artificial wetlands to improve conservation strategies. A
four-stage methodology was used to analyze wetland connectivity.
First, focal nodes and resistance surfaces were defined using Corine
2018 data and topographic wetness index (TWI). Second, resistance
maps were created. Third, habitat fragmentation was
assessed using Fragstats software, analysing metrics like PLAND,
and CONNECT. Finally, connectivity was modeled using Circuitscape
software. The study revealed that natural wetlands, despite their
dominance (PLAND = 89.89% for lakes), did not ensure effective
connectivity. Artificial wetlands often served as crucial connectivity
points, with a cumulative current value of 0.99. Land cover characteristics
significantly impacted connectivity, with agricultural and
forest areas promoting better connectivity. The combined analysis
showed a slight increase in connectivity value (4.01687) compared
to natural wetlands alone (4.01654) but a substantial increase
(305%) compared to artificial wetlands alone. Artificial wetlands
significantly contribute to landscape connectivity, particularly in
areas with heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Effective conservation
should consider both wetland types and focus on enhancing
connectivity across landscapes to mitigate habitat fragmentation
and support resilient ecosystems. The study highlights the importance
of integrated approaches, as the combined natural and artificial
wetland network improved overall landscape connectivity by
0.0082% compared to natural wetlands alone.
studies have shown that sacred landscapes have an effective role in strengthening social memory by combining the place where rituals take place and actions and in transferring this memory from generation to generation, it remains incomplete to explain how the perceived structure of the landscape is transformed by human actions. In this study, the sacred areas and landscape around Beşparmak Mountains and Bafa Lake, which have been preserving their sacredness for thousands of years, have been biographically examined. Sacred areas and landscapes created by anonymous actors in the region from the Prehistoric Period to the present have been determined using historical maps and documents
belonging to the prehistoric, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. How the anonymous actors who contributed to the transformation of the landscape in each period perceive the landscape with a landscape
biography approach. It has been among the important results of the study that sacred landscapes are the result of common human activity and therefore culturally constructed. Another noteworthy result is
that Lake Bafa and its surrounding sacred sites were found in 3.-4. BC-12. AD. It is the dominance of different religious beliefs periodically over the inhabitants of the region and it was used extensively between the 12th century. The landscape biography approach discussed in this study will constitute an effective example of how the landscape is integrated with natural and cultural elements, that the landscape affects people in the long term while the human transforms the landscape, and how this
approach shapes the decisions to be taken in future planning and cultural heritage conservation studies