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Many managers in global firms regard the ability to obtain a return on investment (ROI) from expatriates as important, given the substantial costs associated with global staffing practices, particularly international assignments, and the risks and uncertainties of deploying key talent. This research examines how expatriate ROI is measured for longterm assignments in 51 global firms, across 18 industries, and with headquarters in North America, UK, Europe, Africa, and Asia Pacific. Our findings suggest that firms do not have formal procedures in place to measure expatriate ROI and instead rely heavily on informal practices that are seldom aligned to a global strategy. Cultural, operational, and strategic barriers to measuring ROI also exist. In addition, we are challenged to consider whether measuring expatriate ROI is actually a goal for managers in global firms, given the evidence which suggests that for some firms having expatriates is often a cost of doing business for which a formal measure may be unnecessary. An alternative view suggests that if international assignments are considered a necessary cost of doing business for global firms, how expatriates are managed in terms of the HR practices that support their activities and how the outcomes of those activities impact broader firm performance may be far more important concerns. Based on evidence that the nature of expatriation is rapidly changing, we conclude that expatriate ROI remains a challenging and complex process that managers in global firms are currently not well-equipped to address. The findings have important implications for the planning and management of international assignments.

Measuring the outcomes from human resource management (HRM) activities has been described as an important indicator of value to the firm. In the field of international HRM, international assignments and expatriation are recognised as major (and expensive) activities, yet there has been very little development of scholarship or practice to measure such activities. We critique the five major approaches that have been applied to HRM measurement and evaluate their applicability to expatriate return on investment (ROI). We identify flaws and limitations in each of the measurement approaches.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to examine strengths and limitations of current experiential approaches for enhancing international business education, and propose a new, particularly cost-effective approach grounded in the travel and tourism industry and specific context of international cruises. Design/methodology/approach -This study combines an analysis of current literature with an examination of actual case experience. Findings -A particularly successful short-term experiential learning approach was used at a private university in southern California that is focused on the specific international business context of the international cruise industry within travel and tourism. The authors believe that this approach has significant merit to be included as a viable option for helping students develop important international business competencies required to compete in an increasingly global marketplace. With its specific focus on the international cruise industry and experiential travel agency operational design, this approach provides not only the opportunity to learn about general culture and business environments in the areas of travel, but also allows the practical application of many international and domestic business concepts and skills within a specific global industry context. Research limitations/implications -The present study is limited to a very few experiences and within the international cruise industry. Future applied research in international business education should provide more rigorous analyses for verifying intended student learning outcomes, as well as examine applications within other contexts within the growing field of international travel and tourism. Practical implications -The approach described here provides practical information for developing similar experiential coursework for enhancing international business education, and is particularly useful for smaller educational institutions that may lack the ability to offer and participate fully in more extensive options such as study abroad and international internships. Originality/value -The approach described in the paper provides a highly relevant context for international business experiential education that is economical for students and schools alike.

Chinese academic style, with a considerably higher percentage of quotes than might be expected in a western academic paper. The Chinese original version was then translated into English, by Antonio Graceffo. The quotes from Chinese language sources were also translated by Antonio. The quotes from Khmer media sources were originally written in English, ostensibly translated by the original journalists or staff who published the stories. The Khmer quotes are reprinted, exactly as they were originally published, including grammatical errors.

Chinese Language paper中国语文的文章 Before the 1920's professional wrestling was real. Catch wrestling was both a popular professional sport and was included in the Olympics. After the mid 1920's catch was dropped from the Olympics, and professional wrestling became fake.

Chinese Language paper中国语文的文章 : Before the 1920's professional wrestling was real. Catch wrestling was both a popular professional sport and was included in the Olympics. After the mid 1920's catch was dropped from the Olympics, and professional wrestling became fake.