Books by Georgios Liakopoulos
The Gingko Library, 2019
In this book, Georgios C. Liakopoulos presents a unique insight into late Byzantine Peloponnese s... more In this book, Georgios C. Liakopoulos presents a unique insight into late Byzantine Peloponnese society and its economy, and how these were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, using as reference the cadastre compiled immediately after the Ottoman conquest. What makes this study imperative is the fact that no similar Byzantine document of the period has survived. The author offers a thorough analysis of the demography of the Peloponnese and its categorisation into urban/rural and sedentary/nomadic, concentrating on the Albanians, the second largest ethnic group after the Greeks. A detailed presentation of the level of agricultural production, livestock, fishing and commerce is illustrated with tables and charts. The book is complemented with a diplomatic edition of the transcribed Ottoman text and facsimiles of the cadastre.
In my dissertation Thrace is examined as a geographical unity during the Ottoman conquest in the ... more In my dissertation Thrace is examined as a geographical unity during the Ottoman conquest in the fourteenth century. In the first chapter the Byzantine and Ottoman sources used are presented. The life and works of the chronographers are discussed to the extent that they assist us in comprehending their ideology and mentality, while the focus is on the contemporary sources of the fourteenth century. The second chapter treats with the diplomatic relations between the Byzantines and the Turks in the fourteenth century before and after the Turkish settlement in Thrace. This provides the reader the base to figure the political situation, which facilitated the Turkish expansion in Thrace. The central part of my dissertation is a topographic analysis of Thrace during the Ottoman expansion. An attempt has been made to research the etymology of the Thracian toponyms and then to locate them on a map, mentioning their Byzantine and modern Turkish, Greek or Bulgarian equivalents, if possible. This visualizes the routes that the Ottomans followed when conquering Thrace. A map of fourteenth-century Thrace accompanies my dissertation.
The fourteenth century was of paramount importance for both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Emirate. In Byzantine history it marks the end of a great medieval empire, especially relating to its administrative and economic decadence. For Ottoman history, it punctuates the transition of a frontier beglik into a world-dominant empire. Thrace was the first European territory of the Ottomans and functioned as the vaulting horse of their expeditions in the Balkans. The intellectual intercourse of Greek-Orthodox and Turco-Islamic political ideology gave birth to the heir of the Byzantine State.
Papers by Georgios Liakopoulos
Πρεβεζάνικα Χρονικά, 2023
Οθωμανικές επιγραφές της Πρέβεζας 1 ο επιγραφικό υλικό που εκδίδεται στην προκείμενη εργασία προέ... more Οθωμανικές επιγραφές της Πρέβεζας 1 ο επιγραφικό υλικό που εκδίδεται στην προκείμενη εργασία προέρχεται από την Περιφερειακή Ενότητα της Πρέβεζας και εμπίπτει στην περιοχή αρμοδιότητας της ΕΦΑ Πρέβεζας. Το σώμα της συλλογής αποτελείται από δέκα συνολικά επιγραφές, εκ των οποίων μία ευχετική (αρ. 1), δύο κτιτορικές οικιών (αρ. 2, 5), τρεις κτιτορικές (αρ. 3-4, 6) και τέσσερις επιτύμβιες (αρ. 7-10). Το υλικό των μνημείων είναι μάρμαρο, λεπτόκοκκο ή χονδρόκοκκο, κατά κύριο λόγο λευκό (αρ. 1, 3, 6-10), γκριζόλευκο (αρ. 5) και ψαμμόλιθος (αρ. 2, 4). Χρονο λο γικά, η συλλογή καλύπτει την ύστερη περίοδο της β΄ οθωμανοκρατίας και συγκε κριμένα τον 19ο αιώνα (1808-1893). Στη διακόσμηση της κύριας όψης των επιτύμβιων μνημείων κυριαρχούν τα χαρακτηριστικά για τις οθωμανικές στήλες επάλληλα αβαθή διάχωρα (cartouches), τα οποία φέρουν ανάγλυφες επιγραφές σε επιπεδόγλυφη τε χνική. Τα είδη γραφής που χρησιμοποιούνται είναι κυρίως το celī s̱ ülüs̱ (αρ. 3, 5, 10), με την απλουστευμένη μορφή του, basīṭ (αρ. 4, 9), και με την αφρόντιστη μορ φή του, ḳırma (αρ. 6), καθώς και το celī taʿlīḳ (αρ. 7-8). Επίσης απαντούν οι αφρό ντιστες μορφές της κουφικής, kūfī (αρ. 1) και του nesiḫ (αρ. 2). * Ιστορικός-οθωμανολόγος, μεταδιδακτορικός ερευνητής στο Ινστιτούτο Μαξ Πλανκ για τη Γεωανθρωπολογία, Ιένα. 1 Επιθυμώ από αυτή τη θέση να εκφράσω ειλικρινείς ευχαριστίες στον άοκνο φιλίστορα, Νίκο Δ. Καρά μπελα για την πολύπλευρη στήριξη του εγχειρήματος, στην πρώην προϊσταμένη της ΛΓ΄ ΕΠΚΑ Πρέ βεζας-Άρτας Χριστίνα Μερκούρη και στη νυν προϊσταμένη της ΕΦΑ Πρέβεζας Ανθή Αγγέλη, για τη θετική εισήγησή τους στην αίτηση άδειας μελέτης του υλικού, καθώς και στους αρχαιολόγους και υπαλλήλους της ΕΦΑ Πρέβεζας για τη βοήθειά τους στον εντοπισμό και τη φωτογράφιση των επιγραφών που φυλάσσονται στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Νικόπολης. Επίσης ευχαριστώ εγκαρδίως τον πρώην εντεταλμένο δημοτικό σύμβουλο Πρέβεζας σε θέματα εποπτείας και συντονισμού πολιτισμού Κοσμά Κορωναίο, για την έγκριση άδειας δημοσίευσης της επιγραφής που φυλάσσεται στη Δημοτική Βιβλιοθήκη Πρέβεζας «Γυμνασιάρχης Χ. Κοντός», και στους κυρίους Στράτο Χ. Ιωάννου, Αντιπεριφερειάρχη της Περιφερειακής Ενότητας Πρέβεζας, και Χρήστο Δ. Λαϊνά για τη χορήγηση άδειας δημοσίευσης των επιγραφών που βρίσκονται στην κατοχή τους. Ιδιαίτερες χάριτες οφείλω στον Θεόδωρο Παλιούγκα για την αρχαιολογική περιγραφή των μνημείων και στους Edhem Eldem, Hilal Kazan, Bora Keskiner, Ηλία Κολοβό, Σπυρίδωνα Λάμπρο, Bedirhan Laçin, Mustafa Demiray και Mays Dweik για την ουσιώδη συνδρομή τους στη βιβλιογραφική τεκμηρίωση και στην «αποκρυπτογράφηση» δυσανάγνωστων σημείων των επιγραφών. Τέλος, είμαι ευγνώμων στη Γεωργία Κατσούδα, ερευνήτρια της Ακαδημίας Αθηνών, για τη φιλολογική επιμέλεια του δοκιμίου. Ασφαλώς, κάθε αβλεψία βαραίνει αποκλειστικά τον γράφοντα.
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2024
The Lake Volvi area, part of the region of Macedonia (northern Greece), is a biodiversity hotspot... more The Lake Volvi area, part of the region of Macedonia (northern Greece), is a biodiversity hotspot, located in the central part of a major communication corridor connecting the western and eastern parts of the Balkans. The sediment succession from Lake Volvi is investigated here to provide a unique high-resolution pollen and geochemical record for the last 2000 years combining palaeoecological and historical methods, implementing the concept of consilience. The palaeoecological data document the environmental dynamics since the occupation of the area by the Romans. The vegetation changes reveal the development of wetland habitats and the variations of the mixed deciduous oak and thermophilous-mesophilous forests, as well as cereal cultivation, grazing and arboriculture, whose intensity varied over time. Archaeological data are available for the 1st millennium CE, but detailed historical evidence becomes accessible from the 13th century CE onwards through Byzantine and Ottoman documents. Both historical and palaeoecological data indicate that the 16th century was the period of strongest population pressure on the environment of the Volvi region. However, for other periods, it is possible to observe disagreements between the proxies. We demonstrate that these contradictions can be resolved with a more complex understanding of the region's social-ecological dynamics.
Πελοποννησιακά, 2022
The present article examines the Ottoman codex 847 housed in the Hüsrev Paşa Department of the Sü... more The present article examines the Ottoman codex 847 housed in the Hüsrev Paşa Department of the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul. The manuscript, listed in the library catalogue as undated and of unknown authorship, contains a geographical and financial description of the revolted Peloponnese (ff. 1v-8r), which is presented here translated in Greek, accompanied by a lengthy report (lāyiḥa) on the international geopolitical and economic circumstances of the early 1820s and their implications on the peninsula (ff. 8r-17r). Ex silentio evidence in the text points to a probable composition between July 1822 (battle of Splantza) and February 1825 (military expedition of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt). The detailed financial, fiscal and military data for each district underline the strategical importance of the Peloponnese and conclude with the author – probably an Ottoman official – urging the Sultan to take action to suppress the Revolution. A monograph dedicated to the annotated edition, translation and commentary of the entire manuscript is in preparation by the author.
Ηλίας Κολοβός, Γιώργος Πάλλης, Παναγιώτης Κ. Πούλος (επιμ.), Οθωμανικά μνημεία στην Ελλάδα. Κληρονομιές υπό διαπραγμάτευση (Αθήνα: Γαλλική Σχολή Αθηνών, Καπόν, 2023), 2023
The monument currently used as an exhibition hall mounting the exhibition ‘On Euboea: With the Eu... more The monument currently used as an exhibition hall mounting the exhibition ‘On Euboea: With the European Travellers (16th-19th c.)’ at Chalcis is the only preserved example of Muslim religious architecture in Post-medieval Euboea. It is situated on Pesonton Opliton Square in Kotsou Street. The building enjoyed a dominant position within the medieval fortification of the town (Castle), not only because of its location that made it visible outside its walls, but also because of its isodomic masonry, which outclassed the other mosques of the town.
It was possibly built at the end of the 15th c. Its designation is probably linked to its benefactor, ‘the son of the Emir’. It is deferential to the simple architectural type that consists a single-domed structure, as the majority of mosques in Greece and the Balkans are. It had a colonnaded porch (revak) on the north side and a cylindrical minaret at the north-western corner, both of which were preserved until the mid-19th c. The decoration of the mihrab niche, in which traces of paint have been preserved, is remarkable.
The four embossed marble inscriptions, incised in the celi sülüs monumental Ottoman script and found on the lintel of the monument’s entrance and above the mihrab niche in the interior, which have not been hitherto systematically studied, cast light on unknown aspects of the monument’s building history. Inscriptions nos 1 and 4 bear the names of their artists: Yahya bin Süleyman and Hasan respectively. It is only inscription no 4 that bears a date: AH 1155 (AD 1742). The last verse of this inscription is linked to Islamic mysticism (tasavvuf), particularly to the Rifaiyye and the Kadiriyye orders, none of which is historically attested at Chalcis. It is plausible to suggest that the mosque must have been connected to a vanished dervish lodge or mausoleum.
In addition, the antiquities and artefacts revealed from the excavation of the interior and the courtyard of the mosque, on the occasion of the under-floor air-conditioning installation system during the ‘Emir Zade Mosque’s maintenance and conversion to an exhibition hall, and curation of the John Caracosta’s engraving collection exhibition’ project, provide additional information about the monument. Five trenches (τoμ. 1-5) were excavated inside and one more, in the courtyard of the monument in contact with the south wall (τομ. Α). In general, the study and interpretation of the finds in the trenches (wall remains, masonry) contribute to our knowledge of the architectural history of the mosque. Ceramic as well as other finds contribute greatly to our understanding on the site’s chronology and the occasional uses of this mosque, offering at the same time valuable information on everyday life at Ottoman Chalcis (Ağrıboz).
In particular, the trenches inside the monument were dug along its walls. The deepest trench was Trench 2 with maximum depth about 1 m. In none of the trenches was solid ground reached. The main conclusions from the study of the revealed building remains are the following: some of the revealed walls are strong constructions, while others are less elaborate. They do not appear to be constituents of the monument but were probably built simultaneously with it or at a posterior time. Their exact dating as well as their integration into the building phases are not possible, as they do not have particular morphological features. They are considered to have been constituent elements of later divisions of space below the floor of the mosque and are unlikely to belong to a Christian church, which is thought to have existed at the same site.
Of course, earlier architectural remains may be preserved in greater depth. The walls (Τχ1, Τχ2) found next to the mihrab can be identified as the foundation walls of minber. Furthermore, the walls Tχ3-4, Τχ6-7 must have been foundation walls of a structure, perhaps an inner arched porch (dikke), along the inner side of the main entrance door to the monument.
From the indicative presentation of the pottery that derives from the trenches, especially from the interior of the monument, it becomes obvious that many categories of Ottoman-era pottery are represented in this excavation, e.g. the unglazed domestic ware, which abounds. There are also samples of monochrome and polychrome sgraffito wares. The category of tobacco pipes comprises three different types with numerous well-preserved examples. Middle Byzantine pottery fragments were traced only in trench A in the courtyard of the monument. They belong to the fine sgrafitto ware and Champlevé categories.
Quaternary, 2022
High-resolution pollen analysis of a sediment core recovered from Paliouras lagoon (Greece) allow... more High-resolution pollen analysis of a sediment core recovered from Paliouras lagoon (Greece) allowed us to reconstruct the environmental dynamics of the Halkidiki peninsula during the last 4000 years. Palynological results have been interpreted and compared with detailed historical data, showing distinct phases of human-landscape interactions from the Bronze Age until recent times. Pollen spectra revealed an environment characterized by Mediterranean vegetation, mixed deciduous forest, and pine stands from the Late Bronze Age until the 11th century CE. The first signs of human impact were attested during the Archaic period with the cultivation of Olea, Castanea, and Vitis in the inland of the study area. An intensive land management was highlighted by arboriculture and cereal cultivation (Secale and Hordeum group) in Roman times. Late Antique-Early Medieval times coincided with less human pressure due to warfare-related crises, leading to the expansion of the forest and the abandonment of fields colonized by Amaranthaceae. A massive increase in pastoral activities, suggested by the high percentages of Cichorieae during the Ottoman period, is possibly linked to the significant demographic growth of the nearby city of Thessaloniki in the 16th century CE.
PLoS ONE, 2022
This study provides a high-resolution reconstruction of the vegetation of the Argive Plain (Pelop... more This study provides a high-resolution reconstruction of the vegetation of the Argive Plain (Peloponnese, Greece) covering 5000 years from the Early Bronze Age onwards. The well dated pollen record from ancient Lake Lerna has been interpreted in the light of archaeological and historical sources, climatic data from the same core and other regional proxies. Our results demonstrate a significant degree of human impact on the environments of the Argive Plain throughout the study period. During the Early Bronze Age evidence of a thermophilous vegetation is seen in the pollen record, representing the mixed deciduous oak woodland of the Peloponnesian uplands. The plain was mainly used for the cultivation of cereals, whereas local fen conditions prevailed at the coring site. Towards the end of this period an increasing water table is recorded and the fen turns into a lake, despite more arid conditions. In the Late Bronze Age, the presence of important palatial centres modified the landscape resulting in decrease of mixed deciduous oak woodland and increase in open land, partly used for grazing. Possibly, the human management produced a permanent hydrological change at Lake Lerna. From the Archaic period onwards the increasing human pressure in association with local drier conditions caused landscape instability, as attested by a dramatic alluvial event recorded in the Pinus curve at the end of the Hellenistic Age. Wet conditions coincided with Roman times and favoured a forest regeneration pattern in the area, at the same time as we see the most intensive olive cultivation in the pollen record. The establishment of an economic landscape primarily based on pastures is recorded in the Byzantine period and continues until modern times. Overgrazing and fires in combination with arid conditions likely caused degradation of the vegetation into garrigue, as seen in the area of the Argive Plain today.
'The Integration of Settlers into Existing Socio-Environmental Settings: Reclaiming the Greek Lands After the Late Medieval Crisis', in: Adam Izdebski, John Haldon, Piotr Filipkowski (eds), Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises. Risk, Systems and Decisions (Cham: Springer), 2022
This chapter examines to what extent two late medieval nomadic groups in the southern Balkans ado... more This chapter examines to what extent two late medieval nomadic groups in the southern Balkans adopted the economic practices of the areas they moved into, in order to achieve agricultural sustainability. In the fourteenth century, these two groups, Turk yörüks and transhumant Albanians, migrated to Greece in order to invigorate depopulated areas and reclaim lands in Thessaly and the Peloponnese respectively. Almost three generations after their establishment, Ottoman taxation cadastres cast light on their agricultural and pastoral activities. Even though these groups followed different trajectories in their sedentarisation—more or less dictated by their ethnocultural peculiarities—they both focused over time on farming basic, life-sustaining crops, such as cereals, which were complimentary to the manifold market-oriented farming activities of the long-settled local Greeks.
Οθωμανικές επιγραφές της Μεσσηνίας (Παράρτημα: Κορώνη), 2018
The epigraphic material published in the present paper derives from town of Coron in the Regional... more The epigraphic material published in the present paper derives from town of Coron in the Regional Unit of Messenia and it currently belongs to the Ephorate of Antiquities of Messenia. It is published in the form of a supplement to the «Οθωμανικές επιγραφές της Μεσσηνίας», Πρακτικά Δ΄ Τοπικού Συνεδρίου Μεσσηνιακών Σπουδών (Καλαμάτα, 8-11 Οκτωβρίου 2010) (Athens: Society for Peloponnesian Studies, 2015), 475-498, as the writer was informed of its existence by the Ephorate after the first publication. The corpus comprises three funerary inscriptions and covers mainly the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries, whereas the inscription no. 1 is dated in the seventeenth century. The material on which they are inscribed is white and greyish marble. In most cases, the decorative patterns of the main side consist of the equitant shallow cartouches, which accommodate embossed inscriptions usually in a relief technique. The type of script most frequently used is the basit celi sülüs, (nos 2-3) and the celi sülüs (no. 1).
Konstantinos Giakoumis (ed), Flora in Arts and Crafts of the Korça Region (12th Century BC to 19th Century AD). Bimësia në Arte dhe Artefakte të Rajonit të Korçës (Shek. XII para Kr. – Shek. XX p.Kr.) (Tirana: Pegi)., 2018
This paper addresses the issue of how the Ottomans perceived and interacted with the natural envi... more This paper addresses the issue of how the Ottomans perceived and interacted with the natural environment, pursuing an increasing scale from the private garden to parks and then on to rural and forest areas. Throughout their history, the Ottomans conceived the natural environment in a rather pragmatic manner. Being a common topos in the pre-industrial era, the environment’s foremost use had been to sustain the basic needs of the agricultural society. When it comes to aesthetics, the Ottoman Turks seem to be fond of naturalism, which in the 18th century reached a level of adoration of nature in visual arts. Finally, in the last century of the Ottoman empire the environment was approached also as a scientific subject.
Γεώργιος Κ. Λιακόπουλος - Θεόδωρος Γ. Παλιούγκας, «Οθωμανικές επιτύμβιες στήλες», Δημήτρης Αθανασούλης – Αναστασία Βασιλείου (επιμ.), Βυζαντινό Μουσείο Αργολίδας. Κατάλογος μόνιμης έκθεσης, (Αθήνα: Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού)., 2016
Catalogue of the Ottoman stelae at the Byzantine Museum of Argolis permanent exhibition.
Κατασκοπία στην επαναστατημένη Πελοπόννησο; Ανέκδοτη οθωμανική έκθεση περί της αφαιρεθείσης επιστολής του Θ. Κολοκοτρώνη για τη μάχη των Τρικόρφων (θέρος του 1825), Πρακτικά Δ΄ Τοπικού Συνεδρίου Αρκαδικών Σπουδών (Αθήνα, Εταιρεία Πελοποννησιακών Σπουδών), 2017
The present article examines a case of espionage during the Greek War of Independence as revealed... more The present article examines a case of espionage during the Greek War of Independence as revealed in two documents: a hitherto unpublished Ottoman report (ariza) (doc. HAT.893.39416, Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, Istanbul) written by an unknown scribe from Nauplion to the Grand Vizier Benderli Mehmed Selim Sırri Paşa dated in AH 23 Ẕū’l-ḥicce 1240 (AD 8 August 1825); and the letter of Theodore Kolokotronis (doc. 16.295, Archive of Historical Documents, Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece, Athens) written from Vytina to the Ministry of War in Nauplion on 26 June 1825, which has previously been published by I. Lazaropoulos (1937). The Ottoman report gives an account of the military situation in revolted Greece and makes special mention of a letter by Theodore Kolokotronis on the battle of Trikorfa that found its way to the informant through an Austrian captain in Nauplion. This battle, which took place between the Greek revolutionaries and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt on 23 June 1825, is presented in detail in the letter, which is re-edited here (with some corrections). It is reasonable to assume that this is the letter the Ottoman report refers to. Given the lack of International Law to cover espionage in the early nineteenth century, the article examines how the Ottoman and the Greek authorities dealt with such matters. The unnamed mediator, who removed Kolokotronis’ letter and handed it over to the Austrian captain, cannot be securely identified as a spy, though the use in the report of the phrase “by oblique means” (bir takrible) implies perfidy. Thus the motive remains unclear. What is clear, however, is that this case involves some kind of spying activity, as it was the ostensibly neutral Austrian captain that handed the letter to the Ottoman scribe.
«Ο οικισμός Αμόρανη στο οθωμανικό φορολογικό κατάστιχο ΜΜ10 (1454-1455)», Απόστολος Β. Ζορμπάς και Βασιλική Α. Ζορμπά (επιμ.), Από την Αμόρανη στο Καταφύγιο. Συναγωγή Μελετών (Ναύπακτος, 2010), 16-20., 2010
The paper focuses on the Amorani entry in the MM10 Ottoman Taxation Cadastre of Trikala, composed... more The paper focuses on the Amorani entry in the MM10 Ottoman Taxation Cadastre of Trikala, composed in 1454-1455.
Έβδομη και όγδοη επιστημονική ημερίδα. Μετάφραση από τα τουρκικά στα ελληνικά. Θεωρητικά και πρακτικά ζητήματα. Μεθοδολογικά προβλήματα διδασκαλίας της Τουρκικής. Πρακτικά επιστημονικών ημερίδων (Αθήνα, 30 Νοεμβρίου 2011, 31 Μαρτίου 2015, 3 Απριλίου, 2015), 199-226., 2016
The paper proposes a methodology for a three-year seminar on Ottoman Language and Palaeography to... more The paper proposes a methodology for a three-year seminar on Ottoman Language and Palaeography to Greek speakes. Moreover, it addresses the problems encountered when teaching Ottoman Turkish.
«Η αμπελοκαλλιέργεια και η οινοπαραγωγή στην πρώιμη οθωμανική Πελοπόννησο, βάσει του κατάστιχου ΤΤ10-1/14662», Γ.Α. Πίκουλας (επιμ.), Επιστημονικό Συμπόσιο Οἶνον Ἱστορῶ ΙΧ, Πολυστάφυλος Πελοπόννησος (Αθήνα: ΕΝΟΑΠ Νεμέα, 2009), 197-222.
The paper presents new evidence contained in the first Ottoman detailed cadastre of the Peloponne... more The paper presents new evidence contained in the first Ottoman detailed cadastre of the Peloponnese (TT10-1/14662) compiled immediately after the conquest of the province ca. 1460-1463, focusing on its viticulture and wine production. The TT10-1/14662 recorded the non-Muslim households or hearths (hāne) headed by an adult male, the bachelors (mücerred) and the widows (bīve), encumbered with the per capita tax (ispence) and their revenues. An examination of the data shows that the register divided the settlements into Greek and Albanian on the basis of different taxation rate in favour of the latter communities.
Viticulture – from both hāssa and re‘āyā vineyards – with a total of 243,486 akçes (20.78%) was the third highest imposition after the tithe on wheat (362,530 akçes or 30.49%) and the ispence (282,991 akçes or 23.78%), whereas the tax on wine production yielded 16,283 akçes (1.37%). The cultivation of wheat obviously dominates the agricultural sector (49.57% of the taxes on agriculture), followed by an impressive 33.29% of the viticulture. Most probably a part of the wine and the dry raisins produced was exported to the West as was the case in the late Byzantine period.
The percentage of the Albanian population engaged in both of these taxable activities is much lower than the Greek one, possibly because of the Albanians’ loose connection with the earth due to their semi-nomadic nature. The commercialisation of the most profitable cultivations’ surplus, in our case the cereals and the vines, was obligatory for the sustainability of the household that was encumbered with the ispence and the capitation. This constitutes a key characteristic of pre-industrial economies, namely the complementarity of agrarian production.
Πρακτικά του Δ΄ Τοπικού Συνεδρίου Μεσσηνιακών Σπουδών (Καλαμάτα, 8-11 Οκτωβρίου 2010) (Αθήνα: Εταιρεία Πελοποννησιακών Σπουδών, 2015), 475-498., 2015
The epigraphic material published in the present paper derives from towns of the Regional Unit of... more The epigraphic material published in the present paper derives from towns of the Regional Unit of Messenia, namely Kalamata, Methoni, Kyparissia, Pylos, Asini, Petalidi, Vasilada, and it currently belongs to the 26th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities. The corpus comprises eight inscriptions in total, six funerary, one monumental and one on a cannon. The collection covers mainly the eighteenth century, whereas the inscription no. 1 is dated in the early seventeenth century. The material on which they are inscribed is white and greyish fine- and coarse-grained marble of high quality, and bronze, meticulously sculpted. In most cases, the decorative patterns of the main side consist of the equitant shallow cartouches, which accommodate embossed inscriptions usually in a relief technique. The type of script most frequently used is the basīṭ celī s̱ülüs̱, (nos 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) and its simplest form (ḳırma) (no. 5); inscription no. 1 is incised in the basīṭ celī taʿlīḳ script
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Books by Georgios Liakopoulos
The fourteenth century was of paramount importance for both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Emirate. In Byzantine history it marks the end of a great medieval empire, especially relating to its administrative and economic decadence. For Ottoman history, it punctuates the transition of a frontier beglik into a world-dominant empire. Thrace was the first European territory of the Ottomans and functioned as the vaulting horse of their expeditions in the Balkans. The intellectual intercourse of Greek-Orthodox and Turco-Islamic political ideology gave birth to the heir of the Byzantine State.
Papers by Georgios Liakopoulos
It was possibly built at the end of the 15th c. Its designation is probably linked to its benefactor, ‘the son of the Emir’. It is deferential to the simple architectural type that consists a single-domed structure, as the majority of mosques in Greece and the Balkans are. It had a colonnaded porch (revak) on the north side and a cylindrical minaret at the north-western corner, both of which were preserved until the mid-19th c. The decoration of the mihrab niche, in which traces of paint have been preserved, is remarkable.
The four embossed marble inscriptions, incised in the celi sülüs monumental Ottoman script and found on the lintel of the monument’s entrance and above the mihrab niche in the interior, which have not been hitherto systematically studied, cast light on unknown aspects of the monument’s building history. Inscriptions nos 1 and 4 bear the names of their artists: Yahya bin Süleyman and Hasan respectively. It is only inscription no 4 that bears a date: AH 1155 (AD 1742). The last verse of this inscription is linked to Islamic mysticism (tasavvuf), particularly to the Rifaiyye and the Kadiriyye orders, none of which is historically attested at Chalcis. It is plausible to suggest that the mosque must have been connected to a vanished dervish lodge or mausoleum.
In addition, the antiquities and artefacts revealed from the excavation of the interior and the courtyard of the mosque, on the occasion of the under-floor air-conditioning installation system during the ‘Emir Zade Mosque’s maintenance and conversion to an exhibition hall, and curation of the John Caracosta’s engraving collection exhibition’ project, provide additional information about the monument. Five trenches (τoμ. 1-5) were excavated inside and one more, in the courtyard of the monument in contact with the south wall (τομ. Α). In general, the study and interpretation of the finds in the trenches (wall remains, masonry) contribute to our knowledge of the architectural history of the mosque. Ceramic as well as other finds contribute greatly to our understanding on the site’s chronology and the occasional uses of this mosque, offering at the same time valuable information on everyday life at Ottoman Chalcis (Ağrıboz).
In particular, the trenches inside the monument were dug along its walls. The deepest trench was Trench 2 with maximum depth about 1 m. In none of the trenches was solid ground reached. The main conclusions from the study of the revealed building remains are the following: some of the revealed walls are strong constructions, while others are less elaborate. They do not appear to be constituents of the monument but were probably built simultaneously with it or at a posterior time. Their exact dating as well as their integration into the building phases are not possible, as they do not have particular morphological features. They are considered to have been constituent elements of later divisions of space below the floor of the mosque and are unlikely to belong to a Christian church, which is thought to have existed at the same site.
Of course, earlier architectural remains may be preserved in greater depth. The walls (Τχ1, Τχ2) found next to the mihrab can be identified as the foundation walls of minber. Furthermore, the walls Tχ3-4, Τχ6-7 must have been foundation walls of a structure, perhaps an inner arched porch (dikke), along the inner side of the main entrance door to the monument.
From the indicative presentation of the pottery that derives from the trenches, especially from the interior of the monument, it becomes obvious that many categories of Ottoman-era pottery are represented in this excavation, e.g. the unglazed domestic ware, which abounds. There are also samples of monochrome and polychrome sgraffito wares. The category of tobacco pipes comprises three different types with numerous well-preserved examples. Middle Byzantine pottery fragments were traced only in trench A in the courtyard of the monument. They belong to the fine sgrafitto ware and Champlevé categories.
Viticulture – from both hāssa and re‘āyā vineyards – with a total of 243,486 akçes (20.78%) was the third highest imposition after the tithe on wheat (362,530 akçes or 30.49%) and the ispence (282,991 akçes or 23.78%), whereas the tax on wine production yielded 16,283 akçes (1.37%). The cultivation of wheat obviously dominates the agricultural sector (49.57% of the taxes on agriculture), followed by an impressive 33.29% of the viticulture. Most probably a part of the wine and the dry raisins produced was exported to the West as was the case in the late Byzantine period.
The percentage of the Albanian population engaged in both of these taxable activities is much lower than the Greek one, possibly because of the Albanians’ loose connection with the earth due to their semi-nomadic nature. The commercialisation of the most profitable cultivations’ surplus, in our case the cereals and the vines, was obligatory for the sustainability of the household that was encumbered with the ispence and the capitation. This constitutes a key characteristic of pre-industrial economies, namely the complementarity of agrarian production.
The fourteenth century was of paramount importance for both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Emirate. In Byzantine history it marks the end of a great medieval empire, especially relating to its administrative and economic decadence. For Ottoman history, it punctuates the transition of a frontier beglik into a world-dominant empire. Thrace was the first European territory of the Ottomans and functioned as the vaulting horse of their expeditions in the Balkans. The intellectual intercourse of Greek-Orthodox and Turco-Islamic political ideology gave birth to the heir of the Byzantine State.
It was possibly built at the end of the 15th c. Its designation is probably linked to its benefactor, ‘the son of the Emir’. It is deferential to the simple architectural type that consists a single-domed structure, as the majority of mosques in Greece and the Balkans are. It had a colonnaded porch (revak) on the north side and a cylindrical minaret at the north-western corner, both of which were preserved until the mid-19th c. The decoration of the mihrab niche, in which traces of paint have been preserved, is remarkable.
The four embossed marble inscriptions, incised in the celi sülüs monumental Ottoman script and found on the lintel of the monument’s entrance and above the mihrab niche in the interior, which have not been hitherto systematically studied, cast light on unknown aspects of the monument’s building history. Inscriptions nos 1 and 4 bear the names of their artists: Yahya bin Süleyman and Hasan respectively. It is only inscription no 4 that bears a date: AH 1155 (AD 1742). The last verse of this inscription is linked to Islamic mysticism (tasavvuf), particularly to the Rifaiyye and the Kadiriyye orders, none of which is historically attested at Chalcis. It is plausible to suggest that the mosque must have been connected to a vanished dervish lodge or mausoleum.
In addition, the antiquities and artefacts revealed from the excavation of the interior and the courtyard of the mosque, on the occasion of the under-floor air-conditioning installation system during the ‘Emir Zade Mosque’s maintenance and conversion to an exhibition hall, and curation of the John Caracosta’s engraving collection exhibition’ project, provide additional information about the monument. Five trenches (τoμ. 1-5) were excavated inside and one more, in the courtyard of the monument in contact with the south wall (τομ. Α). In general, the study and interpretation of the finds in the trenches (wall remains, masonry) contribute to our knowledge of the architectural history of the mosque. Ceramic as well as other finds contribute greatly to our understanding on the site’s chronology and the occasional uses of this mosque, offering at the same time valuable information on everyday life at Ottoman Chalcis (Ağrıboz).
In particular, the trenches inside the monument were dug along its walls. The deepest trench was Trench 2 with maximum depth about 1 m. In none of the trenches was solid ground reached. The main conclusions from the study of the revealed building remains are the following: some of the revealed walls are strong constructions, while others are less elaborate. They do not appear to be constituents of the monument but were probably built simultaneously with it or at a posterior time. Their exact dating as well as their integration into the building phases are not possible, as they do not have particular morphological features. They are considered to have been constituent elements of later divisions of space below the floor of the mosque and are unlikely to belong to a Christian church, which is thought to have existed at the same site.
Of course, earlier architectural remains may be preserved in greater depth. The walls (Τχ1, Τχ2) found next to the mihrab can be identified as the foundation walls of minber. Furthermore, the walls Tχ3-4, Τχ6-7 must have been foundation walls of a structure, perhaps an inner arched porch (dikke), along the inner side of the main entrance door to the monument.
From the indicative presentation of the pottery that derives from the trenches, especially from the interior of the monument, it becomes obvious that many categories of Ottoman-era pottery are represented in this excavation, e.g. the unglazed domestic ware, which abounds. There are also samples of monochrome and polychrome sgraffito wares. The category of tobacco pipes comprises three different types with numerous well-preserved examples. Middle Byzantine pottery fragments were traced only in trench A in the courtyard of the monument. They belong to the fine sgrafitto ware and Champlevé categories.
Viticulture – from both hāssa and re‘āyā vineyards – with a total of 243,486 akçes (20.78%) was the third highest imposition after the tithe on wheat (362,530 akçes or 30.49%) and the ispence (282,991 akçes or 23.78%), whereas the tax on wine production yielded 16,283 akçes (1.37%). The cultivation of wheat obviously dominates the agricultural sector (49.57% of the taxes on agriculture), followed by an impressive 33.29% of the viticulture. Most probably a part of the wine and the dry raisins produced was exported to the West as was the case in the late Byzantine period.
The percentage of the Albanian population engaged in both of these taxable activities is much lower than the Greek one, possibly because of the Albanians’ loose connection with the earth due to their semi-nomadic nature. The commercialisation of the most profitable cultivations’ surplus, in our case the cereals and the vines, was obligatory for the sustainability of the household that was encumbered with the ispence and the capitation. This constitutes a key characteristic of pre-industrial economies, namely the complementarity of agrarian production.
The published epigraphic material derives from the city of Hypata (Ottoman Badracık). The corpus comprises four inscriptions in total, two funerary and two dedicatory. The collection covers the period from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. The material on which they are inscribed is white coarse-grain marble of high quality, meticulously sculpted (nos 1, 3-4) and limestone (no. 2). The decorative patterns of the main side consist of the equitant shallow cartouches, which accommodate embossed inscriptions in a relief technique. The type of script most frequently used is the basīt celī sülüs, which varies from its simplest form (kırma) on the inscription no. 4, to its calligraphic style detected on the inscriptions nos 1 and 3.
Freie Universität Berlin, Room K 29/204, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin-Dahlem.
22-26 July 2019, 10:00-16:00.
Advanced Class: The seminar focuses on advanced Arabic and Persian morphosyntax (verbs, active and passive participles, degrees of comparison). Attendees are encouraged to read various Ottoman manuscripts in nesih, tevki’, rik’a, celi sülüs, divani and celi divani and be able to date them (convert Islamic to Gregorian calendar). Principles of edition (sigla, conventions) are taught and required in given assignments.
Θα χαρούμε ιδιαιτέρως να συνεργαστούμε για την εκμάθηση της Τουρκικής με έμφαση στους τομείς της μορφοσύνταξης και των δεξιοτήτων πρόσληψης και παραγωγής προφορικού και γραπτού λόγου, ελπίζοντας να ανταποκριθούμε όλοι μας όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερα στις προκλήσεις που θα προκύψουν. Ο εκπαιδευτικός-μαθησιακός στόχος περιλαμβάνει πρωταρχικώς την επίτευξη επικοινωνίας στην Τουρκική, καθώς και την προετοιμασία για τα πρώτα πτυχία του TÖMER. Ανακαλύψτε μαζί μας τη γλώσσα της ποίησης του Ναζίμ Χικμέτ και της λογοτεχνίας του νομπελίστα Ορχάν Παμούκ.
Παρακαλούνται οι ενδιαφερόμενοι για την παρακολούθηση των μαθημάτων να επικοινωνήσουν με τον διδάσκοντα καθηγητή ηλεκτρονικά στο e-mail [email protected] ή τηλεφωνικά στον αριθμό 697.92.51.114 μέχρι την 10η Οκτωβρίου 2013. Στη συνέχεια θα υπάρξει επικοινωνία από πλευράς μας.
Οι παρακολουθούντες θα κληθούν να καταβάλουν συμβολικό ποσό για την εν μέρει κάλυψη των εξόδων των μαθημάτων. Με το πέρας του ακαδημαϊκού έτους θα χορηγηθεί στους επιτυχόντες βεβαίωση παρακολούθησης.
Το Δ.Σ. του Νέου Κύκλου Κωνσταντινουπολιτών
Θα χαρούμε ιδιαιτέρως να συνεργαστούμε και φέτος για την εκμάθηση, όσον αφορά στους πρωτοετείς, αλλά και την περαιτέρω μελέτη και εντρύφηση, όσον αφορά στους δευτεροετείς και τριτοετείς, στην οθωμανική γλώσσα, τις πηγές (έντυπες, χειρόγραφες, επιγραφικές, νομισματικές) και τα ιστορικά στοιχεία της οθωμανικής περιόδου, ελπίζοντας να ανταποκριθούμε όλοι μας όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερα στις προκλήσεις που θα προκύψουν. Δεν πρέπει να μας διαφεύγει το ότι πολλά ιστορικά τεκμήρια του Ελληνισμού των τελευταίων αιώνων είναι γραμμένα στην οθωμανική τουρκική και εισέτι δεν έχουν μελετηθεί.
Παρακαλούνται οι ενδιαφερόμενοι για την παρακολούθηση των μαθημάτων να αποστείλουν συμπληρωμένο το παρόν έντυπο ηλεκτρονικά στο e-mail [email protected] ή με φαξ στον αριθμό 210.64.37.002 ή ταχυδρομικά στην παραπάνω διεύθυνση μέχρι την 11η Οκτωβρίου 2013. Στη συνέχεια θα υπάρξει επικοινωνία από πλευράς μας.
Οι παρακολουθούντες θα κληθούν να καταβάλουν συμβολικό ποσό για την εν μέρει κάλυψη των εξόδων των μαθημάτων. Με το πέρας του ακαδημαϊκού έτους θα χορηγηθεί στους επιτυχόντες βεβαίωση παρακολούθησης.
Το Δ.Σ. του Νέου Κύκλου Κωνσταντινουπολιτών
Εκδήλωση Ενδιαφέροντος για το Σεμινάριο «Εισαγωγή στην Οθωμανική Γλώσσα και Παλαιογραφία»
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The workshop builds on four years of collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology (formerly Science of Human History) and the Climate Change and History Research Initiative at Princeton, initiated by a colloquium in Jena and a joint workshop at the Princeton Athens Centre in March 2019.