Clinical Pathology

The aims of this study were to detect the frequency at which the different types of neonatal jaundice occur in Makkah and to estimate the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This study included 239 neonates with neonatal jaundice, 20 anemic neonates and 21 healthy neonates. ABO incompatibility was observed in 31.6% of neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, in 14.3% of those with early onset jaundice, in 9.5% of those with persistent jaundice, in 8.5% of those with physiological jaundice, in 5% of anemic neonates and in 12% of all neonates. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was observed in 10.5% of neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, in 3.9% of those with physiological jaundice, in 11.1% of those with direct hyperbilirubinemia, in 12% of those with persistent jaundice, in 10% of anemic neonates and in 6.6% of all neonates. Rh incompatibility and polycythemia were found in 2.6% of neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia and in 0.4% of all neonates. In comparison to control group, MDA was significantly higher in all groups except for the anemic group. In conclusion, ABO incompatibility and G6PD deficiency frequently result in neonatal jaundice in Makkah, whereas Rh incompatibility and polycythemia are rare. The MDA level may serve as an indicator of oxidative stress. N eonatal jaundice is a benign condition that often does not require intervention. Most cases of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia constitute physiological jaundice and do not have serious consequences. An important clinical challenge is to identify those newborns who are at risk of developing severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 1. There are many factors implicated in the development of pathological jaundice, including perinatal factors (e.g., birth trauma or infections), maternal factors(e.g., Rh or ABO incompatibility), neonatal factors (e.g., prematurity or polycythemia), and genetic factors (e.g., Crigler-Najjar's or Gilbert's syndrome) 2. In addition, the administration of drugs such as cephalosporins and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiency have been implicated in pathological jaundice 2. The mechanism by which hyperbilirubinemia occurs is through either increased bilirubin production (resulting from hemolysis, sepsis, blood extravasation or polycythemia) or increased enterohepatic circulation (resulting from prematurity, pyloric stenosis, delayed bacterial gut colonization, gastrointestinal tract immobility or obstruction), or decreased bilirubin elimination which occurs in Crigler-Najjar's and Gilbert's syndromes 2. ABO incompatibility usually occurs in the offspring of women with type O blood and occasionally in mothers with both type A blood and high anti-B IgG levels 3. ABO incompatibility exists in approximately 15–25% of all maternal/fetal pairs. However, ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs in approximately 1% of group O mothers with high antenatal IgG antibody titers 4. Currently, the use of prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin greatly reduces the incidence of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility 5. G6PD deficiency is an X-linked recessive disease that results in clinical manifestations such as neonatal jaundice, chronic nonspherocytic anemia, infection and drug-induced hemolysis 6. A role for G6PD deficiency in the genesis of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has been reported 7. The most serious complication of G6PD deficiency in newborns is kernicterus resulting from severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Infants who experience chronic or acute fetal hypoxia have a higher incidence of polycythemia, with hema-tocrit levels greater than 65%. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common clinical feature 8. Hyperbilirubinemia can also result from increased oxidative stress. It has been reported that bilirubin can function as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species 9. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a reactive metabolic product that results from the effects of reactive oxygen species on tissues and from a series of reactions that occur during lipid peroxidation 10. Plasma MDA levels are a sensitive indicator of lipid peroxidation and thus of oxidative stress 11,12. Therefore, measuring the MDA concentration in hyperbilirubinemic newborns will help determine the relationship between oxidative stress and elevated bilirubin levels. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency at

To link to this article: http://dx.Background: Many formulas from red blood cell (RCB) indices are instructed to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and beta thalassemia trait. None had 100% Youden index. Aim of the work: To introduce two new formulas and evaluate them in the differentiation between IDA and beta thalassemia trait in adults Saudi (male and female; male; female) in the Makkah region. Furthermore, to evaluate the previous formulas in our population. Methods: A total of 249 participants, 91 with IDA, 123 with beta thalassemia trait, and 35 healthy persons. All subjected to complete blood count, measurement of iron profile, hemoglobin electrophoresis and hemoglobin A2 by column chromatography. The first new formula equal hemoglobin (Hb) + hematocrit (Hct) + RBC and second equals Hb + Hct + RBC-red cell distribution (RDW). The previous formula used is England and Fraser, Mentzer, Strivastava, Ehsani, Green and King, red cell distribution index, Ricerca, and Shine and Lal Results: In both men and women, the England and Fraser was the best with a Youden's index of 70.4%, followed by Green and King 67.4%. In men, the England and Fraser and our new formula 1 had the highest Youden' index 84.7% and 84.1%, respectively. In women, the England and Fraser and RDW index had the highest Youden' index 74% and 69.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The England and Fraser and our new formula 1 are the best formulas in men. The England and Fraser and RDW index are the best formulas in women.

Studies showed that dentists and dental staff working with amalgam are chronically exposed to mercury that accumulates in their bodies in higher levels than those individuals not occupational exposed to mercury. Mercury levels in dental staff averaged at least 2 times that of control subjects in hair, nails, urine and blood. This study aimed to review long-standing mercury monitoring concentration in dental staff hair and nail in Makkah Saudi Arabia. 139 hair and nail samples were collected among male and female with average age ≥30 years. 83 samples were collected from dental staff working at different polyclinics and private clinics in Makkah region while 56 samples were collected from volunteers as control sample. Hair and nail samples were analysed using a Perkin Elmer (ICP-MS 7300). The study showed that in dental staff both males and females the mercury concentration in hair increased with age up to mid-30s, then gradually decrease. Moreover, the study found that mean hair mercury levels in both males and females were highest in individuals had preference of fish consumption ≥4.46 µg/l, followed by dental staff had a higher supplementation intake. While the nail mercury concentrations in both males and females were also higher in those individuals with high fish consumption (≥3.08 µg/l). The study approved a significant correlation between mercury levels in dental staff hair and nail, although conclusive evidence is lacking that directly correlates amalgam with adverse health effects, dental staff should remain knowledgeable about mercury release from amalgam through direct exposure.

Background: Dental staff are exposed to mercury during their work. Aim: To determine the effect of mercury on their hematological parameters. Subjects & Methods: 83 dental staff, 43 use amalgam and 40 not, and 56 healthy persons, 19 have amalgam filling and 37 without it, were enrolled. All were subjected to measurement of mercury in hair, nails and complete blood count. Results: A significant increase of mercury hair and nail was found in the exposed dental staff when compared to both control groups. A significant increase of mercury hair in a non-exposed dental staff was detected when compared to the control group without amalgam. A Significant decrease of hemoglobin and absolute monocytes count was found in both groups of dental staff when compared to the control group without amalgam. 33.3% and 20% of the exposed and non-exposed staff had anemia. Conclusion: Exposed and nonexposed dental staff are liable to complications induced by mercury.