11us paper pursues a comprehensive approach to account for the phonological nature of Korean tens... more 11us paper pursues a comprehensive approach to account for the phonological nature of Korean tense consonants w1thm Aperwre Theo.cy 1 Even though the current hterature m Korean phonology attests to a fair amount of work on this issue. St1ll there is a controversy regarding the status of tense consonants as either gerrunate or singleton In this paper, I wtll show that nondenved tense consonants and denved tense consonants behave dtfferently regarding the issue of whether or not they are underlymgly geminates Most current work on tense consonants 1n Korean clauns that these are underlymgly gemmate plain consonants and thus are considered to be morruc
O. Introduction'" Subject-verb agreement is typically governed by the NP functioning as ... more O. Introduction'" Subject-verb agreement is typically governed by the NP functioning as subject. When· more than one participant bear thisthematic relation to theverb, they are commonly conjoined syntactically in a single clause by a coordinating conjunction "and". Thematic ,coordination expressed in this way is said to be syntactically symmetric. Schwartz. in several studies (1989a, 1989b, 1988a, 1985), and others (Black 1991; Aissen 1989) have noted that thematic , coordination may also be"expressed asymmetrically. In such cases, subject-verb agreement is deterniined jointly by the NP functioning as subject of the verb and a comitative phrase· following the verb. Coordination grounded in asymmetric syntax has only attracted the attention o( linguists in recent years, even though it is not particularly rare, isolated, or unusual. The purpose of this paper is to provide a contribution to the small body of literature on this topic by differentiating symmetric ...
Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Oct 30, 2021
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This paper proposes a new approach to... more <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This paper proposes a new approach to reading the 'Confessional Poetry' of Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton by combining quantitative text analysis methods with a qualitative literary interpretation. We investigate the meanings of stylistic differences between Plath's and Sexton's poems and highlight their differences in using pronouns and related sentiment words. Our data-focused research demonstrates that Plath employs rather fragmented and schizophrenic styles, as well as poetic voices with word choices that present dynamic and volatile emotions. On the other hand, Sexton's poetic voice is causal, homogeneous, and relatively stable, focusing a lot on domestic issues and the symbolic function of father. To illustrate this, three computational methods are used: (1) linking pronoun uses in each poet's work to sentiment words (Figs 1 and 2), (2) a topic-model analysis to compare Plath's and Sexton's works to see how the themes of poetry are manifested by the different patterns of word use, the so-called topics, and their co-occurrences in the poems (Figs 3 and 4), and (3) a diachronic analysis of each poet's works (using the topic model) to identify the thematic changes (Figs 5 and 6). The methods commonly testify one of the widely accepted ideas regarding Plath's and Sexton's confessional poems. Plath often breaks with the boundary of the ego, I, through complex reciprocity between I and other pronoun groups, while Sexton evokes the presence of the poet through more stable and less kinetic voices of the authorial I. Plath's and Sexton's works have long been regarded as the passive products of biological reductionism due to the traditional way of understanding the confessional genre. The aim of this paper, however, is to redefine the meaning of confessional genre, proposing that the truthfulness of the poetic voice I cannot be seperated from the stylistic issues in poetic language.</jats:p>
This paper aims to analyze Japanese-English parallel texts published by the Japanese government g... more This paper aims to analyze Japanese-English parallel texts published by the Japanese government general of Korea through utilizing text mining softwares and investigate how the governmental purposes were differently permeated in the two parallel texts. To envision this, the current study extracted the section &quot;Sohtang&quot; from Chôsen Kyôiku Yôran written in Japanese and Manual of Education in Chosen written in English, presumably regarded as a translation of the former. In this paper, it is unveiled that the English texts contain more positive words than Japanese texts, suggesting that the Japanese government general of Korea purposedly exploited English texts in order to show off their capacity of administration and propagate the rationalization of the colony to outer countries. Based on the results, this research further emphasizes the need for a multifaceted text analytics on Japanese-English parallel texts in the future.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how agreement is to be selected when two nouns are co... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate how agreement is to be selected when two nouns are conjoined within one syntactic category, especially within a noun phrase in Kilega, a Bantu language spoken in Eastern Congo(classified as D25 by Guthrie 1948). Like other Bantu languages, Kilega is characterized by an intensive gender system. When two nouns belonging to the different noun classes are conjoined in a noun phrase, the criteria for choosing the agreement prefix depend on whether the conjoined nouns denote [+human] or not as well as their gender. For example, if any noun of conjoined nouns is [+human], the class 2 prefix ba-is used; if all the conjoined nouns which belong to a different gender are semantically [-human], the class 8 prefix be- is used. In addition, if the conjoined nouns belong to the same gender, the plural prefix for their gender is used.
The present study attempts to provide an insightful analysis of the second radical reduplication ... more The present study attempts to provide an insightful analysis of the second radical reduplication in Amharic, one of the Semitic languages spoken in the central and southern highlands of Ethiopia. Following Unseth (2002), it is suggested that even though underlying ghost consonants (laryngeals [h, Ɂ, ḥ, ʕ] or glides [w, y]) do not typically appear in regular verbal conjugations, they may emerge in verbal reduplication. To account for this, the present study proposes a root-and-pattern analysis incorporated with sympathetic candidates (McCarthy 1999, 2003) contrary to Bat-El (1994, 2003), Ussishkin (2003, 2006) and Schluter’s (2008) word-based analyses. Given this, a candidate that satisfies the faithfulness constraint MAXTEMPLATE ⟡ is selected as a sympathetic candidate. Moreover, the faithfulness relations between the sympathetic candidates and the other candidates are evaluated through the sympathetic constraints ❀MAX-ROOT and ❀IDENTITY-[PLACE] ROOT , resulting in obligatory realiz...
This paper scrutinizes the morphology of Unish, one of the international auxiliary languages, wit... more This paper scrutinizes the morphology of Unish, one of the international auxiliary languages, with respect to its correlations of word order typology and discusses a linguistic type of Unish. It has been reported that Unish has the fixed word order SVO (i.e., subject-verbobject), little inflection, which means there are no cases of nominal * I would like to thank anonymous reviewers who helped me develop this paper further. All the errors are the author's responsibility.
Many universities in Korea have implemented teaching TOEIC based courses in their core curriculum... more Many universities in Korea have implemented teaching TOEIC based courses in their core curriculums as a result of the increased popularity of the TOEIC test. With the assumption that reading and listening scores are interrelated with each other, a focus of this study is to find the distribution patterns of the reading comprehension (RC) and the listening comprehension (LC) scores with respect to the different levels of the students. More specifically, the present study examines the relationships at the different levels between the RC and the LC scores, the LC scores and the total scores, and the RC scores and the total scores. In order to assist the students with improving their current levels and their TOEIC test scores, determining the particular areas that need to be focused on within each score band was the purpose of the comparison. In this study, 11328 TOEIC test scores were analyzed, and four results are presented. First, during their initial stages of language acquisition, students who are having more difficulty with the RC would benefit from having this area supplemented. The next finding revealed the necessity to implement tailored instruction for the higher levels. After that, it was determined that focusing ABOUT THE AUTHORS Sunyoung Park is a visiting professor of General English Department at Sejong University. She earned her MA and Ph.D. in Language Acquisition at University of Sheffield, U.K., and her research areas are SLA and English Language Teaching(ELT). Eun-Joo Kwak is a professor of English Language and Literature at Sejong University. She earned her MA from Seoul National University and Ph.D. from Brown University. She has published papers on semantics, pragmatics, and translation studies, and several books on Korean Language Teaching. Recently she became engrossed in interrelationships between semantics and ELT. Jin-young Tak, Professor of English Language and Literature at Sejong University, earned her master's(1992) and Ph.D.(1997) degrees in Linguistics at Indiana University. She has published papers on phonology, morphology, and EFL. She is recently interested in convergence studies of EFL and linguistics within the framework of big data analytics. Todd Tate is an assistant professor in the General English Department at Sejong University. Presently, he has become involved in research and publications associated with ELT.
The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic formulas of refusal strategies emerging in such ... more The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic formulas of refusal strategies emerging in such various language circumstances as Korean, Chinese, Persian, German, and English and then to account for similarities and differences of refusal strategies in these languages from the perspective of typology. The focus of most previous research has been on employments of refusal strategies of
The aim of this paper is to investigate the usage of articles (i.e., definiteness and specificity... more The aim of this paper is to investigate the usage of articles (i.e., definiteness and specificity) in natural (i.e., English, Samoan, and Lillooet Salish) and artificial (i.e., Esperanto, Unish, and Sambahsa) languages and then to suggest an optimal pattern of articles in artificial languages. The observation in this paper is supported by the typology of articles in natural languages, language acquisition, markedness of articles, and historical developments of articles. Then, it proposes that articles are a recent and uncommon grammatical realization and show great variation across languages. Finally, this paper proposes the 'Minimal Realization Principle' for article uses in artificial languages.
The Jungang Journal of English Language and Literature
This paper is aimed at ascertaining the types and frequencies of the grammatical (i.e., number-ge... more This paper is aimed at ascertaining the types and frequencies of the grammatical (i.e., number-gender) agreement errors in Korean students` compositions to show what the most troublesome error is. The data used in this research are extracted from a learner corpus based on compositions written by 137 students who major in Humanity and Arts at a university in Seoul area. All the errors in grammatical agreement are classified into the following three categories: (1) agreement in subjects-verbs, (2) agreement in determiners-nouns, (3) agreement in nouns-anaphoric pronouns. Through a careful examination of these errors, it is found that agreement in subject-verb relationships is the most common error in terms of the frequencies (189 tokens), whereas the percentage of the trials and errors for noun plurality agreement is the highest (37%). Since subject-verb agreement in the Korean language is totally absent, it is easily expected that subject-verb grammatical mismatches are the most frequent. However, the fact that noun plurality agreement, which exists but is optional in the Korean language, has the highest percentage of the errors may imply that intralingual elements of the Korean language may interfere grammatical agreement in English compositions.
This paper examines how three languages (i.e., Chichewa, Sesotho, Agta) comply with three cross-l... more This paper examines how three languages (i.e., Chichewa, Sesotho, Agta) comply with three cross-linguistic tendencies in reduplication (i.e., Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity discussed by Kager (1999)) from the perspective of Typology. Considering that Chichewa is characterized as total (i.e., stem) reduplication, Sesotho as bisyllabic reduplication, and Agta as closed-syllable reduplication, this paper is to shows that there is a conflict among these three universal tendencies in reduplication. For example, Unmarkedness, conspiring a reduplicant to a bisyllabic reduplicative template (Kager 1999), cannot account for the occurrence of stem reduplication. In the same sense, Identity supports the occurrence of stem reduplication. A closed-syllable reduplicative template in Agta violates the Unmarkedness and Identity tendencies. Given these observations, in this paper a language-specific tendency preference mechanism with respect to Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity is proposed to account for the occurrence of these three * I would like to thank to Laura Downing who mailed me several of her papers and helped in the further development of this paper. I developed important ideas on reduplication through those papers (Downing 1997, 1999a, 1999b). All the errors are the author's responsibility.
focuses mainly on those derived from two underlying segments and functioning as a unitary segment... more focuses mainly on those derived from two underlying segments and functioning as a unitary segment. However, by examining further data from various languages, this paper proposes that in fact there are four types of prenasalized consonants: phonemic prenasalized consonants as in Fijian, derived prenasalized consonants functioning as a unitary segment as in Kikuyu, derived prenasalized consonants that behave as a complex segment as in Japanese, and phonetically enhanced prenasalized consonants as in Southern Barasano. Additionally, this paper compares phonologically driven prenasalized consonants to morphologically driven ones, arguing that in most cases phonologically * I would like to express my genuine gratitude to the three anonymous reviewers of this journal for their valuable comments. All errors and misrepresentations are the author's responsibility.
11us paper pursues a comprehensive approach to account for the phonological nature of Korean tens... more 11us paper pursues a comprehensive approach to account for the phonological nature of Korean tense consonants w1thm Aperwre Theo.cy 1 Even though the current hterature m Korean phonology attests to a fair amount of work on this issue. St1ll there is a controversy regarding the status of tense consonants as either gerrunate or singleton In this paper, I wtll show that nondenved tense consonants and denved tense consonants behave dtfferently regarding the issue of whether or not they are underlymgly geminates Most current work on tense consonants 1n Korean clauns that these are underlymgly gemmate plain consonants and thus are considered to be morruc
O. Introduction'" Subject-verb agreement is typically governed by the NP functioning as ... more O. Introduction'" Subject-verb agreement is typically governed by the NP functioning as subject. When· more than one participant bear thisthematic relation to theverb, they are commonly conjoined syntactically in a single clause by a coordinating conjunction "and". Thematic ,coordination expressed in this way is said to be syntactically symmetric. Schwartz. in several studies (1989a, 1989b, 1988a, 1985), and others (Black 1991; Aissen 1989) have noted that thematic , coordination may also be"expressed asymmetrically. In such cases, subject-verb agreement is deterniined jointly by the NP functioning as subject of the verb and a comitative phrase· following the verb. Coordination grounded in asymmetric syntax has only attracted the attention o( linguists in recent years, even though it is not particularly rare, isolated, or unusual. The purpose of this paper is to provide a contribution to the small body of literature on this topic by differentiating symmetric ...
Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Oct 30, 2021
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This paper proposes a new approach to... more <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This paper proposes a new approach to reading the 'Confessional Poetry' of Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton by combining quantitative text analysis methods with a qualitative literary interpretation. We investigate the meanings of stylistic differences between Plath's and Sexton's poems and highlight their differences in using pronouns and related sentiment words. Our data-focused research demonstrates that Plath employs rather fragmented and schizophrenic styles, as well as poetic voices with word choices that present dynamic and volatile emotions. On the other hand, Sexton's poetic voice is causal, homogeneous, and relatively stable, focusing a lot on domestic issues and the symbolic function of father. To illustrate this, three computational methods are used: (1) linking pronoun uses in each poet's work to sentiment words (Figs 1 and 2), (2) a topic-model analysis to compare Plath's and Sexton's works to see how the themes of poetry are manifested by the different patterns of word use, the so-called topics, and their co-occurrences in the poems (Figs 3 and 4), and (3) a diachronic analysis of each poet's works (using the topic model) to identify the thematic changes (Figs 5 and 6). The methods commonly testify one of the widely accepted ideas regarding Plath's and Sexton's confessional poems. Plath often breaks with the boundary of the ego, I, through complex reciprocity between I and other pronoun groups, while Sexton evokes the presence of the poet through more stable and less kinetic voices of the authorial I. Plath's and Sexton's works have long been regarded as the passive products of biological reductionism due to the traditional way of understanding the confessional genre. The aim of this paper, however, is to redefine the meaning of confessional genre, proposing that the truthfulness of the poetic voice I cannot be seperated from the stylistic issues in poetic language.</jats:p>
This paper aims to analyze Japanese-English parallel texts published by the Japanese government g... more This paper aims to analyze Japanese-English parallel texts published by the Japanese government general of Korea through utilizing text mining softwares and investigate how the governmental purposes were differently permeated in the two parallel texts. To envision this, the current study extracted the section &quot;Sohtang&quot; from Chôsen Kyôiku Yôran written in Japanese and Manual of Education in Chosen written in English, presumably regarded as a translation of the former. In this paper, it is unveiled that the English texts contain more positive words than Japanese texts, suggesting that the Japanese government general of Korea purposedly exploited English texts in order to show off their capacity of administration and propagate the rationalization of the colony to outer countries. Based on the results, this research further emphasizes the need for a multifaceted text analytics on Japanese-English parallel texts in the future.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how agreement is to be selected when two nouns are co... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate how agreement is to be selected when two nouns are conjoined within one syntactic category, especially within a noun phrase in Kilega, a Bantu language spoken in Eastern Congo(classified as D25 by Guthrie 1948). Like other Bantu languages, Kilega is characterized by an intensive gender system. When two nouns belonging to the different noun classes are conjoined in a noun phrase, the criteria for choosing the agreement prefix depend on whether the conjoined nouns denote [+human] or not as well as their gender. For example, if any noun of conjoined nouns is [+human], the class 2 prefix ba-is used; if all the conjoined nouns which belong to a different gender are semantically [-human], the class 8 prefix be- is used. In addition, if the conjoined nouns belong to the same gender, the plural prefix for their gender is used.
The present study attempts to provide an insightful analysis of the second radical reduplication ... more The present study attempts to provide an insightful analysis of the second radical reduplication in Amharic, one of the Semitic languages spoken in the central and southern highlands of Ethiopia. Following Unseth (2002), it is suggested that even though underlying ghost consonants (laryngeals [h, Ɂ, ḥ, ʕ] or glides [w, y]) do not typically appear in regular verbal conjugations, they may emerge in verbal reduplication. To account for this, the present study proposes a root-and-pattern analysis incorporated with sympathetic candidates (McCarthy 1999, 2003) contrary to Bat-El (1994, 2003), Ussishkin (2003, 2006) and Schluter’s (2008) word-based analyses. Given this, a candidate that satisfies the faithfulness constraint MAXTEMPLATE ⟡ is selected as a sympathetic candidate. Moreover, the faithfulness relations between the sympathetic candidates and the other candidates are evaluated through the sympathetic constraints ❀MAX-ROOT and ❀IDENTITY-[PLACE] ROOT , resulting in obligatory realiz...
This paper scrutinizes the morphology of Unish, one of the international auxiliary languages, wit... more This paper scrutinizes the morphology of Unish, one of the international auxiliary languages, with respect to its correlations of word order typology and discusses a linguistic type of Unish. It has been reported that Unish has the fixed word order SVO (i.e., subject-verbobject), little inflection, which means there are no cases of nominal * I would like to thank anonymous reviewers who helped me develop this paper further. All the errors are the author's responsibility.
Many universities in Korea have implemented teaching TOEIC based courses in their core curriculum... more Many universities in Korea have implemented teaching TOEIC based courses in their core curriculums as a result of the increased popularity of the TOEIC test. With the assumption that reading and listening scores are interrelated with each other, a focus of this study is to find the distribution patterns of the reading comprehension (RC) and the listening comprehension (LC) scores with respect to the different levels of the students. More specifically, the present study examines the relationships at the different levels between the RC and the LC scores, the LC scores and the total scores, and the RC scores and the total scores. In order to assist the students with improving their current levels and their TOEIC test scores, determining the particular areas that need to be focused on within each score band was the purpose of the comparison. In this study, 11328 TOEIC test scores were analyzed, and four results are presented. First, during their initial stages of language acquisition, students who are having more difficulty with the RC would benefit from having this area supplemented. The next finding revealed the necessity to implement tailored instruction for the higher levels. After that, it was determined that focusing ABOUT THE AUTHORS Sunyoung Park is a visiting professor of General English Department at Sejong University. She earned her MA and Ph.D. in Language Acquisition at University of Sheffield, U.K., and her research areas are SLA and English Language Teaching(ELT). Eun-Joo Kwak is a professor of English Language and Literature at Sejong University. She earned her MA from Seoul National University and Ph.D. from Brown University. She has published papers on semantics, pragmatics, and translation studies, and several books on Korean Language Teaching. Recently she became engrossed in interrelationships between semantics and ELT. Jin-young Tak, Professor of English Language and Literature at Sejong University, earned her master's(1992) and Ph.D.(1997) degrees in Linguistics at Indiana University. She has published papers on phonology, morphology, and EFL. She is recently interested in convergence studies of EFL and linguistics within the framework of big data analytics. Todd Tate is an assistant professor in the General English Department at Sejong University. Presently, he has become involved in research and publications associated with ELT.
The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic formulas of refusal strategies emerging in such ... more The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic formulas of refusal strategies emerging in such various language circumstances as Korean, Chinese, Persian, German, and English and then to account for similarities and differences of refusal strategies in these languages from the perspective of typology. The focus of most previous research has been on employments of refusal strategies of
The aim of this paper is to investigate the usage of articles (i.e., definiteness and specificity... more The aim of this paper is to investigate the usage of articles (i.e., definiteness and specificity) in natural (i.e., English, Samoan, and Lillooet Salish) and artificial (i.e., Esperanto, Unish, and Sambahsa) languages and then to suggest an optimal pattern of articles in artificial languages. The observation in this paper is supported by the typology of articles in natural languages, language acquisition, markedness of articles, and historical developments of articles. Then, it proposes that articles are a recent and uncommon grammatical realization and show great variation across languages. Finally, this paper proposes the 'Minimal Realization Principle' for article uses in artificial languages.
The Jungang Journal of English Language and Literature
This paper is aimed at ascertaining the types and frequencies of the grammatical (i.e., number-ge... more This paper is aimed at ascertaining the types and frequencies of the grammatical (i.e., number-gender) agreement errors in Korean students` compositions to show what the most troublesome error is. The data used in this research are extracted from a learner corpus based on compositions written by 137 students who major in Humanity and Arts at a university in Seoul area. All the errors in grammatical agreement are classified into the following three categories: (1) agreement in subjects-verbs, (2) agreement in determiners-nouns, (3) agreement in nouns-anaphoric pronouns. Through a careful examination of these errors, it is found that agreement in subject-verb relationships is the most common error in terms of the frequencies (189 tokens), whereas the percentage of the trials and errors for noun plurality agreement is the highest (37%). Since subject-verb agreement in the Korean language is totally absent, it is easily expected that subject-verb grammatical mismatches are the most frequent. However, the fact that noun plurality agreement, which exists but is optional in the Korean language, has the highest percentage of the errors may imply that intralingual elements of the Korean language may interfere grammatical agreement in English compositions.
This paper examines how three languages (i.e., Chichewa, Sesotho, Agta) comply with three cross-l... more This paper examines how three languages (i.e., Chichewa, Sesotho, Agta) comply with three cross-linguistic tendencies in reduplication (i.e., Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity discussed by Kager (1999)) from the perspective of Typology. Considering that Chichewa is characterized as total (i.e., stem) reduplication, Sesotho as bisyllabic reduplication, and Agta as closed-syllable reduplication, this paper is to shows that there is a conflict among these three universal tendencies in reduplication. For example, Unmarkedness, conspiring a reduplicant to a bisyllabic reduplicative template (Kager 1999), cannot account for the occurrence of stem reduplication. In the same sense, Identity supports the occurrence of stem reduplication. A closed-syllable reduplicative template in Agta violates the Unmarkedness and Identity tendencies. Given these observations, in this paper a language-specific tendency preference mechanism with respect to Shape Invariance, Unmarkedness, and Identity is proposed to account for the occurrence of these three * I would like to thank to Laura Downing who mailed me several of her papers and helped in the further development of this paper. I developed important ideas on reduplication through those papers (Downing 1997, 1999a, 1999b). All the errors are the author's responsibility.
focuses mainly on those derived from two underlying segments and functioning as a unitary segment... more focuses mainly on those derived from two underlying segments and functioning as a unitary segment. However, by examining further data from various languages, this paper proposes that in fact there are four types of prenasalized consonants: phonemic prenasalized consonants as in Fijian, derived prenasalized consonants functioning as a unitary segment as in Kikuyu, derived prenasalized consonants that behave as a complex segment as in Japanese, and phonetically enhanced prenasalized consonants as in Southern Barasano. Additionally, this paper compares phonologically driven prenasalized consonants to morphologically driven ones, arguing that in most cases phonologically * I would like to express my genuine gratitude to the three anonymous reviewers of this journal for their valuable comments. All errors and misrepresentations are the author's responsibility.
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