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Soul muisic

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Soul muisic is a popular muisic genre that oreeginatit in African-American commonties throuoot the Unitit States in the late 1950s an early 1960s.[2] Catchy rhythms, stressed bi haundclaps an extemporaneous bouk muivements, are an important hawmark o soul. Ither chairacteristics are a caw an repone atween the lead an backin vocalists, an inspecially tense vocal soond, an occasional improvisational addeetions, twirls, an auxiliary soonds. Soul muisic is kent fur reflectin African-American identity an stressin the importance o African-American cultur.

Soul haes its ruits in African-American gospel muisic an rhythm an blues,[3] an primarily combines elements o gospel, R&B an jazz.[4] The genre emergit frae the pouer struggle tae increase black Americans' awareness o thair African auncestry, as a newfoond consciousness led tae the creation o muisic that boastit pride in bein black. Soul muisic becam popular fur dancin an listenin, an American record labels sic as Motown, Atlantic an Stax wis influential in its proliferation durin the ceevil richts muivement. Soul becam popular warldwide an aa, directly influencin rock muisic an the muisic o Africae.[5] It haed a resurgence in the mid-tae late 1990s wi the subgenre neo soul,[6] that incorporatit modren production elements an hip-hop influences.

Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. R&B chairts in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the Unitit States, Unitit Kinrick, an elsewhaur. Mony prominent soul airtists, includin Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Otis Redding, James Brown, Aretha Franklin, an mony acks unner the Motown label, sic as the Supremes an the Temptations,[3] wur heichly influential in the genre's development an aw gained widespreid popularity durin this time. Bi 1968, the soul muisic genre haed begun tae splinter. Some soul airtists muived tae funk muisic, whiles ither sangsters an groups developit slicker, mair sophisticatit, an in some cases mair socially conscious varieties. Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed begun tae absorb influences frae psychedelic rock an progressive rock, amang ither genres, leadin tae the creation o psychedelic soul an progressive soul. Prominent soul airtists o this era include Marvin Gaye, Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield, Isaac Hayes, Al Green, an Bill Withers. Neo soul, that adoptit hip-hop influences, developit aroond 1994.

Ither subgenres o soul include the "Motown sound", a mair rhythmic an pop-freendly style that oreeginatit frae the eponymous label; Soothren soul, a drivin, energetic variety combinin R&B wi soothren gospel muisic influences; Memphis soul,[7] a shimmerin, sultry style; New Orleans soul, that emergit frae the rhythm an blues style; Chicago soul, a lichter gospel-influenced soond; an Philadelphia soul, a lush orchestral variety wi doo-wop-inspirt vocals.

History

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Oreegins

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Ray Charles pioneered the soul muisic genre durin the 1950s bi combinin blues, rhythm an blues, an gospel styles.

Soul muisic haes its ruits in tradeetional African-American gospel muisic an rhythm an blues an as the hybridisation o thair respective religious an secular styles – in baith leerical content an instrumentation – that begoud in the 1950s. The term "soul" haed been uised amang African-American muisickers tae emphasise the feelin o bein an African American in the Unitit States. Accordin tae muisicologist Barry Hansen,

Thou this hybrid produced a clutch o hits in the R&B mercat in the early 1950s, anly the maist adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest haed tae wait fur the comin o soul muisic in the 1960s tae feel the rush o rock an roll sung gospel-style.

James Brown wis kent as the "Godfaither o Soul".[8]

Accordin tae AllMusic, "Soul muisic wis the result o the urbanisation an commercialisation o rhythm an blues in the '60s."[9] The phrase "soul muisic" itsel, referrin tae gospel-style muisic wi secular leerics, wis furst attestit in 1961.[10] The term "soul" in African-American parlance haes connotations o African-American pride an cultur. Gospel groups in the 1940s an '50s occasionally uised the term as pairt o thair names. The jazz style that oreeginatit frae gospel becam kent as soul jazz. As sangsters an arrangers begoud uisin techniques frae baith gospel an soul jazz in African-American popular muisic durin the 1960s, soul muisic gradually functioned as an umberellae term fur African-American popular muisic at the time.[11]


Sam Cooke is regardit as ane o soul muisic's "forefaithers".

Accordin tae the Acoustic Muisic Organisation, the "furst clear evidence o soul muisic shaws up wi the "5" Royales, an ex-gospel group that turned tae R&B an in Faye Adams, whase "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B staundard".[12]

Important innovators whase recordins in the 1950s contreibutit tae the emergence o soul muisic includit Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, an Etta James. Ray Charles is aften citit as popularisin the soul muisic genre wi his series o hits, stairtin wi 1954's "I Got a Woman". Sangster Bobby Womack said, "Ray wis the genius. He turned the warld ontae soul muisic." Charles wis appen in acknawledgin the influence o Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singin style.

Little Richard, wha inspired Otis Redding, an James Brown baith wur equally influential. Brown wis nicknamed the "Godfaither o Soul Muisic",[8] an Richard proclaimed himsel as the "Keeng o Rockin' an Rollin', Rhythm an Blues Soulin'", acause his muisic embodied elements o aw three, an syne he inspired airtists in aw three genre.

Sam Cooke an Jackie Wilson are aften acknawledgit as soul forefaithers an aa. Cooke becam popular as the lead sangster o the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, afore controversially muivin intae secular muisic. His recordin o "You Send Me" in 1957 launched a successfu pop muisic career. Furthermair, his 1962 recordin o "Bring It On Home to Me" haes been descrieved as "perhaps the furst record tae define the soul experience". Jackie Wilson, a contemporary o baith Cooke an James Brown, achieved crossower success an aa, inspecially wi his 1957 hit "Reet Petite".[13] He even wis pairticulairly influential fur his dramatic delivery an performances.

1960s

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Solomon Burke recordit fur Atlantic Records in the 1960s.

Hauf-marrae-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner emergit as "leadin exponents" o soul muisic in the 1960s.[14] Thair debut single "A Fool in Love" crossed ower tae the pop chairts in 1960. Thay earnt a Grammy nomination fur thair sang "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" in 1962.[15] Alang wi the Kings of Rhythm an the Ikettes, thay toured the Chitlin' Circuit as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[16]


Writer Peter Guralnick is amang thaim tae identify Solomon Burke as a key feegur in the emergence o soul muisic, an Atlantic Records as the key record label. Burke's early 1960s sangs, includin "Cry to Me", "Just Out of Reach (of My Two Open Arms)" an "Down in the Valley" are considered clessics o the genre. Guralnick wrate:

Soul stairtit, in a sense, wi the 1961 success o Solomon Burke's "Just Out of Reach". Ray Charles, o coorse, haed awready enjoyed enormous success (on Atlantic an aa), as haed James Brown an Sam Cooke — maistly in a pop vein. Ilk o thir sangsters, thou, coud be leukit upon as an isolatit phenomenon; it wis anly wi the comin thegither o Burke an Atlantic Records that ye coud begin tae see onything even resemblin a muivement.

Aretha Franklin is widely kent as the "Queen o Soul".

Ben E. King achieved success in 1961 wi "Stand by Me" an aa, a sang directly based on a gospel hymn. Bi the mid-1960s, the initial successes o Burke, King, an ithers haed been surpassed bi new soul sangsters, includin Stax airtists sic as Otis Redding an Wilson Pickett, wha mainly recordit in Memphis, Tennessee, an Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Accordin tae Jon Landau:

Atween 1962 an 1964 Redding recordit a series o soul ballads chairacterised bi unabashedly sentimental leerics uisually beggin forgieness or askin a lassfreend tae come hame... He suin becam kent as "Mr. Pitiful" an earnt a reputation as the leadin performer ofsoul ballads.

The maist important female soul sangster tae emerge wis Aretha Franklin, oreeginally a gospel sangster wha begoud tae mak secular recordins in 1960 but whase career wis later revitalisit bi her recordins fur Atlantic. Her 1967 recordins, sic as "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)", "Respect" (written an oreeginally recordit bi Otis Redding), an "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" (written bi Chips Moman an Dan Penn), wis signeeficant an commercially successfu recordins.[17]

Soul muisic dominatit the U.S. African-American muisic chairts in the 1960s, an mony recordins crossed ower intae the pop chairts in the U.S. Otis Redding wis a huge success at the Monterey Internaitional Pop Fest in 1967. The genre becam heichly popular in the UK an aa, whaur mony leadin acks toured in the late 1960s. "Soul" becam an umberellae term fur an increasingly wide variety o R&B-based muisic styles – frae the dance an pop-orientit acks at Motown Records in Detroit, sic as the Temptations, Marvin Gaye an Stevie Wonder, tae "deep soul" performers sic as Percy Sledge an James Carr.[18][19][20] Different regions an ceeties athin the U.S., includin New York Ceety, Detroit, Chicago, Memphis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, an Muscle Shoals, Alabama (the hame o FAME Studios an Muscle Shoals Sound Studios) becam notit fur different subgenres o the muisic an recordin styles.[9][21]

Bi 1968, whiles at its peak o popularity, soul begoud tae fragment intae different subgenres. Airtists sic as James Brown an Sly and the Family Stone evolvit intae funk muisic, whiles ither sangsters sic as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield an Al Green developit slicker, mair sophisticatit an in some cases mair poleetically conscious varieties o the genre. Houiver, soul muisic continued tae evolve, informin maist subsequent forms o R&B frae the 1970s-onwaird, wi pockets o muisickers continuin tae perform in tradeetional soul style.[9]

1970s an 1980s

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Marvin Gaye shiftit tae a socially conscious soond wi his 1971 hit "What's Going On".

Mitchell's Hi Records continued in the Stax tradeetion o the previous decade, lowsin a string o hits bi Green, Ann Peebles, Otis Clay, O. V. Wright an Syl Johnson.[22] Bobby Womack, wha recordit wi Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued tae produce soul recordins in the 1970s an 1980s.[23][24]

In Detroit, producer Don Davis wirkit wi Stax airtists sic as Johnnie Taylor an the Dramatics.[25] Early 1970s recordins bi the Detroit Emeralds, sic as Do Me Right, are a link atween soul an the later disco style.[26] Motown Records airtists sic as Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder an Smokey Robinson contreibutit tae the evolution o soul muisic, awthou thair recordins wis considered mair in a pop muisic vein nor thaim o Redding, Franklin an Carr.[18] Awthou stylistically different frae clessic soul muisic, recordins bi Chicago-based airtists are aften considered pairt o the genre.[27]

Bi the early 1970s, soul muisic haed been influenced bi psychedelic rock an ither genres.[28] Airtists lik James Brown led soul towards funk muisic, that becam teepifee'd bi 1970s baunds lik Parliament-Funkadelic an the Meters.[29] Mair versatile groups sic as War, the Commodores, an Earth, Wind and Fire becam popular aroond this time.[30] Durin the 1970s, some slick an commercial blue-eyed soul acks lik Philadelphia's Hall & Oates an Oakland's Tower of Power achieved mainstream success, as did a new generation o street-corner harmony or "ceety-soul" groups sic as the Delfonics an the historically black Howard Varsity's Unifics.[31][32]

The syndicatit muisic/dance variety telly series Soul Train, hostit bi Chicago hamespun Don Cornelius, debuted in 1971.[33] The programme providit an ootlet fur soul muisic fur seevral decades, forby spawnin a franchise that saw the creation o a record label (Soul Train Records) that distributit muisic bi the Whispers, Carrie Lucas, an an up-an-comin group kent as Shalamar.[34] Mony disputes led tae Cornelius spinnin aff the record label tae his talent beuker, Dick Griffey, wha transformit the label intae Solar Records, itsel a prominent soul muisic label throuoot the 1980s.[34] The TV series continued tae air till 2006, awthou ither predominantly African-American muisic genres sic as hip-hop begoud owershadaein soul on the programme beginnin in the 1980s.[35]

Beyond

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As disco an funk muisickers haed hits in the late 1970s an early 1980s, soul wint in the direction o quiet storm. Wi its relaxed tempos an saft melodies, quiet storm soul teuk influences frae fusion an adult contemporary. Some funk baunds, sic as EW&F, the Commodores an Con Funk Shun wad hae a few quiet storm tracks on thair albums. Amang the maist successfu acks in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, Peabo Bryson, Chaka Khan, an Larry Graham.

Efter the decline o disco an funk in the early 1980s, soul muisic becam influenced bi electro muisic. It becam less raw an mair slickly produced, resultin in a style that is kent as contemporary R&B, that soondit gey different frae the oreeginal rhythm an blues style. The Unitit States saw the development o neo-soul aroond 1994.

Weel-kent labels an producers

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Motown Records

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Levi Stubbs singin lead wi the Four Tops in 1966.

Berry Gordy's successfu Tamla/Motown group o labels wis weel-kent fur bein African American awned, unlik maist o the earlier independent R&B labels. Weel-kent airtists unner this label wur Gladys Knight & the Pips, the Supremes, the Temptations, the Miracles, the Four Tops, the Marvelettes, Mary Wells, Jr. Walker & the All-Stars, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Tammi Terrell, Martha and the Vandellas, an the Jackson 5.

Hits wis makkit uisin a quasi-industrial "assemmly line" approach. The producers an sangwriters brocht airtistic sensitivity tae the three-meenit tunes. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier an Eddie Holland wur rarely oot o the chairts fur thair wirk as sangwriters an record producers fur the Supremes, the Four Tops an Martha and the Vandellas. Thay alloued important elements tae shine throu the dense muisical textur. The rhythm wis emphasised bi haundclaps or tambourine. Smokey Robinson wis anither writer an record producer wha eikit leerics tae "The Tracks of My Tears" bi his group the Miracles, that wis ane o the maist important sangs o the decade.

Stax Records an Atlantic Records

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Stax Records an Atlantic Records wis independent labels that produced heich-quality dance records featurin mony weel-kent sangsters o the day. Thay tendit tae hae smawer ensembles markit bi expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Bress an saxophones wis uised extensively an aa. Stax Records, foondit bi siblins Estelle an James Stewart, wis the seicont maist successfu record label ahint Motown Records. Thay wis reponsible fur lowsin hits bi Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, the Staple Singers, an mony mair. Ahmet Ertegun, wha haed anticipatit bein a diplomat till 1944 whan his faither dee'd, foondit Atlantic Records in 1947 wi his freend Herb Abramson. Ertegun wrate mony sangs fur Ray Charles an the Clovers. He even sang backup vocals fur his airtist Big Joe Turner on the sang "Shake, Rattle and Roll".

Subgenres

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Detroit (Motown)

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Dominatit bi Berry Gordy's Motown Records empire, Detroit's soul is strangly rhythmic an influenced bi gospel muisic. The Motown soond aften includes haund clappin, a pouerfu bassline, strings, bress an vibraphone. Motown Records' hoose baund wis the Funk Brothers. AllMusic cites Motown as the pioneerin label o pop-soul, a style o soul muisic wi raw vocals, but polisht production an toned-doun subjeck maiter intendit fur pop radio an crossower success.[36] Airtists o this style includit Diana Ross, the Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, an Billy Preston.[36] Popular durin the 1960s, the style becam glossier durin the 1970s an led tae disco.[36] In the late 2000s, the style wis reveesitit bi contemporary soul sangsters sic as Amy Winehouse,[37] Raphael Saadiq (speceefically his 2008 album The Way I See It) an Solange Knowles (her 2008 album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams).

Deep an Soothren

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Soul sangster Otis Redding wis kent tae be an electrifyin stage presence.

The terms "deep soul" an "Soothren soul" generally refer tae a drivin, energetic soul style combinin R&B's energy wi pulsatin soothren Unitit States gospel muisic soonds. Memphis, Tennessee, label Stax Records nurtured a distinctive soond, that includit pittin vocals further back in the mix nor maist contemporary R&B records, uisin vibrant horn pairts in place o backgrund vocals, an a focus on the low end o the frequency spectrum. The vast feck o Stax lowses wis backit bi hoose baunds Booker T. & the M.G.'s (wi Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Duck Dunn, an Al Jackson) an the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section o the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson an saxophonist Andrew Love).

Memphis

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Memphis soul is a shimmerin, sultry style o soul muisic produced in the 1960s an 1970s at Stax Records an Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee. It featurt melancholic an melodic horns, Hammond organ, bass, an drums, as heard in recordins bi Hi's Al Green an Stax's Booker T. & the M.G.'s. The latter group whiles pleyed in the haurder-edgit Soothren soul style an aa. The Hi Records hoose baund (Hi Rhythm Section) an producer Willie Mitchell developit a surgin soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordins. Some Stax recordins fit intae this style but haed thair awn unique soond.

New Orleans

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The New Orleans soul scene directly cam oot o the rhythm an blues era, whan sic airtists as Little Richard, Fats Domino, an Huey "Piano" Smith makkit a huge impact on the pop an R&B chairts an a huge direct influence on the birth o funk muisic. The principal airchitect o Crescent Ceety's soul wis sangwriter, arranger, an producer Allen Toussaint. He wirkit wi sic airtists as Irma Thomas ("the Soul Queen o New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, Chris Kenner, Benny Spellman, an Ernie K-Doe on the Minit/Instant label complex tae produce a distinctive New Orleans soul soond that generatit a passel o naitional hits. Ither weel-kent New Orleans hits cam frae Robert Parker, Betty Harris, an Aaron Neville. Whiles record labels in New Orleans lairgely disappeart bi the mid-1960s, producers in the ceety continued tae record New Orleans soul airtists fur ither mainly New York Ceety an Los Angeles–based record labels—merkitly Lee Dorsey fur New York-based Amy Records an the Meters fur New York–based Josie Records an then LA-based Reprise Records.

Chicago

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Chicago soul generally haed a licht gospel-influenced soond, but the lairge nummer o record labels based in the ceety tendit tae produce a mair diverse soond nor ither ceeties. Vee Jay Records, that lastit till 1966, produced recordins bi Jerry Butler, Betty Everett, Dee Clark, an Gene Chandler. Chess Records, mainly a blues an rock an roll label, produced seevral major soul airtists, includin the Dells an Billy Stewart. Curtis Mayfield nae anly scored mony hits wi his group, the Impressions, but wrate mony hit sangs fur Chicago airtists an produced hits on his awn labels fur the Fascinations, Major Lance, an the Five Stairsteps.

Philadelphia

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Based maistly in the Philadelphia International record label, Philadelphia soul (or Philly soul) haed lush string an horn arreengements an doo-wop-inspirt vocals. Thom Bell, an Kenneth Gamble & Leon Huff are considered the foonders o Philadelphia soul, that produced hits fur Patti LaBelle, the O'Jays, the Intruders, the Three Degrees, the Delfonics, the Stylistics, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, an the Spinners.

Progressive

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Isaac Hayes performin in 1973

Bi the 1970s, African-American popular muisickers haed drawn frae the conceptual album-orientit approach o the then-burgeonin progressive rock development. This progressive-soul development inspirt a newfoond sophisticatit muisicality an ambitious leericism in black pop. Amang thir muisickers wur Sly Stone, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Curtis Mayfield, an George Clinton. In colloguin the progressive soul o the 1970s, Martin cites this period's albums frae Wonder (Talking Book, Innervisions, Songs in the Key of Life), War (All Day Music, The World Is a Ghetto, War Live), an the Isley Brothers (3 + 3). Isaac Hayes's 1969 recordin o "Walk On By" is considered a "clessic" o prog-soul, accordin tae City Pages jurnalist Jay Boller.[38] Later prog-soul muisic includes recordins bi Prince,[39] Peter Gabriel, Meshell Ndegeocello, Joi,[40] Bilal, Dwele, Anthony David,[41] Janelle Monáe,[42] an the Soulquarians, an experimental black-muisic collective active durin the late 1990s an early 2000s.[43]

Psychedelic

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Psychedelic soul, whiles kent as "black rock", wis a blend o psychedelic rock an soul muisic in the late 1960s, that pavit the wey fur the mainstream emergence o funk muisic a few years later. Early pioneers o this subgenre o soul muisic include Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Norman Whitfield, an Isaac Hayes.[44] Whiles psychedelic rock begoud its decline, the influence o psychedelic soul continued on an remeened prevalent throu the 1970s.

Breetish

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Adele performin in 2016

In the early 1960s, smaw soul scenes begoud poppin up athort the UK. Liverpuil in pairticulair haed an established black commonty frae whilk airtists sic as Chants an Steve Aldo emergit an gae on tae record athin the Breetish muisic industrie. As a result, mony recordins wis commercially lowsed bi Breetish soul acks durin the 1960s that wis unable tae connect wi the mainstream mercat. Nivertheless, soul haes been a major influence on Breetish popular muisic syne the 1960s includin baunds o the Breetish Invasion, maist signeeficantly the Beatles. Thare wis a haundfu o signeeficant Breetish blue-eyed soul acks, includin Dusty Springfield an Tom Jones. In the 1970s Carl Douglas, the Real Thing an Delegation[45] haed hits in the UK. American soul wis extremely popular amang some youth sub-culturs lik the mod, Northren soul an modren soul muivements, but a clear genre o Breetish soul did nae emerge till the 1980s whan seevral airtists includin George Michael, Sade, Simply Red, Lisa Stansfield an Soul II Soul enjoyed commercial success. The popularity o Breetish soul airtists in the U.S., maist merkitly Amy Winehouse, Adele, Estelle, Duffy, Joss Stone an Leona Lewis, led tae tauk o a "Thrid Breetish Invasion" or "Breetish Soul Invasion" in the 2000s an 2010s.

Neo

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Neo soul is a blend o 1970s soul-style vocals an instrumentation wi contemporar R&B soonds, hip-hop beats, an poetic interludes. The style wis developit in the early tae mid-1990s, an the term wis coined in the early 1990s bi producer an record label executive Kedar Massenburg. A key element in neo-soul is a hivy dose o Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electronic piano "pads" ower a mellae, groovin interpley atween the drums (uisually wi a rim shot snar soond) an a muitit, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano soond gies the muisic a wairm, organic chairacter.

Weel-kent airtists include Jill Scott, Lauryn Hill, Aloe Blacc an Erykah Badu. Newer airtists lik H.E.R. an SZA are influenced bi neo soul an aa.

Northren

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Northren soul is a muisic an dance muivement that emergit in the late 1960s oot o the Breetish mod subcultur in Northren Ingland an the Inglis Midlaunds, based on a pairticulair style o soul muisic wi a hivy beat an fast tempo. The phrase northern soul wis coined bi a jurnalist Dave Godin an popularised throu his column in Blues and Soul magazine. The rare soul records wis pleyed bi DJs at nichtclubs, an includit obscur 1960s an early 1970s American recordins wi an uptempo beat, sic as thaim on Motown an smawer labels, nae necessarily frae the Northren Unitit States.

Nu jazz an ither influenced electronica

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Mony airtists in mony genres o electronic muisic (sic as hoose, drum an bass, UK gairage, an dountempo) are hivily influenced bi soul, an hae produced mony soul-inspirt composeetions.

See an aw

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References

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  1. ↑ Fontenot, Robert (24 Februar 2019). "What Is Swamp Rock? A look at this Southern mix of country, funk, and soul". Liveabout. Archived frae the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
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  3. 1 2 "Soul music | Definition, Songs, Artists, & Facts". Britannica (in Inglis). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
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  5. ↑ Mojapelo, Max (2008). Beyond Memory: Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music (in Inglis). African Minds. ISBN 978-1-920299-28-6.
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  8. 1 2 Maycock, James (29 October 2003). "James Brown: Soul Survivor". PBS (in Inglis). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 "About Soul". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
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  11. ↑ "Little Richard — Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
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  13. ↑ "James Brown | Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts". Britannica (in Inglis). 29 Julie 2026. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  14. ↑ Peacock, Tom (25 Februar 1963). "Ike and Tina to Give with 'Soul Music'". The Province. p. 2. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  15. ↑ "Ike & Tina Turner | Artist | GRAMMY.com". www.grammy.com (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  16. ↑ Jeffries, Fran. "Chitlin' Circuit: Black performers' soulful showcase during segregation". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  17. ↑ Dobkin, Matt (2004). I Never Loved a Man the Way I Loved You: Aretha Franklin, Respect, and the Making of a Soul Music Masterpiece. New York : St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-31828-4.
  18. 1 2 "Motown: The Sound that Changed America". Motown Museum (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  19. ↑ "Percy Sledge: Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  20. ↑ "James Carr: Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  21. ↑ Brown, Mick. "Deep Soul". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  22. ↑ Lisle, Andria (25 Juin 2014). "Hi Records producer Willie Mitchell set the tone for polished Memphis soul". Wax Poetics (in Inglis). Archived frae the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Hurt, Edd (17 August 2012). "Chips Moman: The Cream Interview". Nashville Scene (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  24. ↑ "Remembering Chips Moman". Graceland: The Home od Elvis Presley (in Inglis). 14 Juin 2016. Archived frae the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  25. ↑ "Don Davis: Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  26. ↑ "The Detroit Emeralds". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  27. ↑ "Chicago Soul". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  28. ↑ "Psychedelic Soul". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  29. ↑ "The Meters:Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  30. ↑ "War: Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  31. ↑ "Daryl Hall & John Oates: Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  32. ↑ "Tower of Power: Artist Biography". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  33. ↑ Chideya, Farai (30 November 2013). "Soul Train and Pain: New Book Explores The Legacy of Don Cornelius' Empire". The Huffington Post (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  34. 1 2 "It all Started with Soul Train". Soul Train Cruise (in Inglis). 12 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  35. ↑ ""Soul Train" creator Don Cornelius commits suicide". Reuters (in Inglis). Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  36. 1 2 3 "Pop-Soul". AllMusic (in Inglis). Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  37. ↑ Hermes, Will (30 October 2008). "Raphael Saadiq: The Way I See It". Rolling Stone. Archived frae the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  38. ↑ Boller, Jay (30 November 2016). "The week's 29 best concerts: Nov. 30-Dec. 6". City Pages. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  39. ↑ Himes, Geoffrey (12 October 2001). "Bilal '1st Born Second'". The Washington Post (in Inglis). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  40. ↑ Green, Tony (Mairch 2002). "Joi: Star Kity's Revenge (Universal)". Spin. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  41. ↑ Lindsey, Craig D (25 Februar 2013). "Bilal's New A Love Surreal Was Inspired By Salvador Dali". The Village Voice. Archived frae the original on 4 Apryle 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  42. ↑ Kot, Greg (27 Apryle 2018). "Janelle Monae comes back down to earth on 'Dirty Computer'". Chicago Tribune (in Inglis). Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  43. ↑ Cochrane, Naima (26 Mairch 2020). "2000: A Soul Odyssey". Billboard (in Inglis). Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  44. ↑ "Psychedelic Soul" (in Inglis). Archived frae the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2026.
  45. ↑ "Disco Savvy: The Complete Disco Guide to Delegation - disco and funk". Discosavvy.com. Retrieved 10 August 2026.

Bibliography

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  • Adams, Michael (2008). Review o Atlantic Records: The House That Ahmet Built, bi Susan Steinberg. Notes 65 (1), pgs. 157-158.
  • Cummings, Tony (1975). The Sound of Philadelphia. Lunnon: Eyre Methuen.
  • Escott, Colin. (1995). Liner notes fur The Essential James Carr. Razor an Tie Records.
  • Gillett, Charlie (1974). Making Tracks. New York: E. P. Dutton.
  • Guralnick, Peter (1986). Sweet Soul Music. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Hannusch, Jeff (1985). I Hear You Knockin': The Sound of New Orleans Rhythm and Blues. Ville Platte, LA: Swallow Publications. ISBN 0-9614245-0-8.
  • Hoard, Christian; Brackett, Nathan, eds. (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743201698.
  • Hoskyns, Barney (1987). Say it One More Time for the Broken Hearted. Glesga: Fontana/Collins.
  • Jackson, John A. (2004). A House on Fire: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul. New York: Oxford Varsity Press. ISBN 0-19-514972-6.
  • Martin, Bill (1998), Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock, Chicago: Open Court, ISBN 0-8126-9368-X
  • Miller, Jim (editor) (1976). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. New York: Rolling Stone Press/Random House. ISBN 0-394-73238-3. Chapter on "Soul," bi Guralnick, Peter, pp. 194–197.
  • Pareles, Jon. 2004. Estelle Stewart Axton, 85, A Foonder o Stax Records. New York Times. 27 Februar 2004, Section A, Page 25.
  • Pruter, Robert (1991). Chicago Soul: Making Black Music Chicago-Style. Urbana, Illinois: Varsity o Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01676-9.
  • Pruter, Robert, editor (1993). Blackwell Guide to Soul Recordings. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. ISBN 0-631-18595-X.
  • Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Alfred Music. 19 Juin 2008. ISBN 978-0739075784.
  • Walker, Don (1985). The Motown Story. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
  • Winterson, Julia, Nickol, Peter, Bricheno, Toby (2003). Pop Music: The Text Book, Edition Peters. ISBN 1-84367-007-0.

Further readin

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  • Garland, Phyl (1969). The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p. 300 p. + [32] p. o b & w photaes.
  • Cole, Laurence (2010). Deep Soul Ballads: From Sam Cooke to Stevie Wonder. Libri Publishing. ISBN 9781907471087
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