European journal of analytic philosophy, Jun 1, 2024
The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of ... more The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of individuals over all possible worlds within Transparent Intensional Logic. These arguments, proposed by Tichý, enjoy widespread acceptance among researchers working within the system. However, upon closer examination, this paper demonstrates several weaknesses in the argumentation, suggesting that there is an open possibility to incorporate a variable universe of individuals even in models within this system.
The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of ... more The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of individuals over all possible worlds within Transparent Intensional Logic. These arguments, proposed by Tichý, enjoy widespread acceptance among researchers working within the system. However, upon closer examination, this paper demonstrates several weaknesses in the argumentation, suggesting that there is an open possibility to incorporate a variable universe of individuals even in models within this system.
This paper investigates an ingenious argument by Andrew Khoury which, if valid, could shed new li... more This paper investigates an ingenious argument by Andrew Khoury which, if valid, could shed new light on some of the most relevant discussions within the field of moral philosophy. The argument is based on the idea that if we deny the phenomenon of resultant moral luck, then the proper objects of moral responsibility must be internal willings. I analyse the argument and find it unsound. The argument does not adequately account for the positions of all relevant moral actors when it comes to the moral evaluation of agents and their actions.
In this short paper, I focus on several properties of so-called Hybrid View of Fictional Characte... more In this short paper, I focus on several properties of so-called Hybrid View of Fictional Characters. First, I present the theory to detail needed for the discussion I am to put forward. Then I present several remarks on the consequences of the theory, mainly the problem of identifying of fictional characters and the problem of modal properties of sentences containing fictional names.
In a recent issue of this journal, Daniela Glavaničová presented her theory of fictional names (s... more In a recent issue of this journal, Daniela Glavaničová presented her theory of fictional names (see Glavaničová 2017, 396-402). As a part of the project within the field of philosophical analysis of fictional discourse (see at least Haraldsen 2017, Vacek 2017, Zouhar 2017 and Zvolenszky 2015), Glavaničová provided an analysis of fictional names based on the idea of fictional names modelled by necessarily empty individual roles. I limit my discussion of the proposal to the system of Transparent Intensional Logic (henceforth TIL),2 since Glavaničová states: “The paper examines two possible analyses of fictional names within Pavel Tichý’s Transparent Intensional Logic” (Glavaničová 2017, 384). Before that, though, I will sketch her proposal first. First, the proposal is based on the notion of an individual role.3 The notion is framed within the system of TIL according to which an individual role is a model for a position (e.g. office like the president of USA) an in-
This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The r... more This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The received view consists of three tenets: the unity of poetic form and poetic content; the impossibility of paraphrasing and translating poetry; and the hyperintensionality of poetry. We will explore the same detour via direct quotation that has been used by proponents of the received view. We will argue that the hyperintensionality and unity of quotation do not guarantee its untranslatability, and thus that the inference of untranslatability from hyperintensionality and unity is not universally valid. As a consequence, the claim that poetry cannot be translated is left without much support, since it relies on the same kind of inference. However, this does not mean that poetry is translatable; it means only that if it is not translatable, this is due to something other than the combination of hyperintensionality and unity.
This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investi... more This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investigate the consequences of (im)possible worlds–based theories of truth in fiction for the truth, in fiction, of (explicit) modal sentences. I elaborate on the consequences of explicit reliable (modal) sentences within the truth-in-fiction operators if we embed the normal modal logics. I prove that the current main possible worlds theories of truth-in-fiction make explicit reliable sentences within fiction truth-value equivalent to their possibility. This has non-intuitive consequences if we employ normal modal logics. These consequences are shown to be contradictory. The main argument of the paper thus concerns the inconsistency of embedding the systems of normal modal logics within the truth-in-fiction operators provided in the discussion.
In this paper, I present, generalize and develop the extensionalist theory of rigidity for genera... more In this paper, I present, generalize and develop the extensionalist theory of rigidity for general terms in light of criteria commonly applied to theories of general term rigidity. According to the theory, a general term is rigid if its extension is constant across all possible worlds. This position has been widely dismissed because it conflicts with the seemingly straightforward idea that natural kind terms have varying extensions from world to world. This criticism holds only to the extent that natural kind terms are indeed rigid. If it turns out that we need not view them as rigid, then the extensionalist theory fares well when compared with other theoretical requirements.
I present an analysis according to which the current state of the definition of substitution lead... more I present an analysis according to which the current state of the definition of substitution leads to a contradiction in the system of Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). I entail the contradiction using only the basic definitions of TIL and standard results. I then analyse the roots of the contradiction and motivate the path I take in resolving the contradiction. I provide a new amended definition of collision-less substitution which blocks the contradiction in a non-ad hoc way. I elaborate on the consequences of the amended definition, namely the invalidity of the Church-Rosser theorem (the so-called diamond property). I present a counterexample to the validity of the theorem in TIL with an amended definition of substitution.
This paper deals with generalisations of modally based criteria for determining whether a given p... more This paper deals with generalisations of modally based criteria for determining whether a given property is essential to an individual to the case of generic essences. These criteria usually presuppose extensionally individuated properties. The limitations of their generalisations are demonstrated using the case of the necessarily empty individual property and the necessarily empty individual office. I do not present a novel stance on the discussion of individual essences. The novelty of this paper lies in its claim that none of these criteria can be generalised to generic essences.
In this paper, I investigate type theories (TTs) from several perspectives. First, I present and ... more In this paper, I investigate type theories (TTs) from several perspectives. First, I present and elaborate the philosophical and technical motivations for these theories. I then offer a formal analysis of various TTs, focusing on the cardinality of the set of types contained in each. I argue that these TTs can be divided into four formal categories, which are derived from the cardinality of the set of their basic elementary types and the finiteness of the lengths of their molecular types. The paper provides proofs of the cardinality of the universe of types for each of the specified theories.
This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty... more This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty and empty proper names. According to the theory, proper names have simple assignable hyperintensions as their content. This content provides the referent (if there is one) for which the proper name stands. The paper further describes the role of the proposed content of (empty) proper names within the compositional semantics of problematic sentences. I stress the difference between the content of a sentence (i.e. its hyperintension) and the proposition (i.e. a mapping from possible worlds to truth values) denoted by that sentence.
This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conver... more This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conversions that are standardly taken to be valid – namely restricted β-conversion by name and β-reduction by value – are shown to be invalid. The core principle on which their validity is based – the so-called Compensation Principle – is also shown to be invalid. Further, the paper demonstrates the flaws of the proof of the Compensation Principle.
This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The r... more This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The received view consists of three tenets: the unity of poetic form and poetic content; the impossibility of paraphrasing and translating poetry; and the hyperintensionality of poetry. We will explore the same detour via direct quotation that has been used by proponents of the received view. We will argue that the hyperintensionality and unity of quotation do not guarantee its untranslatability, and thus that the inference of untranslatability from hyperintensionality and unity is not universally valid. As a consequence, the claim that poetry cannot be translated is left without much support, since it relies on the same kind of inference. However, this does not mean that poetry is translatable; it means only that if it is not translatable, this is due to something other than the combination of hyperintensionality and unity.
This paper proposes a non-trivial definition of the notion of analytic method. Working within the... more This paper proposes a non-trivial definition of the notion of analytic method. Working within the so-called instructional model of method, I distinguish three kinds of instructions which occur in methods: selective, executive, and declarative instructions. I discuss the relation between each of these and the analyticity of a method. Then I define the notions of an analytic use of an instruction and of an analytic instruction, which are at the basis of the proposed definition of an analytic method. Finally, I discuss the issue of circularity in the presented model which arises if we consider a finite agent testing a method for analyticity.
The goal of this paper is to examine the conditions of validity for the rule of β-conversion in T... more The goal of this paper is to examine the conditions of validity for the rule of β-conversion in TIL, which is a hyperintensional, typed λ-calculus of partial functions. The rule of β-reduction is a fundamental computational rule of the λ-calculi and functional programming languages. However, it is a well-known fact that the specification of this rule is ambiguous (see, e.g., Plotkin 1975 or Chang & Felleisen 2012). There are two procedurally non-equivalent ways of executing the rule, namely β-conversion ‘by name’ and β-conversion ‘by value’. In the λ-calculi conversion by name is usually applied, though it is known that such a conversion is not unconditionally valid when partial functions are involved. If a procedure that is typed to produce an argument value is improper by failing to produce one, conversion by name cannot be validly applied. On the other hand, conversion by value is valid even in the case of improperness. Moreover, we show that in a typed λ-calculus the specificati...
This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conver... more This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conversions that are standardly taken to be valid – namely restricted β-conversion by name and β-reduction by value – are shown to be invalid. The core principle on which their validity is based – the so-called Compensation Principle – is also shown to be invalid. Further, the paper demonstrates the flaws of the proof of the Compensation Principle.
This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investi... more This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investigate the consequences of (im)possible worlds–based theories of truth in fiction for the truth, in fiction, of (explicit) modal sentences. I elaborate on the consequences of explicit reliable (modal) sentences within the truth-in-fiction operators if we embed the normal modal logics. I prove that the current main possible worlds theories of truth-in-fiction make explicit reliable sentences within fiction truth-value equivalent to their possibility. This has non-intuitive consequences if we employ normal modal logics. These consequences are shown to be contradictory. The main argument of the paper thus concerns the inconsistency of embedding the systems of normal modal logics within the truth-in-fiction operators provided in the discussion.
European journal of analytic philosophy, Jun 1, 2024
The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of ... more The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of individuals over all possible worlds within Transparent Intensional Logic. These arguments, proposed by Tichý, enjoy widespread acceptance among researchers working within the system. However, upon closer examination, this paper demonstrates several weaknesses in the argumentation, suggesting that there is an open possibility to incorporate a variable universe of individuals even in models within this system.
The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of ... more The paper analyses the validity of arguments supporting the assumption of a constant universe of individuals over all possible worlds within Transparent Intensional Logic. These arguments, proposed by Tichý, enjoy widespread acceptance among researchers working within the system. However, upon closer examination, this paper demonstrates several weaknesses in the argumentation, suggesting that there is an open possibility to incorporate a variable universe of individuals even in models within this system.
This paper investigates an ingenious argument by Andrew Khoury which, if valid, could shed new li... more This paper investigates an ingenious argument by Andrew Khoury which, if valid, could shed new light on some of the most relevant discussions within the field of moral philosophy. The argument is based on the idea that if we deny the phenomenon of resultant moral luck, then the proper objects of moral responsibility must be internal willings. I analyse the argument and find it unsound. The argument does not adequately account for the positions of all relevant moral actors when it comes to the moral evaluation of agents and their actions.
In this short paper, I focus on several properties of so-called Hybrid View of Fictional Characte... more In this short paper, I focus on several properties of so-called Hybrid View of Fictional Characters. First, I present the theory to detail needed for the discussion I am to put forward. Then I present several remarks on the consequences of the theory, mainly the problem of identifying of fictional characters and the problem of modal properties of sentences containing fictional names.
In a recent issue of this journal, Daniela Glavaničová presented her theory of fictional names (s... more In a recent issue of this journal, Daniela Glavaničová presented her theory of fictional names (see Glavaničová 2017, 396-402). As a part of the project within the field of philosophical analysis of fictional discourse (see at least Haraldsen 2017, Vacek 2017, Zouhar 2017 and Zvolenszky 2015), Glavaničová provided an analysis of fictional names based on the idea of fictional names modelled by necessarily empty individual roles. I limit my discussion of the proposal to the system of Transparent Intensional Logic (henceforth TIL),2 since Glavaničová states: “The paper examines two possible analyses of fictional names within Pavel Tichý’s Transparent Intensional Logic” (Glavaničová 2017, 384). Before that, though, I will sketch her proposal first. First, the proposal is based on the notion of an individual role.3 The notion is framed within the system of TIL according to which an individual role is a model for a position (e.g. office like the president of USA) an in-
This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The r... more This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The received view consists of three tenets: the unity of poetic form and poetic content; the impossibility of paraphrasing and translating poetry; and the hyperintensionality of poetry. We will explore the same detour via direct quotation that has been used by proponents of the received view. We will argue that the hyperintensionality and unity of quotation do not guarantee its untranslatability, and thus that the inference of untranslatability from hyperintensionality and unity is not universally valid. As a consequence, the claim that poetry cannot be translated is left without much support, since it relies on the same kind of inference. However, this does not mean that poetry is translatable; it means only that if it is not translatable, this is due to something other than the combination of hyperintensionality and unity.
This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investi... more This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investigate the consequences of (im)possible worlds–based theories of truth in fiction for the truth, in fiction, of (explicit) modal sentences. I elaborate on the consequences of explicit reliable (modal) sentences within the truth-in-fiction operators if we embed the normal modal logics. I prove that the current main possible worlds theories of truth-in-fiction make explicit reliable sentences within fiction truth-value equivalent to their possibility. This has non-intuitive consequences if we employ normal modal logics. These consequences are shown to be contradictory. The main argument of the paper thus concerns the inconsistency of embedding the systems of normal modal logics within the truth-in-fiction operators provided in the discussion.
In this paper, I present, generalize and develop the extensionalist theory of rigidity for genera... more In this paper, I present, generalize and develop the extensionalist theory of rigidity for general terms in light of criteria commonly applied to theories of general term rigidity. According to the theory, a general term is rigid if its extension is constant across all possible worlds. This position has been widely dismissed because it conflicts with the seemingly straightforward idea that natural kind terms have varying extensions from world to world. This criticism holds only to the extent that natural kind terms are indeed rigid. If it turns out that we need not view them as rigid, then the extensionalist theory fares well when compared with other theoretical requirements.
I present an analysis according to which the current state of the definition of substitution lead... more I present an analysis according to which the current state of the definition of substitution leads to a contradiction in the system of Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). I entail the contradiction using only the basic definitions of TIL and standard results. I then analyse the roots of the contradiction and motivate the path I take in resolving the contradiction. I provide a new amended definition of collision-less substitution which blocks the contradiction in a non-ad hoc way. I elaborate on the consequences of the amended definition, namely the invalidity of the Church-Rosser theorem (the so-called diamond property). I present a counterexample to the validity of the theorem in TIL with an amended definition of substitution.
This paper deals with generalisations of modally based criteria for determining whether a given p... more This paper deals with generalisations of modally based criteria for determining whether a given property is essential to an individual to the case of generic essences. These criteria usually presuppose extensionally individuated properties. The limitations of their generalisations are demonstrated using the case of the necessarily empty individual property and the necessarily empty individual office. I do not present a novel stance on the discussion of individual essences. The novelty of this paper lies in its claim that none of these criteria can be generalised to generic essences.
In this paper, I investigate type theories (TTs) from several perspectives. First, I present and ... more In this paper, I investigate type theories (TTs) from several perspectives. First, I present and elaborate the philosophical and technical motivations for these theories. I then offer a formal analysis of various TTs, focusing on the cardinality of the set of types contained in each. I argue that these TTs can be divided into four formal categories, which are derived from the cardinality of the set of their basic elementary types and the finiteness of the lengths of their molecular types. The paper provides proofs of the cardinality of the universe of types for each of the specified theories.
This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty... more This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty and empty proper names. According to the theory, proper names have simple assignable hyperintensions as their content. This content provides the referent (if there is one) for which the proper name stands. The paper further describes the role of the proposed content of (empty) proper names within the compositional semantics of problematic sentences. I stress the difference between the content of a sentence (i.e. its hyperintension) and the proposition (i.e. a mapping from possible worlds to truth values) denoted by that sentence.
This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conver... more This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conversions that are standardly taken to be valid – namely restricted β-conversion by name and β-reduction by value – are shown to be invalid. The core principle on which their validity is based – the so-called Compensation Principle – is also shown to be invalid. Further, the paper demonstrates the flaws of the proof of the Compensation Principle.
This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The r... more This paper formulates a new argument against the received view in the philosophy of poetry. The received view consists of three tenets: the unity of poetic form and poetic content; the impossibility of paraphrasing and translating poetry; and the hyperintensionality of poetry. We will explore the same detour via direct quotation that has been used by proponents of the received view. We will argue that the hyperintensionality and unity of quotation do not guarantee its untranslatability, and thus that the inference of untranslatability from hyperintensionality and unity is not universally valid. As a consequence, the claim that poetry cannot be translated is left without much support, since it relies on the same kind of inference. However, this does not mean that poetry is translatable; it means only that if it is not translatable, this is due to something other than the combination of hyperintensionality and unity.
This paper proposes a non-trivial definition of the notion of analytic method. Working within the... more This paper proposes a non-trivial definition of the notion of analytic method. Working within the so-called instructional model of method, I distinguish three kinds of instructions which occur in methods: selective, executive, and declarative instructions. I discuss the relation between each of these and the analyticity of a method. Then I define the notions of an analytic use of an instruction and of an analytic instruction, which are at the basis of the proposed definition of an analytic method. Finally, I discuss the issue of circularity in the presented model which arises if we consider a finite agent testing a method for analyticity.
The goal of this paper is to examine the conditions of validity for the rule of β-conversion in T... more The goal of this paper is to examine the conditions of validity for the rule of β-conversion in TIL, which is a hyperintensional, typed λ-calculus of partial functions. The rule of β-reduction is a fundamental computational rule of the λ-calculi and functional programming languages. However, it is a well-known fact that the specification of this rule is ambiguous (see, e.g., Plotkin 1975 or Chang & Felleisen 2012). There are two procedurally non-equivalent ways of executing the rule, namely β-conversion ‘by name’ and β-conversion ‘by value’. In the λ-calculi conversion by name is usually applied, though it is known that such a conversion is not unconditionally valid when partial functions are involved. If a procedure that is typed to produce an argument value is improper by failing to produce one, conversion by name cannot be validly applied. On the other hand, conversion by value is valid even in the case of improperness. Moreover, we show that in a typed λ-calculus the specificati...
This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conver... more This paper presents several important results for Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL). The conversions that are standardly taken to be valid – namely restricted β-conversion by name and β-reduction by value – are shown to be invalid. The core principle on which their validity is based – the so-called Compensation Principle – is also shown to be invalid. Further, the paper demonstrates the flaws of the proof of the Compensation Principle.
This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investi... more This paper investigates the truth values of modal sentences within fictional discourse. I investigate the consequences of (im)possible worlds–based theories of truth in fiction for the truth, in fiction, of (explicit) modal sentences. I elaborate on the consequences of explicit reliable (modal) sentences within the truth-in-fiction operators if we embed the normal modal logics. I prove that the current main possible worlds theories of truth-in-fiction make explicit reliable sentences within fiction truth-value equivalent to their possibility. This has non-intuitive consequences if we employ normal modal logics. These consequences are shown to be contradictory. The main argument of the paper thus concerns the inconsistency of embedding the systems of normal modal logics within the truth-in-fiction operators provided in the discussion.
The book presents Transparent Intensional Logic in several of its latest realisations in such a w... more The book presents Transparent Intensional Logic in several of its latest realisations in such a way that it makes a case for the system and demonstrates how the theory can be applied to a wide range of cases. The work strikes a good balance between the philosophical-conceptual and the logical-formal. Transparent Logics prioritises depth over breadth and focuses on advanced formal semantics and philosophical logic, going beyond a mere introduction to the subject, but delving into the details instead.
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