HISTORY

The Portuguese were the first colonists to arrive in Kerala in 1498 and they were surprised to find a well thriving Christian community in the Malabar Coast. The Portuguese being Catholics under the Pope tried every possible means to Latinize the Syrian Christians. This they did by forcefully converting the Syrian Christians to Catholics. They introduced Catholic rituals, altered the Syrian churches, and introduced Portuguese elements in the churches. This led to the formation of a hybrid architecture for the Syrian churches of Kerala. Kanjoor is one such church in Kerala which had some Portuguese influence in it. There are many artefacts found in Kanjoor church which was once brought from Portugal which includes antique round globe lamps, lampshades, bronze painting of flowers, and altar back-drop. The Western influence in the churches in Kerala can be seen only with the arrival of Portuguese. Kanjoor still has a hybrid culture and it’s a real treasure for the present and the futur...

This paper deals with a Malayalam text named Vetikkampavidhi or 'the manual of fireworks'. It details several firework 'recipes' or gunpowder preparations as mentioned in the text. It compares these recipes with certain items and techniques in the near-contemporary and often the present-day pyrotechny. In the final part, it tries to offer an explanation for the "theatrical uses of gunpowder" in the early-modern Malabar Coast. It also carries tables presenting the gunpowder recipes prescribed in Vetikkampavidhi for its two important firework types, i.e., 'the moonlight' and 'the flowers'.

The monograph deals with the political economy of the Malabar District for a period between circa 1792 and 1857. It tries to explain how this coastal and cash-cropping economy of about 8000 square miles and 1.60 million people (in 1856-57) introduced a complex fiscal problem before the Madras Ryotwari establishment. We call this problem, 'Ryotwari Predicament', and argue that it highlights firstly, the presence in the Malabar political economy of an internalist development with regard to economic entitlement, intensification and reproduction which had resilient foundations in this region’s early modern economic history, and secondly, the inability of the English East India Company (EIC) administration, especially its policy of Ryotwari land tax and allied physiocratic politics, to encompass the course of an economic phenomenon, though manifested in a provincialized attire and grammar, was global in content and constitution.

The essay discusses an oral poem from north Malabar detailing an 18 th -century event of political conflict, manifested between a native king and a local landlord. The story of conflict centres around the idea of bhēdam or difference that the king wanted to project as the secret of his earthly right to rule. The king's opponent, the local landlord, rejects this idea and claims that they are equals, and there exists no hierarchy of relation between them. The essay explores certain features of the late 18 th century political transition along the Coast of Malabar which culminated in the Mysore and British rule, and argues that the landlord's denial of king's authority was firmly rooted in this context, and had futurist intentions. In this way, the essay also tries to present a critique of the neo-Hocartian idea of "little-kingdom" and the Proppian proposal for "pattern morphology". It indicates that the early modern Malabar presents an interesting case of 'hollowing' the crown from inside, and its oral poems-as a genre of history-document this process in modes that are deemed appropriate to their times.

Submitted by, Parvathy S M.A History SSUS, Kalady TOPIC: REPRESENTATIONS OF SOCIAL HIERARCHIES IN BUDDHIST JATHAKA STORIES The main stream understanding of early Indian history was mainly based on Brahminical texts, which manifest only the dominant voices of the society. Eventhough departures can be visible in the recent historians by using texts other than brahminical origin, the issues of caste, gender, social hierarchies and social groups are less figured or marginalized. My research paper is to argue the social hierarchies existed in the early Indian society by using the Jataka stories. The Buddhist Pali literature including the hierarchical order canonical texts and Jathaka stories, provides a different view of the social hierarchy and social life prevalent in ancient India. The Jathaka stories, the narratives stories Buddha and his Boddhisatvas deals with social groups their life and constant conflicts in the society. The position of women, lower class people, Brahmins etc aredicussed through the narratives. The hermanutic readings on the Jathakas through light on the life of many people during early Buddhism.

IJCRT1801176 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 1347 CONCEPTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF INDIAN OCEAN MIGRATION: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF HADHRAMI SAYYID DIASPORA IN MALABAR Anas Edoli Research Scholar Department of History S.S.U.S. Kalady Introduction There are different opinions among the historians on the time and space of Hadhrami migration. Historians like Ulrike Freitag opined that the Hadhrami migration started in early thirteenth century as it is evident from the writings of the Ibn Bathuta. However in the case of Malabar, Hadhrami migration is believed from eight and ninth century onwards and increased by thirteenth century. But the advance of European powers into the Indian Ocean thwarted the Hadhrami migration and stopped the Hadhrami trade activities in these regions.