Architecture engineering

This paper aims to determine spatial factors affecting the integration of informal settlements and in the light of these factors , identifying specialty of Erbil city`s informal areas in terms of integration with the surrounding planned urban fabric. This study adapt qualitative case study method to provide in-depth information about non integrated informal settlements, through the literature review these spatial factors will be determined. The result of Studying previous models revealed that the main spatial factors affect integration of informal settlements were edge commercial land use, internal markets location, pedestrian and vehicular movement patterns , syntactic characteristics of settlements layout (spatial configuration), the bordering vacant land.. The study found when applying the factors on Badawa inner-city informal settlement in Erbil city that the most important factors are edge oriented commercial land use on Peshawa Qazi Ring –road and bordering vacant lands between resident's houses and main streets surround the settlement. The study concluded that the location, size, and street network of informal settlements are determinant to the spatial factors affecting the integration of these settlements with the surrounding.

Abstract: This research investigates the effects of digital drawing tools on imagination in comparison to the conventional drawing tools within the educational frame of architectural design. The significance of this study lays in the critique on the utilization of different digital drawing tools in the educational frame, seeking to find the main effects the different types of tools have on students’ imagination. This study has taken imagination faculty as factor since the highest level of mental abilities is found in this specific faculty and design students cannot permit any obstacle in front of their imagination design capabilities. The problem upon which this study is based, beside the fact that the digital technology is a dialectic issue in the educational framework, its effects are also unknown as far as the students’ imagination capacities are concerned.
The case study involved the comparison between two groups; one group relying strongly on digital tools while the other depends merely on conventional tools, herein are students’ imagination capacities as well as drawing capabilities investigated. Also the teaching staff opinions were taken from each student group by means of a questionnaire. This study has found that there is a positive relationship between drawing and imagination capabilities. And students using conventional drawing tools merely have higher imagination capabilities score as well as drawing capabilities score according to a test and evaluation form designed specifically for this study. The majority of teaching staff found that students with higher capabilities in drawing by conventional tools encompass also higher capability in imagination.
Keywords: Architectural Design, Design Imagination, Conventional Drawing Tool, Digital Drawing tool
تأثير أدوات الرسم التقليدية والرقمية على التخيل في تعليم التصميم المعماري

ملخص البحث يهدف هذا البحث الى العثور على تأثير أدوات الرسم الرقمية على التخيل بالمقارنة مع أدوات الرسم التقليدية ضمن الإطار التعليمي. وسعت استخدامات التكنولوجيا وألادوات الرقمية بشكل خاص مجموعة من أساليب التصميم خلال العقدين الماضيين. وقد استخدم التصميم المعماري هذه التقنيات ابتداءً من مرحلة الفكرة الاولية وانتهاءً بمرحلة التنفيذ و اللمسات الأخيرة. وعلى الرغم من أن استخدام هذا التطبيق انتقد بشدة، إلا انه وفي الوقت ذاته هو مطلوب في سوق ألعمل وقد تنامت في الأوساط الأكاديمية المعمارية خلافات كبيرة حول الجوانب السلبية المتعلقة باستخدام هذه الأدوات الرقمية. من هنا جاءت أهمية هذه الدراسة آلتي تسعى الى العثور على تأثيرات الأنواع مختلفة من ألأدوات،التقليدية والرقمية،على التخيل لدى الطلبة.
وقد اتخذت هذه الدراسة عامل الخيال لانه يحتوي على أعلى مستوى من القدرات العقلية والنفسية، و هو ذو اهمية فائقة لدى طلبة القسم المعمارى. المشكلة التي تستند إليها هذه الدراسة: هى ان ظاهرة  استخدام التكنولوجيا الرقمية قضية جدلية في إلاطار التعليمي، وآثارها على قدرة التخيل لازالت مجهولة. وشملت حالة الدراسة مقارنة بين مجموعتين؛ احداهما اكثر اعتمادا على الأدوات الرقمية، في حين تعتمد الاخرى على الأدوات التقليدية فقط، ويتم هنا التحري عن قدرات التخيل لدى الطلاب وكذلك قدرات الرسم. وقد تم تصميم اختبار متخصص لتقييم قدرة التخيل والرسم لدى الطلاب وفى الوقت نفسه تم تقييم مستوى تخيل الطلاب من قبل اساتذة التصميم من خلال استمارة تقويمية (والذي تكون من مجموعتين من المؤشرات: موشرات التخيل الابداعى و موشرات التخيل التوالدي).  كما تم أخذ آراء هيئة التدريس حول كل مجموعة من الطلاب عن طريق الاستبيان.
وجدت هذه ألدراسة: ان هنالك علاقة إيجابية بين الرسم وقدرات التخيل. والطلبة الذين يستخدمون أدوات الرسم التقليدية بكثرة تكون درجة قدرات التخيل و قدرات الرسم لديهم اعلى. ووجد ايضا ان هنالك علاقة ايجابية بين التخيل الابداعى و التخيل التوالدى, كما ترى هيئة التدريس ان الطالب اللذى لديه قدرة عالية في الرسم بالأدوات التقليدية تكون لديه قدرة تخيل اعلى.

Erbil city is recognized by its historical monuments. The citadel which is believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited civilized settlements was listed on UNESCO's permanent World Heritage List (2014). A comprehensive preservation plan for the citadel was approved by the local authorities in 2006. This plan included recommendations for what was later called the Citadel's buffer zones. The buffer zone includes the traditional sectors of Erbil. Enormous efforts were done during the last decade by local authorities, UNESCO, NGOs, and local individuals. This study aims to assess and categorize preservation efforts implemented in these areas. The literature review diagnosed three main approaches for preservation that are followed in various parts of the world. These approaches can be categorized into two main approaches (dead and living heritage approaches). The preservation methods followed in the selected maintained structures within Erbil's traditional sectors were assessed by detecting 40 criteria that represent both approaches. The assessment was conducted through fieldwork in which 222 samples (vernacular and traditional buildings) were included. Statistical analysis depicted that the local authorities' approaches can be regarded as a dead heritage approach, while the recommended approach in the approved plan for the revitalization of Erbil Citadel and other traditional sectors can be regarded as a living heritage preservation approach. The paper recommends the living heritage preservation approach as a rescue from the at-risk status of built heritage structures of traditional sectors in Erbil city.