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Robert K Mark

Museum of Northern Arizona, Anthropology, Research Associate

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Marta Diaz-Guardamino

Durham University

Henry Tantaleán

Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

The University of Manchester

Università di Bologna

Katharina Rebay-Salisbury

University of Vienna

Ramiro Barberena

National Scientific and Technical Research Council

Yannis Hamilakis

Brown University

Field Museum

Margarita Díaz-Andreu

ICREA

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

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Papers by Robert K Mark

Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Dec 1, 1984

Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes

Geology, 1977

Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from historic magnitude and le... more Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from historic magnitude and length of surface rupture data should be based upon the correct regression. For example, the regression of magnitude on log(length) can be used to estimate magnitude, but the regression of log(length) on magnitude cannot. Regression estimates are most probable values and estimates of maximum values require consideration of one-sided confidence limits.

Rotatable images of the solid planets and satellites of the solar system (SSGlobes)

Open-file report /, 1997

Impounded-induced seismicity associated with large reservoirs

Open-file report /, 1976

Multidirectional, oblique-weighted, shaded-relief image of the Island of Hawaii

Open-file report /, 1992

Map of debris-flow probability, San Mateo County, California

Comment on ‘Incomplete formulations of the regression of earthquake magnitude with surface fault rupture length’

Geology, 1979

La Honda landslide test area, San Mateo County, California

American Geophysical Union eBooks, 1989

... Oerald F. Wieczorek1 , William M. Brown 1112 , Robert K.Mark2 Pat Rice2 and Christopher S. Al... more

RECENTLY (<109 Y) DEPLETED RADIOGENIC (87/86 Sr-). 706) MANTLE, SOURCE OF OCEAN RIDGE-LIKE THOLEITE, NORTHERN GREAT BASIN

01 ivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (8-10.6 My) at five widely spaced localities in ... more 01 ivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (8-10.6 My) at five widely spaced localities in northern Nevada, are geologically related to the basalts of the Snake River Plain, Idaho. to the north-and arechanicallys imi Jar to ocean ridge basalts {ORB). The measured large-ion lithophile (LIL) element concentrations (0.17-0.45~~ 1<. 2 0, 1.9-6.2 ppm Rb, 140-240 ppm sr) overlap the range reported for ORB. Three of the five samples have a low, unfractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns, the other two show moderate 1ight-REE enrichment. Barium concentration is high and variabl~ (100-780 ppm) and does not correlate with other LIL elements. The rocks have 87 sr/ 86 sr = 0.7052,-0.7076, considerably higher than ORB (-0.702-0.703). These samples are chemica_) ly distinct from (i.e., less alkalic) but Sr-isotopicaJJy simil~r to olivi_ne * Supported in part by the u.s. Atomic Energy Commission.

Maps of peak horizontal and vertical accelerations recorded for the Northridge, California, earthquake of January 17, 1994 and general geology of the epicentral region

Open-File Report, 1994

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey e... more This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. |^^^| CrystcMno ono Motomorpfjc KOCH C«dngy from Jbringi «77. Cnb^c «*p o* Cdfatna tTSOjOOO Strarnmtkin rtdrm mariand by COMB (9«** «t d BM Lfc lrikrac. «t d, S9*^ mi uses (Arc*. «t d,

A high mantle source for low alkali tholeiite, northern Great Basin

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1975

Olivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (about 8-11 m.y. old) at five widely spaced local... more Olivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (about 8-11 m.y. old) at five widely spaced localities in northeastern Nevada, are geologically related to the basalts of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, to the north and are similar in major element and alkali chemistry to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and island arc tholeiites. The measured K (1250-3350 ppm), Rb (1·9-6·2 ppm) and

Free image-enhancement apps for iPad (LabStretch) and iPhone (LabStretch2)

Rock Art Research, May 1, 2016

Rb-Sr age of lunar igneous rocks 62295 and 14310

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Oct 1, 1974

Abstr&-We report an age of crystallization for spinel-troctolite (VEA basalt) 62295 of 4.00 ri: 0... more

Regression analysis of earthquake magnitude and surface fault length using the 1970 data of Bonilla and Buchanan

Open-file report /, 1977

Introduction. The report of Bonilla and Buchanan (1970) includes regressions of fault length on e... more Introduction. The report of Bonilla and Buchanan (1970) includes regressions of fault length on earthquake magnitude that can be used to estimate most probable length of surface rupture given earthquake magnitude. Those regressions, however, have sometimes been incorrectly used to estimate magnitude from fault length, as pointed out by Mark (1977). Using the data of Bonilla and Buchanan, this report gives regressions of earthquake magnitude on length of surface rupture that can be correctly used to estimate most probable magnitude if the length of surface rupture is given. It also gives the regressions of length of rupture on magnitude that can be used to estimate most probable length of rupture given earthquake magnitude. In table 1 and figures 1-5 the numbering and lettering system used to designate fault geography and fault types is the same as in Bonilla and Buchanan (1970). Numbers 1-49 include surface ruptures that occurred in North America and numbers 50-140 include ruptures outside of North America. The fault types are indicated by letters as follows: A, normalslip faults; B, reverse-slip faults; C, normal oblique-slip faults; D, reverse oblique-slip faults; and E, strike-slip faults. Use of the regression lines. The regression of log length on magnitude

$Research paper thumbnail of An examination of the Southern California field test for the systematic accumulation of the optical refraction error in geodetic leveling$

An examination of the Southern California field test for the systematic accumulation of the optical refraction error in geodetic leveling

Geophysical Research Letters, Nov 1, 1983

Appraisals of the two levelings that gently sloping Southern Pacific right-of-way (Figformed the ... more Appraisals of the two levelings that gently sloping Southern Pacific right-of-way (Figformed the southern California field test for the accumulation of the atmospheric refraction error indicate that random error and systematic error unrelated to refraction competed with the systematic refraction error and severely complicate any analysis of the test results. If the fewer than one-third of the sections that met less than

World slope map

Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1986

A colored slope map (scale 1:80,000,000) was generated from digital land and sea floor elevations... more A colored slope map (scale 1:80,000,000) was generated from digital land and sea floor elevations at 5‐min spacings from data tapes from the National Geophysical Data Center. Slope analysis is facilitated by examining the average slope in 250‐m altitude‐depth intervals both globally and in each of eight tectonic plates. The most striking feature of the map is the multiple parallel bands of steep slope at subduction zones. Submarine volcanic chains produce zones of steep slope that show little degradation at the scale of the map since the Cretaceous. The average slope, or roughness, of spreading ridges decreases exponentially with increasing spreading rate. The passive continental margins generate a steep zone at 1–2 km depth. The lowest average global slope (0.2°) occurs at sea level and reflects the base level that the sea provides for subaerial erosion and the upper limit for marine sedimentation. Slope minima also are caused by the abyssal plains at 4–6 km depth and by glacial ice caps at 3 km elevation.

A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history of the Sierra Nevada

Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1986

Page 1. A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history... more

Geologic and other data on selected dams and reservoirs world-wide

Open-file report /, 1986

Table 1. Basic data for each dam and reservoir. File name: DAMCARDS. Column 1. Country, limited t... more Table 1. Basic data for each dam and reservoir. File name: DAMCARDS. Column 1. Country, limited to the first 8 letters except for the following abbreviations, gt. brit, s. africa, usa and ussr; all letters are lower case. Column 2. Dam name, limited to the first 10 letters or variant thereof, if there are two similarly named dams within the country; See cross-reference if in doubt. All letters are lower case. Column 3. Year of completion of the dam; only the last two numbers are given so that 1915 becomes 15. "99" indicates completion date unknown. Column 4. Type(s) of dam: 1, earth and/or rock fill; 2, arch; 3, buttress; 4, gravity; 5, multiple arch; 6, other. Column 5. Maximum height of the dam in meters. Column 6. Maximum depth of the water in meters. Column 7. Method of determining the water depth: b, reported by the U.S, Bureau of Reclamation; c, reported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; e, estimated; m, maximum water depth attained, which is a lower value than the planned maximum depth; r, reported from one of the references cited in Table 5. Column 8. Maximum capacity of the reservoir in 100,000,000 cubic meters. Column 9. Code expressing our measure of confidence in whether or not impoundment has triggered seismicity: 0, no data; 1, tested and definitely not; 2, probably not; 3, data are inadequate to render a judgement; 4, case is questionable but might be induced; 5, probably induced; 6, accepted as induced. Column 10. Maximum magnitude of the earthquake in question, given in Richter magnitude. Table 2. Geologic information. File name: GEOLOGY. An asterisk means no data. Columns 1 and 2. As in table 1. Column 3. Faults in the vicinity. y, yes; n, no; u, unknown. Column 4.

User oriented, interactive Multics computer programs to create grid cell, contour, and perspective maps using Surface Display Library

Open-File Report, 1981

Computer programs sdl_conmap, sdl_convue, sdl_mshvue, sdl_cellmap, and sdl_gridder are designed f... more Computer programs sdl_conmap, sdl_convue, sdl_mshvue, sdl_cellmap, and sdl_gridder are designed for users of the Honeywell Multics System who have a need for convenient generation of contour, perspective, or grid cell maps. These programs utilize the Surface Display Library* and Surface Gridding Library* subroutines.

Rainfall associated with the January 1982 rainstorm in the San Francisco Bay region, California

Open-File Report, 1983

Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Dec 1, 1984

Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes

Geology, 1977

Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from historic magnitude and le... more Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from historic magnitude and length of surface rupture data should be based upon the correct regression. For example, the regression of magnitude on log(length) can be used to estimate magnitude, but the regression of log(length) on magnitude cannot. Regression estimates are most probable values and estimates of maximum values require consideration of one-sided confidence limits.

Rotatable images of the solid planets and satellites of the solar system (SSGlobes)

Open-file report /, 1997

Impounded-induced seismicity associated with large reservoirs

Open-file report /, 1976

Multidirectional, oblique-weighted, shaded-relief image of the Island of Hawaii

Open-file report /, 1992

Map of debris-flow probability, San Mateo County, California

Comment on ‘Incomplete formulations of the regression of earthquake magnitude with surface fault rupture length’

Geology, 1979

La Honda landslide test area, San Mateo County, California

American Geophysical Union eBooks, 1989

... Oerald F. Wieczorek1 , William M. Brown 1112 , Robert K.Mark2 Pat Rice2 and Christopher S. Al... more

RECENTLY (<109 Y) DEPLETED RADIOGENIC (87/86 Sr-). 706) MANTLE, SOURCE OF OCEAN RIDGE-LIKE THOLEITE, NORTHERN GREAT BASIN

01 ivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (8-10.6 My) at five widely spaced localities in ... more 01 ivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (8-10.6 My) at five widely spaced localities in northern Nevada, are geologically related to the basalts of the Snake River Plain, Idaho. to the north-and arechanicallys imi Jar to ocean ridge basalts {ORB). The measured large-ion lithophile (LIL) element concentrations (0.17-0.45~~ 1<. 2 0, 1.9-6.2 ppm Rb, 140-240 ppm sr) overlap the range reported for ORB. Three of the five samples have a low, unfractionated rare earth element (REE) patterns, the other two show moderate 1ight-REE enrichment. Barium concentration is high and variabl~ (100-780 ppm) and does not correlate with other LIL elements. The rocks have 87 sr/ 86 sr = 0.7052,-0.7076, considerably higher than ORB (-0.702-0.703). These samples are chemica_) ly distinct from (i.e., less alkalic) but Sr-isotopicaJJy simil~r to olivi_ne * Supported in part by the u.s. Atomic Energy Commission.

Maps of peak horizontal and vertical accelerations recorded for the Northridge, California, earthquake of January 17, 1994 and general geology of the epicentral region

Open-File Report, 1994

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey e... more This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. |^^^| CrystcMno ono Motomorpfjc KOCH C«dngy from Jbringi «77. Cnb^c «*p o* Cdfatna tTSOjOOO Strarnmtkin rtdrm mariand by COMB (9«** «t d BM Lfc lrikrac. «t d, S9*^ mi uses (Arc*. «t d,

A high mantle source for low alkali tholeiite, northern Great Basin

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1975

Olivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (about 8-11 m.y. old) at five widely spaced local... more Olivine tholeiites, the youngest Tertiary units (about 8-11 m.y. old) at five widely spaced localities in northeastern Nevada, are geologically related to the basalts of the Snake River Plain, Idaho, to the north and are similar in major element and alkali chemistry to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and island arc tholeiites. The measured K (1250-3350 ppm), Rb (1·9-6·2 ppm) and

Free image-enhancement apps for iPad (LabStretch) and iPhone (LabStretch2)

Rock Art Research, May 1, 2016

Rb-Sr age of lunar igneous rocks 62295 and 14310

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Oct 1, 1974

Abstr&-We report an age of crystallization for spinel-troctolite (VEA basalt) 62295 of 4.00 ri: 0... more

Regression analysis of earthquake magnitude and surface fault length using the 1970 data of Bonilla and Buchanan

Open-file report /, 1977

Introduction. The report of Bonilla and Buchanan (1970) includes regressions of fault length on e... more Introduction. The report of Bonilla and Buchanan (1970) includes regressions of fault length on earthquake magnitude that can be used to estimate most probable length of surface rupture given earthquake magnitude. Those regressions, however, have sometimes been incorrectly used to estimate magnitude from fault length, as pointed out by Mark (1977). Using the data of Bonilla and Buchanan, this report gives regressions of earthquake magnitude on length of surface rupture that can be correctly used to estimate most probable magnitude if the length of surface rupture is given. It also gives the regressions of length of rupture on magnitude that can be used to estimate most probable length of rupture given earthquake magnitude. In table 1 and figures 1-5 the numbering and lettering system used to designate fault geography and fault types is the same as in Bonilla and Buchanan (1970). Numbers 1-49 include surface ruptures that occurred in North America and numbers 50-140 include ruptures outside of North America. The fault types are indicated by letters as follows: A, normalslip faults; B, reverse-slip faults; C, normal oblique-slip faults; D, reverse oblique-slip faults; and E, strike-slip faults. Use of the regression lines. The regression of log length on magnitude

$Research paper thumbnail of An examination of the Southern California field test for the systematic accumulation of the optical refraction error in geodetic leveling$

An examination of the Southern California field test for the systematic accumulation of the optical refraction error in geodetic leveling

Geophysical Research Letters, Nov 1, 1983

Appraisals of the two levelings that gently sloping Southern Pacific right-of-way (Figformed the ... more Appraisals of the two levelings that gently sloping Southern Pacific right-of-way (Figformed the southern California field test for the accumulation of the atmospheric refraction error indicate that random error and systematic error unrelated to refraction competed with the systematic refraction error and severely complicate any analysis of the test results. If the fewer than one-third of the sections that met less than

World slope map

Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1986

A colored slope map (scale 1:80,000,000) was generated from digital land and sea floor elevations... more A colored slope map (scale 1:80,000,000) was generated from digital land and sea floor elevations at 5‐min spacings from data tapes from the National Geophysical Data Center. Slope analysis is facilitated by examining the average slope in 250‐m altitude‐depth intervals both globally and in each of eight tectonic plates. The most striking feature of the map is the multiple parallel bands of steep slope at subduction zones. Submarine volcanic chains produce zones of steep slope that show little degradation at the scale of the map since the Cretaceous. The average slope, or roughness, of spreading ridges decreases exponentially with increasing spreading rate. The passive continental margins generate a steep zone at 1–2 km depth. The lowest average global slope (0.2°) occurs at sea level and reflects the base level that the sea provides for subaerial erosion and the upper limit for marine sedimentation. Slope minima also are caused by the abyssal plains at 4–6 km depth and by glacial ice caps at 3 km elevation.

A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history of the Sierra Nevada

Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1986

Page 1. A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history... more

Geologic and other data on selected dams and reservoirs world-wide

Open-file report /, 1986

Table 1. Basic data for each dam and reservoir. File name: DAMCARDS. Column 1. Country, limited t... more Table 1. Basic data for each dam and reservoir. File name: DAMCARDS. Column 1. Country, limited to the first 8 letters except for the following abbreviations, gt. brit, s. africa, usa and ussr; all letters are lower case. Column 2. Dam name, limited to the first 10 letters or variant thereof, if there are two similarly named dams within the country; See cross-reference if in doubt. All letters are lower case. Column 3. Year of completion of the dam; only the last two numbers are given so that 1915 becomes 15. "99" indicates completion date unknown. Column 4. Type(s) of dam: 1, earth and/or rock fill; 2, arch; 3, buttress; 4, gravity; 5, multiple arch; 6, other. Column 5. Maximum height of the dam in meters. Column 6. Maximum depth of the water in meters. Column 7. Method of determining the water depth: b, reported by the U.S, Bureau of Reclamation; c, reported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; e, estimated; m, maximum water depth attained, which is a lower value than the planned maximum depth; r, reported from one of the references cited in Table 5. Column 8. Maximum capacity of the reservoir in 100,000,000 cubic meters. Column 9. Code expressing our measure of confidence in whether or not impoundment has triggered seismicity: 0, no data; 1, tested and definitely not; 2, probably not; 3, data are inadequate to render a judgement; 4, case is questionable but might be induced; 5, probably induced; 6, accepted as induced. Column 10. Maximum magnitude of the earthquake in question, given in Richter magnitude. Table 2. Geologic information. File name: GEOLOGY. An asterisk means no data. Columns 1 and 2. As in table 1. Column 3. Faults in the vicinity. y, yes; n, no; u, unknown. Column 4.

User oriented, interactive Multics computer programs to create grid cell, contour, and perspective maps using Surface Display Library

Open-File Report, 1981

Computer programs sdl_conmap, sdl_convue, sdl_mshvue, sdl_cellmap, and sdl_gridder are designed f... more Computer programs sdl_conmap, sdl_convue, sdl_mshvue, sdl_cellmap, and sdl_gridder are designed for users of the Honeywell Multics System who have a need for convenient generation of contour, perspective, or grid cell maps. These programs utilize the Surface Display Library* and Surface Gridding Library* subroutines.

Rainfall associated with the January 1982 rainstorm in the San Francisco Bay region, California

Open-File Report, 1983

New Horizons for Southwestern Rock Art

by Aaron Wright, Henry D . Wallace, Will Russell, Chris Loendorf, Robert K Mark, Evelyn Billo, and katherine wells

Issue editor Aaron M. Wright, renowned rock art scholar Polly Schaafsma, and authors on the cutti... more

SURVEY OF ROCK ART OF THE CENTRAL GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO

by Frederic Dillingham, Evelyn Billo, and Robert K Mark

Tularosa Archaeological Conference, 2009

Volunteers and federal agencies are combining their efforts to locate and investigate rock art si... more Volunteers and federal agencies are combining their efforts to locate and investigate rock art sites, mainly pictographs, found in the southern portion of the Guadalupe Ranger District, Lincoln National Forest, and upon lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management, Carlsbad Field Office. Abstract symbols from low elevation sites on the east side of the Guadalupe range are similar to those found in mountain sites while representative fineline hunting scenes appear to be mainly confined to the Guadalupe Mountains themselves. Comparable fine line rock art appears in canyon settings in southwest Texas. Dating the fine line rock art is difficult because of the absence of associated artifacts and archaeological deposits and because of a general Archaic lifeway that continued into the historic period. Direct absolute dating of the rock art sites will greatly strengthen arguments that identify and separate pictographs into age-related components or styles. In mixed component rock art sites, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) may assist in separating and confirming element assignment. Digital enhancement photography of a panel from the BLM's Richard Brown Shelter (A.D. 1000-1250) has allowed preliminary comparison of that panel to undated Site LA 71921. One terminal Archaic rock art style (the Red Linear Style, defined in the lower Pecos River in Texas) has been identified as similar to elements at several sites in the Guadalupe Mountains (Mark and Billo, 2010, in press). Other styles proposed by Bilbo and Bilbo (1991) can possibly be resolved through absolute dating. Finally, pictographs are providing richer detail of prehistoric hunting techniques than was previously available.

Taking Another Look- An “Iconic” Shelter at Hueco Tanks State Park and Historic Park (41EP2) with dStretch and Photo Tracing

by Margaret Berrier, Robert K Mark, and Evelyn Billo

San Diego Rock Art Research Association Symposium, 2020

Hueco Tanks State Park and Historic Site 28 (Figure 1) was “discovered” in 1969 and since then vi... more Hueco Tanks State Park and Historic Site 28 (Figure 1) was “discovered” in 1969 and since then visitors and researchers have photographed and described this site numerous times. The large goggle-eyed figure has long been described as wearing “clouds” as a headdress. Using dStretch, 3D modeling and other photo enhancement techniques, new details have been revealed. Known for the large “cloud headed” goggle-eye, there are other goggle-eyes in this shelter. Tracing photos that use the new techniques clarifies detail for this panel. While showing enhanced imagery from site 28, we will also show examples of similar images from other Hueco Tanks sites. These suggest similar details might be revealed at other sites.

Vanishing Act: Rock Art on Horizontal Bedrock Surfaces in the Jornada-Mogollon Region in Southern New Mexico and West Texas

by Margaret Berrier, Robert K Mark, and Mark Willis

Early rock art research indicated that there were few “horizontal bedrock” rock art sites in Sout... more Early rock art research indicated that there were few “horizontal bedrock” rock art sites in Southern New Mexico and far West Texas. These sites are often difficult to see and are easily missed in survey work. Recent research and survey work has documented a growing number of these sites on the etched limestone and sandstone of the desert slopes and basins. The use of photogrammetry makes it easier to document these sites and provide good images for analysis. Like the remnants of subtle agricultural features and puddled adobe ruins these subtle rock art sites give us insight into the culture of the Archaic and Jornada Cultures in Southern New Mexico and West Texas. This presentation will document a few of these and list some research possibilities.

Investigating Rock Art at Four Sites South of Winslow, AZ

Investigating Rock Art at Four Sites South of Winslow, AZ, 2020

NA 11,910 NA 11,911 NA 11,915 New Site Two photogrammetric models, each followed by a derivitive ... more NA 11,910 NA 11,911 NA 11,915 New Site Two photogrammetric models, each followed by a derivitive product. Photogrammetric Model and Enhancement We became aware of three MNA numbered sites in a canyon south of Winslow that contain rock art (two with pictographs, all three with petroglyphs). The site cards by Fred Briuer in 1972 have only a few details about the rock art, so we decided to update the records. In addition to relocating the sites, we found a new pictograph site near NA 11,911. This poster shows some of the work in progress such as completed 3D photogrammetric models and image enhancement results. Site NA 11,915 contains over 100 monochrome pictographs created with black, green, and five shades of red paint. Several fine-line red picto-graphs were drawn using dry pigment. Common petroglyphs include complex geometric designs, grooves, cupules, and some human and animal depictions. We are not aware of similar painted sites in the area.

Bedrock Outcrop Site in the Shadow of Cooke's Peak, New Mexico Marglyph Berrier (Jornada Research Institute) and Dr. Robert Mark (Rupestrian CyberServices

by Margaret Berrier and Robert K Mark

In the shadow of Cooke's Peak there are numerous petroglyph sites. One that has always intrigued ... more In the shadow of Cooke's Peak there are numerous petroglyph sites. One that has always intrigued me is on an outcrop of bedrock along one of the intermittent arroyos in that area. The images flow over the bedrock outcrop and around the undulating surface of the rock. Still photos of the site do not do justice to this fluidity, nor do they show the relationships between the individual elements. Included in the rock art elements are four mortars and nine cupules. This is one of the poorly documented rock art sites in the Mimbres Region. After a few visits made to take photographs for documentation, I decided the best way to document the site. Using 222 of my photos, Robert Mark of Rupestrian Cyber Services created a 3-D SketchFab model of this outcrop.

Taking Some of the Guesswork Out of Sketch Work

by Margaret Berrier and Robert K Mark

La Pintura, 2020

The Fort Stanton Petroglyph Rock has been documented in the past using various photographic and d... more The Fort Stanton Petroglyph Rock has been documented in the past using various photographic and drawing techniques. Recently I used a Structure from Motion (SfM) 3-D model to help take the guesswork out of my sketch work to create a more complete and accurate drawing.

Many of the petroglyphs in the Tularosa Basin and the surrounding area are easy to see and photograph due to the contrast between the dark patina and the original color of the rocks revealed when the indigenous people pecked through the desert varnish. But occasional researchers are confronted by difficult panels that were placed on rocks with little to no patina. Furthermore these are often softer surfaces which rapidly deteriorate.

Use of Radiance Scaling to Enhance Visibility of Petroglyphs in 3D Models

by Robert K Mark and Evelyn Billo

Use of Radiance Scaling to Enhance Visibility of Petroglyphs in 3D Models, 2020

High quality Structure from Motion (SfM) 3D models can be used to enhance the visibility of petro... more High quality Structure from Motion (SfM) 3D models can be used to enhance the visibility of petroglyphs that are otherwise almost or completely invisible. The model must accurately capture the geometry of the rock surface. A colored curvature map, that is generated from the model's mesh using Meshlab Render Radiance Scaling and then is manipulated in Photoshop, can produce surprising results. Photoshop is used to blend (overlay, soft light, or hard light) the red or blue channel from the color curvature map with the original image or a shaded image that can also be generated in Radiance Scaling. Many rock art locations contain petroglyphs that are difficult to discern, such as those covered with lichen and/or moss. Sometimes color-based enhancement of images can help, but too often there is no useful color contrast available for those techniques to work. The method that is described here is based upon curvature mapping of photogrammetric models. It has proved to be helpful in revealing hidden glyphs. Figure 1 shows the results of the radiance scaling from a model of one side of a petroglyph boulder in Oregon that helps to see patterns and additional cupules.

Use of Radiance Scaling to Enhance Visibility of Petroglyphs from 3D Models

Submitted to American Indian Rock Art, 2020

When documenting rock art sites Rupestrian CyberServices (RCS) often utilizes many digital images... more When documenting rock art sites Rupestrian CyberServices (RCS) often utilizes many digital images taken from various perspectives to create high-quality Structure from Motion (SfM) 3D models. When these models accurately capture the geometry of the rock surface, they can be further processed using Meshlab Render Radiance Scaling and then Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop is used to blend (overlay, soft light, or hard light) the red or blue channel from the color curvature map with the original image or a shaded one that can also be generated in Radiance Scaling. The results enhance the visibility of petroglyphs that are otherwise difficult to see.