... Mikkelsen Camilla K. Damgaard Tina Sommer Thue Hillgaard Petersen Anders Larsen Hans Nilsson ... more ... Mikkelsen Camilla K. Damgaard Tina Sommer Thue Hillgaard Petersen Anders Larsen Hans Nilsson Edward James-Smidth Camilla Hay Peter ... Universitet, Lars J Nilsson, Afdelingen for Miljø- og Energisystemer, Lunds Universitet, Olaf Rieper, AKF, samt Peter Bach og Renato ...
Handbog i evaluering af energispareaktiviteter: Udarbejdet for Energistyrelsen, ELFOR, Elsparefon... more Handbog i evaluering af energispareaktiviteter: Udarbejdet for Energistyrelsen, ELFOR, Elsparefonden, Naturgasselskaberne og Fjernvarmeselskaberne
In 2012 Ea Energy Analyses, NIRAS, and Viegand & Maagøe, conducted the second evaluation of the D... more In 2012 Ea Energy Analyses, NIRAS, and Viegand & Maagøe, conducted the second evaluation of the Danish Energy Efficiency Obligation (EEO). The overall purpose of the evaluation was to assess the effectiveness of the EEO framework and, if relevant, provide recommendations for adjustments of the EEO framework and guidelines for the following EEO period, i.e. 2013-2020. This paper focuses on the net savings impact and describes the evaluation method used to determine this. Three complementary analyses are described: 1) An analysis of the additionality of the reported saving, 2) an analysis of the technical accuracy of the savings reported by the obligated parties, and 3) a statistical case study focusing on net effect of heat savings in the residential sector. The evaluation results are discussed and the subsequent implementation of recommendations is presented. The evaluation concluded that while the energy distribution companies meet their overall saving obligation, the net savings impact are about a third of the savings reported by the obligated parties. Further it was found that while energy savings in the public and business sector have a high net impact, some subsidies given under the EEO are inappropriately high. The net impact in the residential sector, on the other hand, was found to be very low. The evaluation recommended that the new EEO design addresses the additionality issues in order to ensure that savings realised in the residential sector are more cost-effective from a socioeconomic perspective. The evaluation has resulted in noticeable adjustments of the design of the Danish EEO, e.g. introduction of a 1 year payback-time limit for projects receiving subsidies, a minimum baseline for insulation products, and specification of documentation requirements.
This paper analyzes the effect of supplying online feedback by SMS-text messages and email about ... more This paper analyzes the effect of supplying online feedback by SMS-text messages and email about electricity consumption on the level of total household electricity consumption. An experiment was conducted where 1,452 households were randomly allocated to three experimental groups and two control groups. Feedback was supplied throughout 2007 to members of the experiment groups who accepted the invitation, and data on consumption of electricity for 2006 and 2007 collected for all participants and control group members. 30% of the households invited to receive feedback accepted the invitation. The estimated effects of the feedback on consumption of electricity are estimated to be in the range of 2-3%. The feedback technology is cheap to implement and therefore likely to be cost-effective
A political agreement from 2005 states that an assessment of the entire Danish energy efficiency ... more A political agreement from 2005 states that an assessment of the entire Danish energy efficiency policy portfolio must be carried out before end 2008 with the aim to ensure that the measures and the organisation of the effort is efficient compared to the agreed goals. The evaluation aimed to answer: • Is the overall design of the portfolio of instruments appropriate? • Does the impact of the instruments justify the costs, so that the national goals is reached in a cost efficient way? • Will the current instrument portfolio be able to meet the required reduction in final energy consumption (goal for 2013) and in primary energy consumption (with goals in 2011 and 2020) as planned by parliament? Recommendations were made on how to improve and develop the portfolio mainly using cost effectiveness as criteria. The evaluation was completed in December 2008, and this paper presents the main findings and the impact on Danish policy. An important lesson learned is the importance of including all energy efficiency policies in the evaluation. The portfolio perspective gave way to findings that would not otherwise have been captured. With its broad perspective the evaluation could document that the commercial and industrial sectors were prioritised much lower than the household and public sectors. New taxes for the commercial and industrial sectors and a reform changing the Electricity Saving Trust to a Centre for Energy Savings (working with all energy savings within all sectors, except transport) has been important step in a more cost-effective direction.
In this article we examine energy-management practice in the Danish manufacturing industry. The p... more In this article we examine energy-management practice in the Danish manufacturing industry. The paper addresses the following: To what extent is energy management put into practice in Danish industry? From which sources does Danish industry obtain its information about making improvements in energy management? Based upon the results of a telephone survey covering 304 Danish industrial firms and by use
Ten groups of policy instruments for promoting energy efficiency are actively used in Denmark. Am... more Ten groups of policy instruments for promoting energy efficiency are actively used in Denmark. Among these are the EU instruments such as the CO 2 emissions trading scheme and labelling of appliances, labelling of all buildings, combined with national instruments such as high taxes especially on households and the public sector, obligations for energy companies (electricity, natural gas, district heating, and oil) to deliver documented savings, strict building codes, special instructions for the public sector, and an Electricity Saving Trust. A political agreement from 2005 states that an evaluation of the entire Danish energy effi ciency policy portfolio must be carried out before end 2008 and put forward for discussion among governing parties no later than February 2009. A consortium comprising Ea Energy Analyses, Niras,
This paper analyzes the effect of supplying feedback by text messages (SMS) and email about elect... more This paper analyzes the effect of supplying feedback by text messages (SMS) and email about electricity consumption on the level of total household electricity consumption. An experiment was conducted in which 1,452 households were randomly allocated to three experimental groups and two control groups. Feedback was supplied throughout 2007 to members of the experiment groups who accepted the invitation, and data on consumption of electricity for 2006 and 2007 collected for all participants and control group members. 30% of the households invited to receive feedback accepted the invitation. Results suggest that email and SMS messaging that communicated timely information about a household's 'exceptional' consumption periods (e.g. highest week of electricity use in past quarter) produced average reductions in total annual electricity use of about 3%. The feedback technology is cheap to implement and therefore likely to be cost-effective.
Increasing energy efficiency and savings will play a key role in the achievement of the climate a... more Increasing energy efficiency and savings will play a key role in the achievement of the climate and energy targets in the European Union (EU). To meet the EU's objectives for greenhouse gas emission reductions, renewable energy use and energy efficiency improvements, its member states have implemented and will design and implement various energy policies. This paper reviews a range of scientific articles on the topic of policy instruments for energy efficiency and savings and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of different measures. The review demonstrates the variety of possible instruments and points to the complex policy environment, in which not a single instrument can meet the respective energy efficiency targets, but which requires a combination of multiple instruments. Therefore, the paper in particular focuses on assessing potential interactions between combinations of energy efficiency policies, i.e. the extent to which the different instruments counteract or support one another. So far, the literature on energy efficiency policy has paid only limited attention to the effect of interacting policies. This paper reviews and analyses interaction effects thus far identified with respect to factors that determine the interaction. Drawing on this review, we identify cases for interaction effects between energy efficiency policies to assess their potential existence systematically and to show future research needs.
This paper presents an evaluation of the impact on electricity consumption of the free-of-charge ... more This paper presents an evaluation of the impact on electricity consumption of the free-of-charge energy audit provided to all Danish enterprises by the 60 electricity network operators. The scheme has existed since the early 1990's. Approximately 0.045 EUR-Cent per kWh consumption is being spent annually on this activity. The evaluation is based on an econometric analysis of a large panel dataset. The econometric analysis is complemented with ten case studies that allow us to get a deeper understanding of the causal processes. Overall , we find that the scheme has had limit ed impact on the electricity consumption among the enterprises that have been audited.
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 2002
... from energy taxes. The Ministry of Economic Affairs supported the agree-ments, and the recomm... more ... from energy taxes. The Ministry of Economic Affairs supported the agree-ments, and the recommendation was followed when taxes were introduced in 1996, long after the conclusion of the LTAs (Enevoldsen, 1998). Thus, a ...
This article summarizes the results from a study on the social assessment of wind power in Denmar... more This article summarizes the results from a study on the social assessment of wind power in Denmark. Using the cost effectiveness paradigm we compare the production costs of wind power to reference figures for central power production based on coal and natural gas. To the internal production costs we add the external production costs which arise from the emissions of CO2, SO2 and NO x from combustion of fossil fuel, and from noise and visual effects from wind mills. Further, we look at the macro-economic effects on employment and the balance of payments from investing in a 1000 MW wind power development which is about double the total capacity of the present Danish level. Taking into account the Danish obligation of reducing CO 2 emissions by 20% in 2005 compared to 1988, the main result of our investigations is that the environmental benefits of wind power are so significant that from a socio-economic point of view wind power and natural gas power are equal. Having a coal-fired power plant as the reference technology, wind power is more advantageous.
The empirical basis of this article is the energy audit evaluations carried out by AKF over the l... more The empirical basis of this article is the energy audit evaluations carried out by AKF over the last decade. These evaluations were undertaken in a rather traditional manner as assessment of the outcome of an intervention, the aim being to answer the question: How much ...
Liberalisation of the electricity market has taken place in most European countries within the la... more Liberalisation of the electricity market has taken place in most European countries within the last decade. It is considered a precondition of successful liberalisation to establish so-called independent regulatory authorities. In this article, we compare the status and practice of them in 16 European countries, and discuss the relationship between the organisation of the regulation and the market outcome.
Despite the long-term and positive experience with Ecological Tax Reform (ETR), the PETRAS study ... more Despite the long-term and positive experience with Ecological Tax Reform (ETR), the PETRAS study indicates that awareness about the principles behind ETR is low among both businesses and the general public in Denmark. As well as the lack of awareness of ETR, attitudes towards environmental taxation appear negative. When explaining the political intentions behind ETR, attitudes seem to improve somewhat,
... Mikkelsen Camilla K. Damgaard Tina Sommer Thue Hillgaard Petersen Anders Larsen Hans Nilsson ... more ... Mikkelsen Camilla K. Damgaard Tina Sommer Thue Hillgaard Petersen Anders Larsen Hans Nilsson Edward James-Smidth Camilla Hay Peter ... Universitet, Lars J Nilsson, Afdelingen for Miljø- og Energisystemer, Lunds Universitet, Olaf Rieper, AKF, samt Peter Bach og Renato ...
Handbog i evaluering af energispareaktiviteter: Udarbejdet for Energistyrelsen, ELFOR, Elsparefon... more Handbog i evaluering af energispareaktiviteter: Udarbejdet for Energistyrelsen, ELFOR, Elsparefonden, Naturgasselskaberne og Fjernvarmeselskaberne
In 2012 Ea Energy Analyses, NIRAS, and Viegand & Maagøe, conducted the second evaluation of the D... more In 2012 Ea Energy Analyses, NIRAS, and Viegand & Maagøe, conducted the second evaluation of the Danish Energy Efficiency Obligation (EEO). The overall purpose of the evaluation was to assess the effectiveness of the EEO framework and, if relevant, provide recommendations for adjustments of the EEO framework and guidelines for the following EEO period, i.e. 2013-2020. This paper focuses on the net savings impact and describes the evaluation method used to determine this. Three complementary analyses are described: 1) An analysis of the additionality of the reported saving, 2) an analysis of the technical accuracy of the savings reported by the obligated parties, and 3) a statistical case study focusing on net effect of heat savings in the residential sector. The evaluation results are discussed and the subsequent implementation of recommendations is presented. The evaluation concluded that while the energy distribution companies meet their overall saving obligation, the net savings impact are about a third of the savings reported by the obligated parties. Further it was found that while energy savings in the public and business sector have a high net impact, some subsidies given under the EEO are inappropriately high. The net impact in the residential sector, on the other hand, was found to be very low. The evaluation recommended that the new EEO design addresses the additionality issues in order to ensure that savings realised in the residential sector are more cost-effective from a socioeconomic perspective. The evaluation has resulted in noticeable adjustments of the design of the Danish EEO, e.g. introduction of a 1 year payback-time limit for projects receiving subsidies, a minimum baseline for insulation products, and specification of documentation requirements.
This paper analyzes the effect of supplying online feedback by SMS-text messages and email about ... more This paper analyzes the effect of supplying online feedback by SMS-text messages and email about electricity consumption on the level of total household electricity consumption. An experiment was conducted where 1,452 households were randomly allocated to three experimental groups and two control groups. Feedback was supplied throughout 2007 to members of the experiment groups who accepted the invitation, and data on consumption of electricity for 2006 and 2007 collected for all participants and control group members. 30% of the households invited to receive feedback accepted the invitation. The estimated effects of the feedback on consumption of electricity are estimated to be in the range of 2-3%. The feedback technology is cheap to implement and therefore likely to be cost-effective
A political agreement from 2005 states that an assessment of the entire Danish energy efficiency ... more A political agreement from 2005 states that an assessment of the entire Danish energy efficiency policy portfolio must be carried out before end 2008 with the aim to ensure that the measures and the organisation of the effort is efficient compared to the agreed goals. The evaluation aimed to answer: • Is the overall design of the portfolio of instruments appropriate? • Does the impact of the instruments justify the costs, so that the national goals is reached in a cost efficient way? • Will the current instrument portfolio be able to meet the required reduction in final energy consumption (goal for 2013) and in primary energy consumption (with goals in 2011 and 2020) as planned by parliament? Recommendations were made on how to improve and develop the portfolio mainly using cost effectiveness as criteria. The evaluation was completed in December 2008, and this paper presents the main findings and the impact on Danish policy. An important lesson learned is the importance of including all energy efficiency policies in the evaluation. The portfolio perspective gave way to findings that would not otherwise have been captured. With its broad perspective the evaluation could document that the commercial and industrial sectors were prioritised much lower than the household and public sectors. New taxes for the commercial and industrial sectors and a reform changing the Electricity Saving Trust to a Centre for Energy Savings (working with all energy savings within all sectors, except transport) has been important step in a more cost-effective direction.
In this article we examine energy-management practice in the Danish manufacturing industry. The p... more In this article we examine energy-management practice in the Danish manufacturing industry. The paper addresses the following: To what extent is energy management put into practice in Danish industry? From which sources does Danish industry obtain its information about making improvements in energy management? Based upon the results of a telephone survey covering 304 Danish industrial firms and by use
Ten groups of policy instruments for promoting energy efficiency are actively used in Denmark. Am... more Ten groups of policy instruments for promoting energy efficiency are actively used in Denmark. Among these are the EU instruments such as the CO 2 emissions trading scheme and labelling of appliances, labelling of all buildings, combined with national instruments such as high taxes especially on households and the public sector, obligations for energy companies (electricity, natural gas, district heating, and oil) to deliver documented savings, strict building codes, special instructions for the public sector, and an Electricity Saving Trust. A political agreement from 2005 states that an evaluation of the entire Danish energy effi ciency policy portfolio must be carried out before end 2008 and put forward for discussion among governing parties no later than February 2009. A consortium comprising Ea Energy Analyses, Niras,
This paper analyzes the effect of supplying feedback by text messages (SMS) and email about elect... more This paper analyzes the effect of supplying feedback by text messages (SMS) and email about electricity consumption on the level of total household electricity consumption. An experiment was conducted in which 1,452 households were randomly allocated to three experimental groups and two control groups. Feedback was supplied throughout 2007 to members of the experiment groups who accepted the invitation, and data on consumption of electricity for 2006 and 2007 collected for all participants and control group members. 30% of the households invited to receive feedback accepted the invitation. Results suggest that email and SMS messaging that communicated timely information about a household's 'exceptional' consumption periods (e.g. highest week of electricity use in past quarter) produced average reductions in total annual electricity use of about 3%. The feedback technology is cheap to implement and therefore likely to be cost-effective.
Increasing energy efficiency and savings will play a key role in the achievement of the climate a... more Increasing energy efficiency and savings will play a key role in the achievement of the climate and energy targets in the European Union (EU). To meet the EU's objectives for greenhouse gas emission reductions, renewable energy use and energy efficiency improvements, its member states have implemented and will design and implement various energy policies. This paper reviews a range of scientific articles on the topic of policy instruments for energy efficiency and savings and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of different measures. The review demonstrates the variety of possible instruments and points to the complex policy environment, in which not a single instrument can meet the respective energy efficiency targets, but which requires a combination of multiple instruments. Therefore, the paper in particular focuses on assessing potential interactions between combinations of energy efficiency policies, i.e. the extent to which the different instruments counteract or support one another. So far, the literature on energy efficiency policy has paid only limited attention to the effect of interacting policies. This paper reviews and analyses interaction effects thus far identified with respect to factors that determine the interaction. Drawing on this review, we identify cases for interaction effects between energy efficiency policies to assess their potential existence systematically and to show future research needs.
This paper presents an evaluation of the impact on electricity consumption of the free-of-charge ... more This paper presents an evaluation of the impact on electricity consumption of the free-of-charge energy audit provided to all Danish enterprises by the 60 electricity network operators. The scheme has existed since the early 1990's. Approximately 0.045 EUR-Cent per kWh consumption is being spent annually on this activity. The evaluation is based on an econometric analysis of a large panel dataset. The econometric analysis is complemented with ten case studies that allow us to get a deeper understanding of the causal processes. Overall , we find that the scheme has had limit ed impact on the electricity consumption among the enterprises that have been audited.
Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 2002
... from energy taxes. The Ministry of Economic Affairs supported the agree-ments, and the recomm... more ... from energy taxes. The Ministry of Economic Affairs supported the agree-ments, and the recommendation was followed when taxes were introduced in 1996, long after the conclusion of the LTAs (Enevoldsen, 1998). Thus, a ...
This article summarizes the results from a study on the social assessment of wind power in Denmar... more This article summarizes the results from a study on the social assessment of wind power in Denmark. Using the cost effectiveness paradigm we compare the production costs of wind power to reference figures for central power production based on coal and natural gas. To the internal production costs we add the external production costs which arise from the emissions of CO2, SO2 and NO x from combustion of fossil fuel, and from noise and visual effects from wind mills. Further, we look at the macro-economic effects on employment and the balance of payments from investing in a 1000 MW wind power development which is about double the total capacity of the present Danish level. Taking into account the Danish obligation of reducing CO 2 emissions by 20% in 2005 compared to 1988, the main result of our investigations is that the environmental benefits of wind power are so significant that from a socio-economic point of view wind power and natural gas power are equal. Having a coal-fired power plant as the reference technology, wind power is more advantageous.
The empirical basis of this article is the energy audit evaluations carried out by AKF over the l... more The empirical basis of this article is the energy audit evaluations carried out by AKF over the last decade. These evaluations were undertaken in a rather traditional manner as assessment of the outcome of an intervention, the aim being to answer the question: How much ...
Liberalisation of the electricity market has taken place in most European countries within the la... more Liberalisation of the electricity market has taken place in most European countries within the last decade. It is considered a precondition of successful liberalisation to establish so-called independent regulatory authorities. In this article, we compare the status and practice of them in 16 European countries, and discuss the relationship between the organisation of the regulation and the market outcome.
Despite the long-term and positive experience with Ecological Tax Reform (ETR), the PETRAS study ... more Despite the long-term and positive experience with Ecological Tax Reform (ETR), the PETRAS study indicates that awareness about the principles behind ETR is low among both businesses and the general public in Denmark. As well as the lack of awareness of ETR, attitudes towards environmental taxation appear negative. When explaining the political intentions behind ETR, attitudes seem to improve somewhat,
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