Bangladesh is blessed with abundant solar resources. Solar power is considered the most desirable... more Bangladesh is blessed with abundant solar resources. Solar power is considered the most desirable energy source to mitigate the high energy demand of this densely populated country. Although various articles deal with solar energy applications in Bangladesh, no detailed review can be found in the literature. Therefore, in this study, we report on the current scenario of renewable energy in Bangladesh and the most significant potential of solar energy’s contribution among multiple renewable energy resources in mitigating energy demand. One main objective of this analysis was to outline the overall view of solar energy applications in Bangladesh to date, as well as the ongoing development of such projects. The technical and theoretical solar energy potential and the technologies available to harvest solar energy were also investigated. A detailed techno-economic design of solar power applications for the garment industry was also simulated to determine the potential of solar energy fo...
Abstract Synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials in the lab-scale frequently involves complex processin... more Abstract Synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials in the lab-scale frequently involves complex processing and often is not able to be adopted in the industry without major enhancements for its commercial production. This research is focused on a convenient route for the fabrication of chitosan-supported magnetically recoverable carbon bio-nanocomposites by functionalizing magnetic nanoparticles on chitosan and renewable carbon material using solvothermal carbonization co-precipitation (STCC). This process can be adopted in large-scale synthesis with minimum enhancements. The nanocomposites produced using STCC offered excellent features including porous and ultrafine nanostructure, stable mechanical, and chemical properties. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the temperature has been found to be the most influential factor for both magnetic nanocomposite and bio-oil yield. The highest porosity for nanocomposites was observed with water-based synthesis at 260 °C at 194.62 m2/g. However, water/ethanol (50:50) at 260 °C yielded 6.67% and 8.01% more bio-oil and having 5.35% and 3.49% higher heating value as compared to that of bio-oil produced using water and ethanol.
Large quantity of animal waste production in Bangladesh has spurred the demand of potential appli... more Large quantity of animal waste production in Bangladesh has spurred the demand of potential applications for waste management. Therefore, biofuel production from animal waste has been projected as the solution for animal waste management along with the potential of a new source of renewable energy. This study aimed to evaluate the production of biogas from the farm wastes in Bangladesh and presented the potential biological applications for processing the wastes to convert into biogas. The study demonstrated that the highest amount of livestock waste, approximately 229 million ton was produced in 2016 and it was accounted for a total biogas production potential of 16988.97 million m 3 which could be converted into 16.68 Â 10 7 MWh of electricity. This study also presented the suitable conversion technologies as well as mechanisms of biogas production from animal waste and related mathematical equations to calculate the amount of total biogas productions. The latest advancements in large scale biogas production via government and non-government organizations have also been documented in this work. Besides biogas production analysis, this study also demonstrated the environmental impacts of biogas application. A net CO 2 emission reduction of 4.42 million tons could have been achieved over the diesel power generation along with 29 million ton of biofertilizer. The study also proposed a management plan to improve the current waste removal situation in Bangladesh. Along with that, this review comprehensively outlined the worldwide scenario of biogas production and applications.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
Due to global warming and increasing price of fossil fuel, scientists all over the world have bee... more Due to global warming and increasing price of fossil fuel, scientists all over the world have been trying to find reliable alternative fuels. One of the most potential candidates is renewable energy from biomass. The race for renewable energy from biomass has long begun and focused on to combat the deteriorating condition of the environment. Palm oil has been in the spotlight as an alternative of bioenergy sources to resolve fossil fuel problem due to its environment-friendly nature. This review will look deep into the origins of palm oil and how it is processed, bioproducts from this biomass, and oil palm biomass-based power plant in Malaysia. Palm oil is usually processed from oil palm fruits and other parts of the oil palm plant are candidates for raw material of bioproduct generation. Oil palm biomass can be turned into three subcategories: bioproduct, biofuels, and biopower. Focusing on biofuel, the biodiesel from palm oil will be explored in detail and its implication in Malaysia as one of the biggest producers of oil palm in the world will also be emphasized comprehensively. The paper presents the detail of a schematic flow diagram of a palm oil mill process of transforming oil palm into crude palm oil and it wastes. This paper will also discuss the current oil palm biomass power plants in Malaysia. Palm oil has been proven itself as a potential alternative to reduce negative environmental impact of global warming.
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2018
Microalgae has been considered potential biofuel source from the last decade owing to its versati... more Microalgae has been considered potential biofuel source from the last decade owing to its versatile perspectives such as excellent capability of CO 2 capture and sequestration, water treatment, prolific growth rate and enormous energy content. Thus, energy research on microalgae is being harnessed to mitigate CO 2 and meet future energy demands. This study investigated the bioenergy potential of native blue-green microalgae consortium as initial energy research on microalgae in Brunei Darussalam. The local species of microalgae were assembled from rainwater drains, the species were identified as Stigonematales sp. and physical properties were characterised. Sundried biomass with moisture content ranging from 6.5% to 7.37% was measured to be used to determine the net and gross calorific value and they were 7.98 MJ/kg-8.57 MJ/kg and 8.70 MJ/ kg-9.45 MJ/kg, respectively. Besides that, the hydrogen content, ash content, volatile matter, and bulk density were also experimented and they were 2.56%-3.15%, 43.6%-36.71%, 57-38%-63.29% and 661.2 kg/m 3-673.07 kg/m 3 , respectively. Apart from experimental values, other physical bioenergy parameters were simulated and they were biomass characteristic index 61,822.29 kg/m 3-62,341.3 kg/m 3 , energy density 5.27 GJ/m 3-5.76G J/m 3 and fuel value index 86.19-88.54. With these experimental results, microalgae manifested itself a potential source of biofuel feedstock for heat and electricity generation, a key tool to bring down the escalated atmospheric greenhouse gases and an alternation for fossil fuel.
Ethiopia has a large coverage of bamboo plants that are used for furniture making and house build... more Ethiopia has a large coverage of bamboo plants that are used for furniture making and house building. So far, researchers have not studied the strength of Ethiopian bamboo fibers, which are utilized for composite applications. The current study measured the strength of bamboo fibers based on various testing lengths and calculated the predictive tensile strength using a modified Weibull distribution. Moreover, the quality of the extraction machine is evaluated based on shape and sensitivity parameters. This research paper incorporates the coefficient of variation of the fiber diameters, considering the defects distribution through the length for measuring the predictive strength of the fibers. The fiber diameters were calculated using the area weight methods, which had its density measured using a Pycnometer. It has been examined that as the testing gauge length and coefficient variation of fiber diameter simultaneously increased, the tensile strength of the bamboo fibers decreased. ...
Hydrogel is a 3D framework of hydrophilic polymeric material that quickly absorbs and retains a h... more Hydrogel is a 3D framework of hydrophilic polymeric material that quickly absorbs and retains a huge amount of water (or other fluid) and offers versatile functionality. A series of unique carboxymethyl cellulose/Xanthan gum/polyvinyl alcohol (CXP) blended hydrogels, containing both the natural and synthetic polymers, were prepared by following the blending and casting approach. The polymers were incorporated through chemical crosslinking by tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The fabricated hydrogels showed all required features: non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and improved mechanical strength. The addition and variation in TEOS (crosslinker) significantly impacted the key characteristics of CXP hydrogel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the porous structure and indicated that the pore's size and intensity were reduced with the surge in TEOS content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed the successful incorporation of various polymer...
The individual and combined effects of micronutrients and hormones on freshwater-borne microalgae... more The individual and combined effects of micronutrients and hormones on freshwater-borne microalgae growth were investigated for biofuel feedstock in this experimental study. Five algal strains of Chlorella sp., Chlorococcum sp., Phormidium sp., Chlorella sp. and Cosmarium sp., AZH, AZS, ZAA1, ZAA2, and ZAA3, respectively, have been investigated. These strains were treated using different concentrations of micronutrients (iron chloride, manganese chloride, and sodium molybdenum oxide) and hormone (salicylic acid). The different treatments’ growth effects were as follows: iron chloride > sodium molybdenum oxide ˃ manganese chloride > salicylic acid. The order of the increases in the number of microalgal strain cells achieved by the application of the micronutrients and hormone was AZH > AZS > ZAA3 > ZAA2 > ZAA1. The combined treatments produced higher growth rates than the individual treatments, with the order of their effects being micronutrients + hormone > all t...
Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite mater... more Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite material with various waste-based high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to utilize the waste biomass and recycle the plastic waste in an effective approach. In this study, chemically modified spent coffee husk (CH) has been applied with different ratios of HDPE to produce composite material and characterized comprehensively to determine the mechanical stability of the products. The injection molding method was used for composite development containing HDPE with untreated and 10 wt% NaOH-treated CH weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25% together with 10 wt% coupling agent and filler materials of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and kaolin clay, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of untreated CH, 10 wt% NaOH treated CH, pristine HDPE and HDPE-CH composites have been analyzed comprehensively in this study. Adding 25 wt% fiber with 65 wt% HDPE and 10 wt% of ABS (7 wt%)-kaolin clay (3 w...
Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite mater... more Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite material with various waste-based high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to utilize the waste biomass and recycle the plastic waste in an effective approach. In this study, chemically modified spent coffee husk (CH) has been applied with different ratios of HDPE to produce composite material and characterized comprehensively to determine the mechanical stability of the products. The injection molding method was used for composite development containing HDPE with untreated and 10 wt% NaOH-treated CH weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25% together with 10 wt% coupling agent and filler materials of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and kaolin clay, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of untreated CH, 10 wt% NaOH treated CH, pristine HDPE and HDPE-CH composites have been analyzed comprehensively in this study. Adding 25 wt% fiber with 65 wt% HDPE and 10 wt% of ABS (7 wt%)-kaolin clay (3 w...
COVID-19 pandemic-borne wastes imposed a severe threat to human lives as well as the total enviro... more COVID-19 pandemic-borne wastes imposed a severe threat to human lives as well as the total environment. Improper handling of these wastes increases the possibility of future transmission. Therefore, immediate actions are required from both local and international authorities to mitigate the amount of waste generation and ensure proper disposal of these wastes, especially for low-income and developing countries where solid waste management is challenging. In this study, an attempt is made to estimate healthcare waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. This study includes infected, ICU, deceased, isolated and quarantined patients as the primary sources of medical waste. Results showed that COVID-19 medical waste from these patients was 658.08 tons in March 2020 and increased to 16,164.74 tons in April 2021. A top portion of these wastes was generated from infected and quarantined patients. Based on survey data, approximate daily usage of face masks and hand gloves is also determined. Probable waste generation from COVID-19 confirmatory tests and vaccination has been simulated. Finally, several guidelines are provided to ensure the country's proper disposal and management of COVID-related wastes.
Microalgae have been preferred as an excellent candidate for edible bio-oil production in recent ... more Microalgae have been preferred as an excellent candidate for edible bio-oil production in recent decades due to the abundant cellular polyunsaturated fatty acid, high photosynthetic rate, and biomass productivity and significant amount of oil extraction superior to terrestrial oleaginous crops. This chapter discusses suitable microalgae candidates for edible bio-oil production, as well as the implementation of nanotechnology to improve the growth of different microalgae species. In addition, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the numerous technologies for microalgae pretreatment processes prior to bio-oil extraction, recovery, and purification. Finally, it discusses the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of bio-oil production from microalgae as well as other high-value products through an integrated approach. This approach can play a positive role in the near future to mitigate the high demand for edible oil consumption as well as other value-added products can be applied significantly in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Biodiesel commercialization is questionable due to poor brake thermal efficiency. Biodiesel utili... more Biodiesel commercialization is questionable due to poor brake thermal efficiency. Biodiesel utilization should be improved with the addition of fuel additives. Hydrogen peroxide is a potential fuel additive due to extra hydrogen and oxygen content, which improves the combustion process. In this experimental study, biodiesel has been produced from Jatropha oil employing catalyzed transesterification homogeneously to examine its influence on the performance and emissions at engine loads with 1500 rpm utilizing a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine. D60B40 (having 60% diesel and 40% biodiesel) and D60B30A10 (60% diesel, 30% biodiesel and 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), are the fuel mixtures in the current study. The addition of H2O2 reduces emissions and enhances the combustion process. This effect occurred due to the micro-explosion of the injected fuel particles (which increases in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR)). An increase of 20% in BTE and 25% reduction in BSFC for D60B30A10 was observed compared to D60B40. Significant reduction in emissions of HC up to 17.54%, smoke by 24.6% CO2 by 3.53%, and an increase in NOx was noticed when the engine is operated with D60B30A10. The HRR increased up to 18.6%, ID reduced by 10.82%, and in-cylinder pressure increased by 8.5%. Test runs can be minimized as per Taguchi's design of experiments. It is possible to provide the estimates for the full factorial design of experiments. Exhaust gas temperature standards are evaluated and examined for all fuel blends.
Bangladesh is blessed with abundant solar resources. Solar power is considered the most desirable... more Bangladesh is blessed with abundant solar resources. Solar power is considered the most desirable energy source to mitigate the high energy demand of this densely populated country. Although various articles deal with solar energy applications in Bangladesh, no detailed review can be found in the literature. Therefore, in this study, we report on the current scenario of renewable energy in Bangladesh and the most significant potential of solar energy’s contribution among multiple renewable energy resources in mitigating energy demand. One main objective of this analysis was to outline the overall view of solar energy applications in Bangladesh to date, as well as the ongoing development of such projects. The technical and theoretical solar energy potential and the technologies available to harvest solar energy were also investigated. A detailed techno-economic design of solar power applications for the garment industry was also simulated to determine the potential of solar energy fo...
Abstract Synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials in the lab-scale frequently involves complex processin... more Abstract Synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials in the lab-scale frequently involves complex processing and often is not able to be adopted in the industry without major enhancements for its commercial production. This research is focused on a convenient route for the fabrication of chitosan-supported magnetically recoverable carbon bio-nanocomposites by functionalizing magnetic nanoparticles on chitosan and renewable carbon material using solvothermal carbonization co-precipitation (STCC). This process can be adopted in large-scale synthesis with minimum enhancements. The nanocomposites produced using STCC offered excellent features including porous and ultrafine nanostructure, stable mechanical, and chemical properties. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the temperature has been found to be the most influential factor for both magnetic nanocomposite and bio-oil yield. The highest porosity for nanocomposites was observed with water-based synthesis at 260 °C at 194.62 m2/g. However, water/ethanol (50:50) at 260 °C yielded 6.67% and 8.01% more bio-oil and having 5.35% and 3.49% higher heating value as compared to that of bio-oil produced using water and ethanol.
Large quantity of animal waste production in Bangladesh has spurred the demand of potential appli... more Large quantity of animal waste production in Bangladesh has spurred the demand of potential applications for waste management. Therefore, biofuel production from animal waste has been projected as the solution for animal waste management along with the potential of a new source of renewable energy. This study aimed to evaluate the production of biogas from the farm wastes in Bangladesh and presented the potential biological applications for processing the wastes to convert into biogas. The study demonstrated that the highest amount of livestock waste, approximately 229 million ton was produced in 2016 and it was accounted for a total biogas production potential of 16988.97 million m 3 which could be converted into 16.68 Â 10 7 MWh of electricity. This study also presented the suitable conversion technologies as well as mechanisms of biogas production from animal waste and related mathematical equations to calculate the amount of total biogas productions. The latest advancements in large scale biogas production via government and non-government organizations have also been documented in this work. Besides biogas production analysis, this study also demonstrated the environmental impacts of biogas application. A net CO 2 emission reduction of 4.42 million tons could have been achieved over the diesel power generation along with 29 million ton of biofertilizer. The study also proposed a management plan to improve the current waste removal situation in Bangladesh. Along with that, this review comprehensively outlined the worldwide scenario of biogas production and applications.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
Due to global warming and increasing price of fossil fuel, scientists all over the world have bee... more Due to global warming and increasing price of fossil fuel, scientists all over the world have been trying to find reliable alternative fuels. One of the most potential candidates is renewable energy from biomass. The race for renewable energy from biomass has long begun and focused on to combat the deteriorating condition of the environment. Palm oil has been in the spotlight as an alternative of bioenergy sources to resolve fossil fuel problem due to its environment-friendly nature. This review will look deep into the origins of palm oil and how it is processed, bioproducts from this biomass, and oil palm biomass-based power plant in Malaysia. Palm oil is usually processed from oil palm fruits and other parts of the oil palm plant are candidates for raw material of bioproduct generation. Oil palm biomass can be turned into three subcategories: bioproduct, biofuels, and biopower. Focusing on biofuel, the biodiesel from palm oil will be explored in detail and its implication in Malaysia as one of the biggest producers of oil palm in the world will also be emphasized comprehensively. The paper presents the detail of a schematic flow diagram of a palm oil mill process of transforming oil palm into crude palm oil and it wastes. This paper will also discuss the current oil palm biomass power plants in Malaysia. Palm oil has been proven itself as a potential alternative to reduce negative environmental impact of global warming.
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2018
Microalgae has been considered potential biofuel source from the last decade owing to its versati... more Microalgae has been considered potential biofuel source from the last decade owing to its versatile perspectives such as excellent capability of CO 2 capture and sequestration, water treatment, prolific growth rate and enormous energy content. Thus, energy research on microalgae is being harnessed to mitigate CO 2 and meet future energy demands. This study investigated the bioenergy potential of native blue-green microalgae consortium as initial energy research on microalgae in Brunei Darussalam. The local species of microalgae were assembled from rainwater drains, the species were identified as Stigonematales sp. and physical properties were characterised. Sundried biomass with moisture content ranging from 6.5% to 7.37% was measured to be used to determine the net and gross calorific value and they were 7.98 MJ/kg-8.57 MJ/kg and 8.70 MJ/ kg-9.45 MJ/kg, respectively. Besides that, the hydrogen content, ash content, volatile matter, and bulk density were also experimented and they were 2.56%-3.15%, 43.6%-36.71%, 57-38%-63.29% and 661.2 kg/m 3-673.07 kg/m 3 , respectively. Apart from experimental values, other physical bioenergy parameters were simulated and they were biomass characteristic index 61,822.29 kg/m 3-62,341.3 kg/m 3 , energy density 5.27 GJ/m 3-5.76G J/m 3 and fuel value index 86.19-88.54. With these experimental results, microalgae manifested itself a potential source of biofuel feedstock for heat and electricity generation, a key tool to bring down the escalated atmospheric greenhouse gases and an alternation for fossil fuel.
Ethiopia has a large coverage of bamboo plants that are used for furniture making and house build... more Ethiopia has a large coverage of bamboo plants that are used for furniture making and house building. So far, researchers have not studied the strength of Ethiopian bamboo fibers, which are utilized for composite applications. The current study measured the strength of bamboo fibers based on various testing lengths and calculated the predictive tensile strength using a modified Weibull distribution. Moreover, the quality of the extraction machine is evaluated based on shape and sensitivity parameters. This research paper incorporates the coefficient of variation of the fiber diameters, considering the defects distribution through the length for measuring the predictive strength of the fibers. The fiber diameters were calculated using the area weight methods, which had its density measured using a Pycnometer. It has been examined that as the testing gauge length and coefficient variation of fiber diameter simultaneously increased, the tensile strength of the bamboo fibers decreased. ...
Hydrogel is a 3D framework of hydrophilic polymeric material that quickly absorbs and retains a h... more Hydrogel is a 3D framework of hydrophilic polymeric material that quickly absorbs and retains a huge amount of water (or other fluid) and offers versatile functionality. A series of unique carboxymethyl cellulose/Xanthan gum/polyvinyl alcohol (CXP) blended hydrogels, containing both the natural and synthetic polymers, were prepared by following the blending and casting approach. The polymers were incorporated through chemical crosslinking by tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The fabricated hydrogels showed all required features: non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and improved mechanical strength. The addition and variation in TEOS (crosslinker) significantly impacted the key characteristics of CXP hydrogel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the porous structure and indicated that the pore's size and intensity were reduced with the surge in TEOS content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed the successful incorporation of various polymer...
The individual and combined effects of micronutrients and hormones on freshwater-borne microalgae... more The individual and combined effects of micronutrients and hormones on freshwater-borne microalgae growth were investigated for biofuel feedstock in this experimental study. Five algal strains of Chlorella sp., Chlorococcum sp., Phormidium sp., Chlorella sp. and Cosmarium sp., AZH, AZS, ZAA1, ZAA2, and ZAA3, respectively, have been investigated. These strains were treated using different concentrations of micronutrients (iron chloride, manganese chloride, and sodium molybdenum oxide) and hormone (salicylic acid). The different treatments’ growth effects were as follows: iron chloride > sodium molybdenum oxide ˃ manganese chloride > salicylic acid. The order of the increases in the number of microalgal strain cells achieved by the application of the micronutrients and hormone was AZH > AZS > ZAA3 > ZAA2 > ZAA1. The combined treatments produced higher growth rates than the individual treatments, with the order of their effects being micronutrients + hormone > all t...
Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite mater... more Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite material with various waste-based high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to utilize the waste biomass and recycle the plastic waste in an effective approach. In this study, chemically modified spent coffee husk (CH) has been applied with different ratios of HDPE to produce composite material and characterized comprehensively to determine the mechanical stability of the products. The injection molding method was used for composite development containing HDPE with untreated and 10 wt% NaOH-treated CH weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25% together with 10 wt% coupling agent and filler materials of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and kaolin clay, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of untreated CH, 10 wt% NaOH treated CH, pristine HDPE and HDPE-CH composites have been analyzed comprehensively in this study. Adding 25 wt% fiber with 65 wt% HDPE and 10 wt% of ABS (7 wt%)-kaolin clay (3 w...
Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite mater... more Waste biomass-based natural fibers are being extensively researched nowadays as a composite material with various waste-based high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to utilize the waste biomass and recycle the plastic waste in an effective approach. In this study, chemically modified spent coffee husk (CH) has been applied with different ratios of HDPE to produce composite material and characterized comprehensively to determine the mechanical stability of the products. The injection molding method was used for composite development containing HDPE with untreated and 10 wt% NaOH-treated CH weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25% together with 10 wt% coupling agent and filler materials of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and kaolin clay, respectively. Physicochemical characteristics of untreated CH, 10 wt% NaOH treated CH, pristine HDPE and HDPE-CH composites have been analyzed comprehensively in this study. Adding 25 wt% fiber with 65 wt% HDPE and 10 wt% of ABS (7 wt%)-kaolin clay (3 w...
COVID-19 pandemic-borne wastes imposed a severe threat to human lives as well as the total enviro... more COVID-19 pandemic-borne wastes imposed a severe threat to human lives as well as the total environment. Improper handling of these wastes increases the possibility of future transmission. Therefore, immediate actions are required from both local and international authorities to mitigate the amount of waste generation and ensure proper disposal of these wastes, especially for low-income and developing countries where solid waste management is challenging. In this study, an attempt is made to estimate healthcare waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. This study includes infected, ICU, deceased, isolated and quarantined patients as the primary sources of medical waste. Results showed that COVID-19 medical waste from these patients was 658.08 tons in March 2020 and increased to 16,164.74 tons in April 2021. A top portion of these wastes was generated from infected and quarantined patients. Based on survey data, approximate daily usage of face masks and hand gloves is also determined. Probable waste generation from COVID-19 confirmatory tests and vaccination has been simulated. Finally, several guidelines are provided to ensure the country's proper disposal and management of COVID-related wastes.
Microalgae have been preferred as an excellent candidate for edible bio-oil production in recent ... more Microalgae have been preferred as an excellent candidate for edible bio-oil production in recent decades due to the abundant cellular polyunsaturated fatty acid, high photosynthetic rate, and biomass productivity and significant amount of oil extraction superior to terrestrial oleaginous crops. This chapter discusses suitable microalgae candidates for edible bio-oil production, as well as the implementation of nanotechnology to improve the growth of different microalgae species. In addition, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the numerous technologies for microalgae pretreatment processes prior to bio-oil extraction, recovery, and purification. Finally, it discusses the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of bio-oil production from microalgae as well as other high-value products through an integrated approach. This approach can play a positive role in the near future to mitigate the high demand for edible oil consumption as well as other value-added products can be applied significantly in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Biodiesel commercialization is questionable due to poor brake thermal efficiency. Biodiesel utili... more Biodiesel commercialization is questionable due to poor brake thermal efficiency. Biodiesel utilization should be improved with the addition of fuel additives. Hydrogen peroxide is a potential fuel additive due to extra hydrogen and oxygen content, which improves the combustion process. In this experimental study, biodiesel has been produced from Jatropha oil employing catalyzed transesterification homogeneously to examine its influence on the performance and emissions at engine loads with 1500 rpm utilizing a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine. D60B40 (having 60% diesel and 40% biodiesel) and D60B30A10 (60% diesel, 30% biodiesel and 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), are the fuel mixtures in the current study. The addition of H2O2 reduces emissions and enhances the combustion process. This effect occurred due to the micro-explosion of the injected fuel particles (which increases in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR)). An increase of 20% in BTE and 25% reduction in BSFC for D60B30A10 was observed compared to D60B40. Significant reduction in emissions of HC up to 17.54%, smoke by 24.6% CO2 by 3.53%, and an increase in NOx was noticed when the engine is operated with D60B30A10. The HRR increased up to 18.6%, ID reduced by 10.82%, and in-cylinder pressure increased by 8.5%. Test runs can be minimized as per Taguchi's design of experiments. It is possible to provide the estimates for the full factorial design of experiments. Exhaust gas temperature standards are evaluated and examined for all fuel blends.
Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, 2021
The accelerating energy demand all over the world and the fast depletion of fossil fuels have spu... more The accelerating energy demand all over the world and the fast depletion of fossil fuels have spurred the need for alternative energy sources for the survival of future generations. Hence, biofuel production attracted significant attention in this era. Besides energy generation, positive environmental impact has been appeared as one of the most influential parameters to implement biofuels together with fossil fuel. Therefore, for the sake of alternative energy generation and greener environment, this chapter emphasized on the production of the most popular biofuel, i.e., biodiesel. This study compared different experimental methods for biodiesel generation such as microwave, supercritical, and conventional approaches to enhance the transesterification process. Along with the elaborate explanation of optimized conditions, the main objective of this study was to determine the most prominent key method for the improvement of the transesterification process. During the stages of biomass pretreatment and biomass conversion into biodiesel, microwave synthesis approach for the transesterification process has been manifested as the most favorable method due to the highest biodiesel yield, fast processing period, excellent energy efficiency, and outstanding environmental-economic impact. Apart from that, this chapter also highlighted the comprehensive details of the physicochemical properties of biodiesel, potential biomass sources for biodiesel production, the scenario of global biodiesel production, and diverse ongoing applications of biodiesel worldwide.
MICROALGAE Cultivation, Recovery of Compounds and Applications, 2021
Microalgae have been preferred as an excellent candidate for edible bio-oil production in recent ... more Microalgae have been preferred as an excellent candidate for edible bio-oil production in recent decades due to the abundant cellular polyunsaturated fatty acid, high photosynthetic rate, and biomass productivity and significant amount of oil extraction superior to terrestrial oleaginous crops. This chapter discusses suitable microalgae candidates for edible bio-oil production, as well as the implementation of nanotechnology to improve the growth of different microalgae species. In addition, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the numerous technologies for microalgae pretreatment processes prior to bio-oil extraction, recovery, and purification. Finally, it discusses the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of bio-oil production from microalgae as well as other high-value products through an integrated approach. This approach can play a positive role in the near future to mitigate the high demand for edible oil consumption as well as other value-added products can be applied significantly in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
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Papers by Nazia Hossain
microalgae as well as other high-value products through an integrated approach. This approach can play a positive role in the near future to mitigate the high demand for edible oil consumption as well as other value-added products can be applied significantly in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.