Social Sciences

Механіко-технологічний факультет Кафедра кібербезпеки та програмного забезпечення Програмування вбудованих систем Методичні вказівки до виконання лабораторних робіт для студентів денної та заочної форми навчання за спеціальністю 123 "Комп'ютерна інженерія " ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНО на засіданні кафедри кібербезпеки та програмного забезпечення, протокол від 28 квітня 2018 року № 14 КРОПИВНИЦЬКИЙ 2018 2 Програмування вбудованих систем : метод. вказівки до виконання лабораторних робіт для студентів денної та заочної форми навчання за спеціальністю 123 "Комп'ютерна інженерія " / уклад. Дрєєва Г.

A tsunami is a natural coastal hazard generated in the deep ocean as a
result of an earthquake, volcanic activity, submarine landslide or
meteoritic impact. The 26 December 2004 earthquake off the west
coast of Sumatra, Indonesia generated one of the deadliest tsunami in
history. It demolished the coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India,
and Thailand, as these Asian counties located shadow zone of this
tectonic belt. Over thirty thousand loss their lives and also millions of
worth extensive property damage because lacking of adequate
knowledge and preparedness for such an infrequent but a powerful
event. As Sri Lanka situated in a shadow zone of the earthquake
generated belt preparedness is very important factor.
Early warning and evacuations based on inundation maps are the
most strategic ways to minimize the massive loss of life and damages
to the property in risk community. The study focused towards
creation of a Tsunami risk map for Weligama area. The numerical
simulation of tsunami inundation was carried out using Com MIT
model with the major input parameters of earthquake source
parameters, topography and bathymetry data.
The December 2004 Sumatra Earthquake source parameters were
used for generation, propagation, and coastal amplification of the
tsunami waves and finally the inundation extent and water level was
obtained to prepare large scale action maps on tsunami inundation to
protect the coastal communities.
The GIS tool has been used to incorporate the tsunami inundation depth to prepare the final tsunami risk
map. Reliability of model results was compared with the field data and a high resolution Quick Bird image,
which was taken just after the 26th December 2004 earthquake. The results from this study will be useful
for delineation of evacuation routes long – term planning and implementing activities to reduce impacts of
tsunami in future.

This study describes a case study involving the use of bioengineering and rock structures to
restore an eroded bank of the Deduru Oya, and restoration of ecological amenities that
existed prior to disturbances by man and a major flood event, sustainable plot level land
improvement by agro forestry farming techniques. In addition, this study exposed that
improper land use activities and illegal activities done by the people directly influence to the
natural process of Daduru Oya river basin. Thus, the study emphasized that banning river
sand mining in the Deduru Oya until improvements of the sand deposits again at the river bed
there is no balance between the deposition and transportation, and until the river has adequate
completion of sand in the banks and the river bed. If not that will be creates lots of
environmental problems in the area.
Therefore, considering the river bank conservation by bio engineering best practice of land
use in the Deduru Oya lower basin were helpful to protect river bank erosion, groundwater
conservation, riparian buffer zone redevelopment and water and land management. Both
living and nonliving plants can be used. Nonliving plants are used as construction materials,
similar to engineered materials. Planted vegetation controls erosion and serves as good
wildlife and fisheries habitat in riparian systems. Guidelines are generally lacking for use of
bioengineering treatment on stream banks, which often explains why bioengineering is not
used more often. The management strategy which is used (Bio engineering technology for
conserve the river banks) are help to control soil erosion by runoff water of the river buffer,
reduce silting in river bed by eroded soil and other materials, Increase the water quality
purifying water by the roots of plants, increase green canopies and green belt beside of the
river, control the flood damage, bio-diversity conservation. This is socially acceptable,
economically and environmentally sustainable technology. If this technology can be applied
for the other river banks development, that will help to protect rivers and associated
environment. It is not applicable this technology for the entire river banks in Sri Lanka but
should have to identify the suitable place and do the implementation. This is low cost, ecofriendly
end sustainable technology. Introducing endemic species (Mee -Madhuca longifolia,
Midella - Barringtonia aceamosa, Kumbuk - Peminalia arguna, Rambuk -Erianthus
arundinaceus, Bamboo Three Types) to the river bank is extensively helpful to conserve
biological diversity and have medicinal and cultural values. Moreover, agroforestry farming
gain much help to maintain keep healthy of the soil fertility sustainably.

Cities play an important role in climate change mitigation and adaptation and enhancing
climate resilience of their slum and vulnerable residents. Climate change adds to existing
challenges faced by cities. Climate change, together with a decrease in absorption capacity of
greenhouse gasses due reduction in the amount of green cover, parks, trees and agricultural
surfaces in urban areas, poses serious threats to urban infrastructure, access to basic services
and quality of life in cities and negatively affect the urban economy. At the same time, rapid
urban growth, growing urban poverty and increasing food prices raise concerns about urban
food security, especially for the poor. Cities are highly vulnerable to disruption in critical
(food) supplies and climate change exacerbates this vulnerability.
The main objective of this study is to examine the spatial pattern of surface temperature in the
Kesbewa Urban Council Area and temperature variation with the different UPAF (Urban
Peri-urban and Agriculture and Forestry) regions using space born techniques and ground
verifications.
GIS and Remote Sensing techniques were the main analytical tools of this study in data
collection as well as data processing and analysis. Landsat ETM+ image from 2003 used to
extract the surface temperature layer and model has verified using air temperature data
collected throughout the KUC area for the last five months period using 22 HOBO meters
installed in different UPAF regions in the city. UPAF regions have identified and demarcated
using Google image and visually interpreted with the field experiences.
The surface temperature model developed using satellite images is positively correlated with
the ground temperature data collected and results revealed that there is a very positive
relationship between the UPAF regions and the surface temperature.

Green cover removal is a crucial factor in urbanization scenario. These changes can be clearly observed and estimated by using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies and satellite images. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a general tool which is used in decision making regarding remote sensing based land cover and land-use related studies. Tasseled cap indices provide more detailed description on separate land features such as vegetation, water and bare land. Kelaniya is an important city with higher population density and infrastructure development which is very closer to capital city of Sri Lanka. The main objective of this study was to find out the relationship between tasseled cap transformation indices and NDVI. An image from Landsat 8 was used for the analysis while ArcGIS 10.1 was using as the software. From the image analysis process, NDVI and Tasseled cap transformation (TCT) maps were derived for the study area. A strong positive relationship was identified between NDVI and Tasseled cap greenness index. Tasseled cap indices enable to provide much more detail interpretations for the judgments made based on NDVI values

Spatial variation of rainfall over Sri Lanka is not uniform due to topography and terrain. Higher resolution measurements of rainfall data are available only confined to the southwest quarter while over other parts these are of coarse resolution. Nevertheless, incomplete rainfall records due to either missing data, or uneven and insufficient spatial variability of station network is added to the complexity of estimating rainfall of the country. A good knowledge of rainfall distribution is very useful in water resource management, as well as planning for the future in many socioeconomic activities and also in almost all research work. Therefore the necessity to have good interpolation techniques. Spatial interpolation method is one of the most common techniques frequently used to estimate values of meteorological parameters. In this study, five common interpolation techniques such as Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Ordinary Kriging (OK), Universal Kriging (UK), Spline (S) and Topo to Raster (TR) were compared and assessed against monthly total rainfall and annual total rainfall of about 300 rain gauge stations over Sri Lanka. ArcGIS software was used to generate the rainfall for unknown points and for missing areas. The accuracy of each method was assessed by the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Standardized Root Mean Square Error (SRMSE) and Goodness of Prediction Measure (G). Quantitative assessment was done and there were considerable differences among the five interpolation methods. Kriging interpolation methods out of five methods performed better than the other three methods. However, the extreme values were underestimated in Kriging while those values from other three methods are quite better. In error matrices, minimum MAE and SRMSE values were obtained from OK and UK techniques. According to the MAE, SRMSE and G values, the OK and UK techniques are the most suitable for spatial interpolation methods of rainfall data over Sri Lanka.

One of the major impacts associated with unplanned rapid urban growth is the decrease of urban vegetation, which is often replaced with impervious surfaces such as buildings, parking lots, roads, and pavements. Consequently, as the percentage of impervious surfaces continues to increase at the expense of vegetation cover, surface urban heat island (SUHI) forms and becomes more intense. The Colombo Metropolitan Area (CMA), Sri Lanka, is one of the rapidly urbanizing metropolitan regions in South Asia. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal variations of land surface temperature (LST) in the CMA in the context of the SUHI phenomenon using Landsat data. More specifically, we examined the relationship of LST with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) at three time points (1997, 2007 and 2017). In addition, we also identified environmentally critical areas based on LST and NDVI. We found significant correlations of LST with NDVI (negative) and NDBI (positive) (p < 0.001) across all three time points. Most of the environmentally critical areas are located in the central business district (CBD), near the harbor, across the coastal belt, and along the main transportation network. We recommend that those identified environmentally critical areas be considered in the future urban planning and landscape development of the city. Green spaces can help improve the environmental sustainability of the CMA.

The horizontal two-dimensional (2D) urban land use approach is not sufficient to trace rapid changes in urban environment. Hence, a three-dimensional (3D) approach that is different from the traditional geographical method is necessary to understand the mechanism of compound urban diversity. Using remote sensing data captured in 2010/2011 and geospatial tools and techniques, we quantified the urban volume (UV, consisting of urban built volume (UBV) and urban green volume (UGV)) and retrieved and mapped the land surface temperature (LST) of two cities in Japan (Tsukuba, a planned city, and Tsuchiura, a traditional city). We compared these two cities in terms of (1) UBV and UGV and their relationships with mean LST; and (2) the relationship of the UGV–UBV ratio with mean LST. Tsukuba had a total UBV of 74 million m 3 , while Tsuchiura had a total of 89 million m 3. In terms of UGV, Tsukuba had a total of 52 million m 3 , while Tsuchiura had a total of 29 million m 3. In both cities, UBV had a positive relationship with mean LST (Tsukuba: R 2 = 0.31, p < 0.001; Tsuchiura: R 2 = 0.42, p < 0.001), and UGV had a negative relationship with mean LST (Tsukuba: R 2 = 0.53, p < 0.001; Tsuchiura: R 2 = 0.19, p < 0.001). Tsukuba also had a higher UGV–UBV ratio of 54.9% in comparison with Tsuchiura, with 28.7%. Overall, the results indicate that mean LST was more intense in the traditional city (Tsuchiura). This could have been due to the difference in urban spatial structure. As a planned city, Tsukuba is still a relatively young city that has more dispersed green spaces and a well-spread (so far) built-up area.