Tend and Befriend theory specifies interpersonal stress responses women utilize; we studied them ... more Tend and Befriend theory specifies interpersonal stress responses women utilize; we studied them at the individual and dyadic levels using the Social Relations Model (SRM). Speaking about stressful...
Social Relations Modeling of Behavior in Dyads and Groups
The research explains the simple, robust, and rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation ... more The research explains the simple, robust, and rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of frovatriptan succinate monohydrate (FSM) as API and in films forms. Materials and Methods: FSM was determined by ultraviolet-visible double-beam spectrophotometer at 244 nm as wavelength maxima in pH 6.8 simulated salivary fluid. The developed method was validated by taking parameters according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Results and Discussion: Beer's law was found to be obeyed in the concentration range of 0.1-8 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Percentage relative standard deviation for all validation parameters was found to be <2%. This analysis method was successfully applied for the determination of FSM in sublingual film dosage forms. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the developed method is accurate, precise, robust, and reproducible, and hence, the developed spectrophotometric method can be used for analysis of FSM in bulk and other pharmaceutical dosage forms.
<p>Interpersonal perception is a dyadic phenomenon with multiple perspectives; dyad members... more <p>Interpersonal perception is a dyadic phenomenon with multiple perspectives; dyad members reciprocally perceive one another (perceptions), while also assessing how the other perceives them (meta-perceptions). Because accuracy is inherently dyadic, social relations modeling is appropriate for partitioning interpersonal perceptions into theoretically meaningful components called <italic>perceiver</italic>, <italic>target</italic>, and <italic>relationship</italic>. Estimation of accuracy should use only the relevant components when assessing if perceptions conform to a validity criterion. Moreover, interpersonal perception exists within a broader nomological network of perceptual phenomena. People assume that others' traits are similar to their own traits (assumed similarity), and that others judge them as they judge others (assumed reciprocity). Each has implications for accuracy. Theoretical models are developed that specify the effect of perceivers' assumptions about others (i.e., top-down processes), and the effect of others' behaviors (i.e., bottom-up processes) on perceivers' judgments of targets' traits, and their impact on accuracy.</p>
A basic human task is the assessment of another's similarity to oneself, and is termed self-r... more A basic human task is the assessment of another's similarity to oneself, and is termed self-referenced interpersonal perception. Different approaches to estimating self-other similarity are discussed for single and multiple interaction research designs. Self-references interpersonal similarity is not a single phenomenon, but rather, a family of phenomena at the individual, dyadic and group levels. Estimates of these phenomena from a study using the key person design are presented. A method for assessing the profile similarity of dyad members is also developed.
ABSTRACT Research on facial attractiveness and face recognition has produced contradictory result... more ABSTRACT Research on facial attractiveness and face recognition has produced contradictory results that we believe are rooted in methodological limitations. Three experiments evaluated the hypothesis that facial attractiveness and face recognition are positively and linearly related. We also expected that social status would moderate the attractiveness effect. Attractive faces were recognized with very high accuracy compared to less attractive faces. We specified two estimates of facial distinctiveness (generalized and idiosyncratic) and demonstrated that the attractiveness effect on face recognition was not due to distinctiveness. This solves the long-standing problem that because facial attractiveness and distinctiveness are naturally confounded, construct validity is compromised. There was no support for the prediction, based on meta-analysis, that females would outperform males in face recognition. The attractiveness effect was so strong that gender effects were precluded. Methodological prescriptions to enhance internal, construct, and statistical conclusion validity in face recognition paradigms are presented.
The flavonoids present in red wine were responsible this low cardiovascular mortality rate. Epide... more The flavonoids present in red wine were responsible this low cardiovascular mortality rate. Epidemiologic studies further suggest that dietary flavonoids are useful to control and protect the CHD. The flavonoids are yellow color substance (pigments) and the name given on the basis of Latin term Flavus which means yellow color. Flavonoids are derivatives of benzo-pyrone. Banzopyrone is a group of heterocyclic aromatic oxygen containing compounds. Finely powdered zinc chloride (8.25) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (18ml) by heating on sand bath then dry resorcinol (appx.5.5 gm) was added with continuous stirring to the mixture at 140 0 C. Antioxidant Screening by hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Hydrogen peroxide solution (40 mini moles) was prepared with standard phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Different concentration of the compound stock solution and 4ml distilled water was added to 0.6 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution. UV absorbance was determined at the wavelength of 230 nm after 10 min with a blank solution containing phosphate buffer without H2O2. Take 4 ml different concentration of sample solution and 1ml sodium nitroprusside solution, added and incubated for 2.5 hrs at 37 0 C. After incubation baseline was taken with methanol and 1ml sodium nitroprusside solution as blank solution. Griess reagent and methanol was added immediatel y before recording of readings. The readings were recorded at 546nm wavelenth. In the series of synthesized and evaluated compounds of Flavanoid electron withdrawing group at position four shows good activity. 2,3-dihydroflavan-3-ol derivatives showed lower activity than that of 3hydroxyflavone derivatives. The 4-oxo (keto double bond at position 4 of the C ring), especially in association with the J2-J3 double bond, increases scavenger activity by delocalizing electrons, 3-hydroxy group on the C ring generates an extremely active scavenger; the combination of J2-J3 double bond,3-hydroxy group and 4-oxo group appears to be the best combination for potent antioxidant activity.
Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, and Gino (2017) studied the role of question asking in conversati... more Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, and Gino (2017) studied the role of question asking in conversations. They claimed to have identified "a robust and consistent relationship between question-asking and liking" (p. 1), where liking is affected largely by follow-up questions, rather than by switch questions. They concluded that their "data support a trait-level model of question-asking behavior" (p. 12), and that "question-asking is a critical component of active listening" (p. 14). Our theoretical, methodological, and empirical reanalyses of their speed-dating study (Study 3), where liking was operationalized as being offered a second date, lead to different conclusions. Their speed-dating data conforms to an asymmetric block design, and should have been analyzed using the social relations model, to unconfound the effects of the actor, partner, dyad, and gender. Social relations modeling showed that about a third of the variance of question asking can be attributed to a trait, but that another third of the variance can be attributed to the specific dyad, and some smaller portion of the variance can be attributed to the partner's tendency to elicit question asking. Bivariate social relations modeling showed that latent scores of follow-up questions and switch questions are largely isomorphic. Finally, asking an opposite sex partner questions tends to be inversely related to being offered a second date, at least for men. Based on theory, our reanalysis, and other empirical findings, we conclude that offering a second-date is not equivalent to liking, and that question asking is different from listening. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Aim Socioeconomic marginalization and inequalities in well-being and health in adults have been s... more Aim Socioeconomic marginalization and inequalities in well-being and health in adults have been shown to be rooted in the early childhood experience. In particular, childhood poverty and parental income may influence children's well-being in multiple and diverse ways, as it is known that parental poverty impedes cognitive function. Subjects and methods The 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort includes a complete census of children born in a single year. The children were followed up from birth until end of 2012 using official registers maintained by the Finnish authorities. Cohort members who survived till the end of follow-up were included in the study (N = 58,818). Path modelling was used to analyze relations of theoretical constructs; parental adaption (PA), parental psychiatric involvement (PPI), family socioeconomic status (SES) as mediator, and child life outcomes (CLO) as outcome. Three models were made; a full model, a mediational model (where PA and PPI only have a direct effect on CLO through SES), and a non-mediational model with only direct effects of PA and PPI on CLO. A multiple group analysis was undertaken by cohort members' different educational outcomes. The best-fitting model suggested that as parental psychiatric involvement increases and parental adaptation failures increase, the socio-economic status of the family is compromised; in turn, poverty predicts increased adverse life outcomes for children. The restricted mediational model fits best on the data, and equally well for all educational outcomes. Childhood poverty remains the most significant determinant of early adult outcomes, regardless of school performance. Conclusion More policy effort needs to be enacted to reduce childhood poverty and its consequences in Finland.
People often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group f... more People often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group favoritism does not always occur, and people will sometimes favor an out-group over the in-group. We delineate theoretically when in-group favoritism (i.e., self-protection) and out-group favoritism (i.e., benevolence) should occur. In two experiments, groups' relative status and competence stereotypes were manipulated; groups' outcomes were non-contingent in Experiment 1 and contingent in Experiment 2. When allocating reward, members of a low status group were selfprotective, favoring the in-group over the out-group under both non-contingent and contingent outcomes. Those with high status benevolently favored the out-group when outcomes were noncontingent, but were self-protective with contingent outcomes. People were willing to engage in social activities with an out-group member regardless of competence. However, when task collaboration had implications for the self, those with low status preferred competent over less competent out-group members. Traits of high status targets were differentiated by those with low status in both experiments, whereas those with high status differentiated low status members' traits only when outcomes were contingent. A general principle fits the data: the implications of intergroup responses for the self determine benevolence and self-protection. Implications for the Self Determine Benevolence and Self Protection in Intergroup Relations Keywords self; intergroup relations model; in-group favoritism; out-group favoritism; benevolence; selfprotection "Subtle forms of bias build understandings that protect the self. Whites' racial attitudes have changed over the century, but mostly in ways that protect the selfimage as egalitarian." (Fiske, 2004, p. 455) Group membership was once deemed sufficient to engender intergroup conflict because of the implications for the self . As social cognitive theory developed, proposed that one's identity and self-esteem are offspring of group membership, and consequently, people favor the in-group over the out-group to protect and enhance the self. Indeed, data document in-group favoritism (e.g., Bettencourt, Dorr,
Much attention has been given to the topic of occupational stress among law enforcement professio... more Much attention has been given to the topic of occupational stress among law enforcement professionals during the last decade. Yet, while the number of papers addressing this topic appear with increasing regularity in the law enforcement literature, the basic assumptions underlying the concept of police stress appear to have been ignored or accepted as fact in the absence of sound
Trying to self improve and self change are highly appreciated personal endeavors in current weste... more Trying to self improve and self change are highly appreciated personal endeavors in current western culture (Rieff, 1966; Starker, 1988; Wilson, 1976). A variety of formal enterprises, flourishing in past decades, reflect the need for self change. These include psychotherapies (Beit-Hallahmi, 1987; Zilbergeld, 1983), encounter, self-help, and awareness training groups (Back, 1972; Finkelstein, Wenegrat & Yalom, 1982; Gottlieb, 1988; Klar et al., 1990), and dieting or physical fitness programs (Haber, 1984).
In the early 1970s psychologists questioned the assumption that masculinity (i.e., agency) and fe... more In the early 1970s psychologists questioned the assumption that masculinity (i.e., agency) and femininity (i.e., communion) were opposite ends of a one-dimensional continuum. Rather, masculinity and femininity were conceptualized as independent dimensions; an individual could have a score on each. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) is based on the theory that individuals differ in the extent to which masculinity and femininity are the basis for a cognitive schema that affects the processing of information and behavior.
... Demis E. Glasford Chapter 7 The Social Psychology of Respect: Implications for Delegitimizati... more ... Demis E. Glasford Chapter 7 The Social Psychology of Respect: Implications for Delegitimization and Reconciliation 145 Ronnie Janoff-Bulman ... Chapter 14 Social Identity, Legitimacy, and Intergroup Conflict: The Rocky Road to Reconciliation 319 Russell Spears Chapter 15 ...
Tend and Befriend theory specifies interpersonal stress responses women utilize; we studied them ... more Tend and Befriend theory specifies interpersonal stress responses women utilize; we studied them at the individual and dyadic levels using the Social Relations Model (SRM). Speaking about stressful...
Social Relations Modeling of Behavior in Dyads and Groups
The research explains the simple, robust, and rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation ... more The research explains the simple, robust, and rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of frovatriptan succinate monohydrate (FSM) as API and in films forms. Materials and Methods: FSM was determined by ultraviolet-visible double-beam spectrophotometer at 244 nm as wavelength maxima in pH 6.8 simulated salivary fluid. The developed method was validated by taking parameters according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. Results and Discussion: Beer's law was found to be obeyed in the concentration range of 0.1-8 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Percentage relative standard deviation for all validation parameters was found to be <2%. This analysis method was successfully applied for the determination of FSM in sublingual film dosage forms. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the developed method is accurate, precise, robust, and reproducible, and hence, the developed spectrophotometric method can be used for analysis of FSM in bulk and other pharmaceutical dosage forms.
<p>Interpersonal perception is a dyadic phenomenon with multiple perspectives; dyad members... more <p>Interpersonal perception is a dyadic phenomenon with multiple perspectives; dyad members reciprocally perceive one another (perceptions), while also assessing how the other perceives them (meta-perceptions). Because accuracy is inherently dyadic, social relations modeling is appropriate for partitioning interpersonal perceptions into theoretically meaningful components called <italic>perceiver</italic>, <italic>target</italic>, and <italic>relationship</italic>. Estimation of accuracy should use only the relevant components when assessing if perceptions conform to a validity criterion. Moreover, interpersonal perception exists within a broader nomological network of perceptual phenomena. People assume that others' traits are similar to their own traits (assumed similarity), and that others judge them as they judge others (assumed reciprocity). Each has implications for accuracy. Theoretical models are developed that specify the effect of perceivers' assumptions about others (i.e., top-down processes), and the effect of others' behaviors (i.e., bottom-up processes) on perceivers' judgments of targets' traits, and their impact on accuracy.</p>
A basic human task is the assessment of another's similarity to oneself, and is termed self-r... more A basic human task is the assessment of another's similarity to oneself, and is termed self-referenced interpersonal perception. Different approaches to estimating self-other similarity are discussed for single and multiple interaction research designs. Self-references interpersonal similarity is not a single phenomenon, but rather, a family of phenomena at the individual, dyadic and group levels. Estimates of these phenomena from a study using the key person design are presented. A method for assessing the profile similarity of dyad members is also developed.
ABSTRACT Research on facial attractiveness and face recognition has produced contradictory result... more ABSTRACT Research on facial attractiveness and face recognition has produced contradictory results that we believe are rooted in methodological limitations. Three experiments evaluated the hypothesis that facial attractiveness and face recognition are positively and linearly related. We also expected that social status would moderate the attractiveness effect. Attractive faces were recognized with very high accuracy compared to less attractive faces. We specified two estimates of facial distinctiveness (generalized and idiosyncratic) and demonstrated that the attractiveness effect on face recognition was not due to distinctiveness. This solves the long-standing problem that because facial attractiveness and distinctiveness are naturally confounded, construct validity is compromised. There was no support for the prediction, based on meta-analysis, that females would outperform males in face recognition. The attractiveness effect was so strong that gender effects were precluded. Methodological prescriptions to enhance internal, construct, and statistical conclusion validity in face recognition paradigms are presented.
The flavonoids present in red wine were responsible this low cardiovascular mortality rate. Epide... more The flavonoids present in red wine were responsible this low cardiovascular mortality rate. Epidemiologic studies further suggest that dietary flavonoids are useful to control and protect the CHD. The flavonoids are yellow color substance (pigments) and the name given on the basis of Latin term Flavus which means yellow color. Flavonoids are derivatives of benzo-pyrone. Banzopyrone is a group of heterocyclic aromatic oxygen containing compounds. Finely powdered zinc chloride (8.25) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (18ml) by heating on sand bath then dry resorcinol (appx.5.5 gm) was added with continuous stirring to the mixture at 140 0 C. Antioxidant Screening by hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Hydrogen peroxide solution (40 mini moles) was prepared with standard phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Different concentration of the compound stock solution and 4ml distilled water was added to 0.6 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution. UV absorbance was determined at the wavelength of 230 nm after 10 min with a blank solution containing phosphate buffer without H2O2. Take 4 ml different concentration of sample solution and 1ml sodium nitroprusside solution, added and incubated for 2.5 hrs at 37 0 C. After incubation baseline was taken with methanol and 1ml sodium nitroprusside solution as blank solution. Griess reagent and methanol was added immediatel y before recording of readings. The readings were recorded at 546nm wavelenth. In the series of synthesized and evaluated compounds of Flavanoid electron withdrawing group at position four shows good activity. 2,3-dihydroflavan-3-ol derivatives showed lower activity than that of 3hydroxyflavone derivatives. The 4-oxo (keto double bond at position 4 of the C ring), especially in association with the J2-J3 double bond, increases scavenger activity by delocalizing electrons, 3-hydroxy group on the C ring generates an extremely active scavenger; the combination of J2-J3 double bond,3-hydroxy group and 4-oxo group appears to be the best combination for potent antioxidant activity.
Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, and Gino (2017) studied the role of question asking in conversati... more Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, and Gino (2017) studied the role of question asking in conversations. They claimed to have identified "a robust and consistent relationship between question-asking and liking" (p. 1), where liking is affected largely by follow-up questions, rather than by switch questions. They concluded that their "data support a trait-level model of question-asking behavior" (p. 12), and that "question-asking is a critical component of active listening" (p. 14). Our theoretical, methodological, and empirical reanalyses of their speed-dating study (Study 3), where liking was operationalized as being offered a second date, lead to different conclusions. Their speed-dating data conforms to an asymmetric block design, and should have been analyzed using the social relations model, to unconfound the effects of the actor, partner, dyad, and gender. Social relations modeling showed that about a third of the variance of question asking can be attributed to a trait, but that another third of the variance can be attributed to the specific dyad, and some smaller portion of the variance can be attributed to the partner's tendency to elicit question asking. Bivariate social relations modeling showed that latent scores of follow-up questions and switch questions are largely isomorphic. Finally, asking an opposite sex partner questions tends to be inversely related to being offered a second date, at least for men. Based on theory, our reanalysis, and other empirical findings, we conclude that offering a second-date is not equivalent to liking, and that question asking is different from listening. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Aim Socioeconomic marginalization and inequalities in well-being and health in adults have been s... more Aim Socioeconomic marginalization and inequalities in well-being and health in adults have been shown to be rooted in the early childhood experience. In particular, childhood poverty and parental income may influence children's well-being in multiple and diverse ways, as it is known that parental poverty impedes cognitive function. Subjects and methods The 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort includes a complete census of children born in a single year. The children were followed up from birth until end of 2012 using official registers maintained by the Finnish authorities. Cohort members who survived till the end of follow-up were included in the study (N = 58,818). Path modelling was used to analyze relations of theoretical constructs; parental adaption (PA), parental psychiatric involvement (PPI), family socioeconomic status (SES) as mediator, and child life outcomes (CLO) as outcome. Three models were made; a full model, a mediational model (where PA and PPI only have a direct effect on CLO through SES), and a non-mediational model with only direct effects of PA and PPI on CLO. A multiple group analysis was undertaken by cohort members' different educational outcomes. The best-fitting model suggested that as parental psychiatric involvement increases and parental adaptation failures increase, the socio-economic status of the family is compromised; in turn, poverty predicts increased adverse life outcomes for children. The restricted mediational model fits best on the data, and equally well for all educational outcomes. Childhood poverty remains the most significant determinant of early adult outcomes, regardless of school performance. Conclusion More policy effort needs to be enacted to reduce childhood poverty and its consequences in Finland.
People often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group f... more People often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group favoritism does not always occur, and people will sometimes favor an out-group over the in-group. We delineate theoretically when in-group favoritism (i.e., self-protection) and out-group favoritism (i.e., benevolence) should occur. In two experiments, groups' relative status and competence stereotypes were manipulated; groups' outcomes were non-contingent in Experiment 1 and contingent in Experiment 2. When allocating reward, members of a low status group were selfprotective, favoring the in-group over the out-group under both non-contingent and contingent outcomes. Those with high status benevolently favored the out-group when outcomes were noncontingent, but were self-protective with contingent outcomes. People were willing to engage in social activities with an out-group member regardless of competence. However, when task collaboration had implications for the self, those with low status preferred competent over less competent out-group members. Traits of high status targets were differentiated by those with low status in both experiments, whereas those with high status differentiated low status members' traits only when outcomes were contingent. A general principle fits the data: the implications of intergroup responses for the self determine benevolence and self-protection. Implications for the Self Determine Benevolence and Self Protection in Intergroup Relations Keywords self; intergroup relations model; in-group favoritism; out-group favoritism; benevolence; selfprotection "Subtle forms of bias build understandings that protect the self. Whites' racial attitudes have changed over the century, but mostly in ways that protect the selfimage as egalitarian." (Fiske, 2004, p. 455) Group membership was once deemed sufficient to engender intergroup conflict because of the implications for the self . As social cognitive theory developed, proposed that one's identity and self-esteem are offspring of group membership, and consequently, people favor the in-group over the out-group to protect and enhance the self. Indeed, data document in-group favoritism (e.g., Bettencourt, Dorr,
Much attention has been given to the topic of occupational stress among law enforcement professio... more Much attention has been given to the topic of occupational stress among law enforcement professionals during the last decade. Yet, while the number of papers addressing this topic appear with increasing regularity in the law enforcement literature, the basic assumptions underlying the concept of police stress appear to have been ignored or accepted as fact in the absence of sound
Trying to self improve and self change are highly appreciated personal endeavors in current weste... more Trying to self improve and self change are highly appreciated personal endeavors in current western culture (Rieff, 1966; Starker, 1988; Wilson, 1976). A variety of formal enterprises, flourishing in past decades, reflect the need for self change. These include psychotherapies (Beit-Hallahmi, 1987; Zilbergeld, 1983), encounter, self-help, and awareness training groups (Back, 1972; Finkelstein, Wenegrat & Yalom, 1982; Gottlieb, 1988; Klar et al., 1990), and dieting or physical fitness programs (Haber, 1984).
In the early 1970s psychologists questioned the assumption that masculinity (i.e., agency) and fe... more In the early 1970s psychologists questioned the assumption that masculinity (i.e., agency) and femininity (i.e., communion) were opposite ends of a one-dimensional continuum. Rather, masculinity and femininity were conceptualized as independent dimensions; an individual could have a score on each. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) is based on the theory that individuals differ in the extent to which masculinity and femininity are the basis for a cognitive schema that affects the processing of information and behavior.
... Demis E. Glasford Chapter 7 The Social Psychology of Respect: Implications for Delegitimizati... more ... Demis E. Glasford Chapter 7 The Social Psychology of Respect: Implications for Delegitimization and Reconciliation 145 Ronnie Janoff-Bulman ... Chapter 14 Social Identity, Legitimacy, and Intergroup Conflict: The Rocky Road to Reconciliation 319 Russell Spears Chapter 15 ...
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