{"id":3825,"date":"2021-10-05T20:45:49","date_gmt":"2021-10-05T23:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/renanmf.com\/?p=3825"},"modified":"2021-10-05T20:45:49","modified_gmt":"2021-10-05T23:45:49","slug":"jwt-in-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/renanmf.com\/jwt-in-python\/","title":{"rendered":"JWT in Python"},"content":{"rendered":"

JWT stands for JSON Web Token, which is a standard that defines how to send JSON objects compactly.<\/p>\n

The data in a JWT can be validated at any given time since the token is digitally signed.<\/p>\n

The JWT has three parts separated by dots .<\/code>: Header, Payload, and Signature.<\/p>\n

Header<\/h2>\n

The Header defines the information about the JSON object.<\/p>\n

In this case, we are saying this is a JWT token and its signature algorithm, HS256.<\/p>\n

{\n  "alg": "HS256",\n  "typ": "JWT"\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
Payload<\/h2>\n
The Payload is a JSON object with information about the entity, usually used for the authenticated user info.<\/p>\n
We can have three types of Claims: Registered, Public, and Private.<\/p>\n
The most common Registered Claims are iss (issuer), exp (expiration time), and sub (subject).<\/p>\n
The Public Claims are the ones we use in our applications and you can define them as you need.<\/p>\n
Finallt, Private claims are for sharing info between applications.<\/p>\n
DO NOT store sensitive information in your tokens.<\/p>\n
Here is an example of a valid token:<\/p>\n
{\n  "sub": "000000",\n  "name": "Admin",\n  "admin": true\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
Signature<\/h2>\n
The signature is simply the concatenation of both the Header and Payload, hashed using base64UrlEncode.<\/p>\n
It’s important to notice the secret key to make it more secure.<\/p>\n
HMACSHA256(\n  base64UrlEncode(header) + "." +\n  base64UrlEncode(payload),\n  secret)<\/code><\/pre>\n
Final Result<\/h2>\n
The final result is a token with three sections separated by a dot .<\/code><\/p>\n
The first section is the hashed header, then the payload, and finally the signature.<\/p>\n
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.SflKxwRJSMeKKF2QT4fwpMeJf36POk6yJV_adQssw5c<\/code><\/pre>\n
Implementing JWT in Python<\/h2>\n
To implement JWT in Python we are going to use the lib PyJWT<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Install it using pip as follows:<\/p>\n
pip install PyJWT==2.1.0<\/code><\/pre>\n
Then we are going to import it as jwt<\/code>.<\/p>\n
As explained before, we are going to need a secret key, the more random the better as you can see defined in the variable JWT_SECRET_KEY<\/code>.<\/p>\n
Define the algorithm, as you can see in the JWT_ALGORITHM<\/code> variable.<\/p>\n
And finally, define for how long the token will be valid, in the example below it will last 2 days (60 minutes  24 hours <\/em> 2 days).<\/p>\n
The function create_jwt_token<\/code> receives a username and role that will be assigned to sub<\/code> and role<\/code> in our token.<\/p>\n
The exp<\/code> value will be calculated by using the datetime and timedelta.<\/p>\n
We can then call jwt.encode<\/code> passing the jwt_payload<\/code>, the secret key, and the algorithm of our choice.<\/p>\n
The result will be a token that will expire in two days.<\/p>\n
Then we create another function check_jwt_token<\/code> that expects a token as a string.<\/p>\n
We call jwt.decode<\/code> from PyJWT, pass the token, the secret key, and the algorithm to have the info back in plain values (not hashed).<\/p>\n
This way we can recover the values of username<\/code>, role<\/code>, and expiration<\/code>.<\/p>\n
Then we check if time.time() < expiration:<\/code>, this will return true<\/code> if the token is not expired.<\/p>\n
Then we make a second check to match the username with one we might have in our database.<\/p>\n
The function check_jwt_username(username)<\/code> is a generic function that simply takes the username and looks for it in a user table in a database, you could implement it in any way you need.<\/p>\n
If the token is not valid, an Exception<\/a> will be thrown and the code will return False<\/code>.<\/p>\n
If the token has expired or if the username is not found in the database, the function will also return False<\/code>.<\/p>\n
import jwt\nfrom datetime import datetime, timedelta\nimport time\n\nJWT_SECRET_KEY = "MY_SUPER_SECRET_KEY"\nJWT_ALGORITHM = "HS256"\nJWT_EXPIRATION_TIME_MINUTES = 60 * 24 * 2\n\n# Create access JWT token\ndef create_jwt_token(username, role):\n    expiration = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(minutes=JWT_EXPIRATION_TIME_MINUTES)\n    jwt_payload = {"sub": username, "role": role, "exp": expiration}\n    jwt_token = jwt.encode(jwt_payload, JWT_SECRET_KEY, algorithm=JWT_ALGORITHM)\n\n    return jwt_token\n\n# Check whether JWT token is correct\ndef check_jwt_token(token):\n    try:\n        jwt_payload = jwt.decode(token, JWT_SECRET_KEY, algorithms=JWT_ALGORITHM)\n        username = jwt_payload.get("sub")\n        role = jwt_payload.get("role")\n        expiration = jwt_payload.get("exp")\n        if time.time() < expiration:\n            is_valid = check_jwt_username(username)\n            if is_valid:\n                return True\n            else:\n                return False\n        else:\n            return False\n    except Exception as e:\n        return False\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
This is the most generic and simple way to work with JWT tokens in Python.<\/p>\n
One could use this to implement JWT in any framework, like Flask or FastAPI.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
JWT stands for JSON Web Token, which is a standard that defines how to send JSON objects compactly. The data in a JWT can be validated at any given time since the token is digitally signed. The JWT has three parts separated by dots .: Header, Payload, and Signature. Header The Header defines the information […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3893,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[6],"class_list":["post-3825","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-python","tag-python"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"yoast_head":"\nJWT in Python<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what a JWT is, how it works, and how to implement it in Python.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/renanmf.com\/jwt-in-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"JWT in Python\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn what a JWT is, how it works, and how to implement it in Python.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/renanmf.com\/jwt-in-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Renan Moura - 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