Mechanical Engineering

This paper presents the results of case study research conducted at a major U S . automotive firm. Four waves of qualitative data were collected to identify the organizational and technological changes needed to implement concurrent engineering practices. The desire to cut product development time was the driving factor in a strategy designed to boost sales and market share. The company was successful in shortening concept-tomarket time by over one year on its first newly designed vehicle, primarily through the use of product-focused, cross-functional platform teams which permitted the early integration of manufacturing personnel into product and process development. While technology played an important role in this transformation, organizational, and human resource changes were the greatest enablers.

BIODIESEL is natural oil that is taken out of several non-edible oil-bearing plants. It undergoes organic and chemical processes to yield fatty acid esters, or a diesel like product. It can be blended with normal diesel. Like ethanol, bio-diesel can be used in mixing it with anything. Because of invent of different bio-diesel preparing methods it is tried by many researchers to make bio-diesel from different type of vegetable oils. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the utility of some of the oils like castor, Mohua & Karanj in making bio-diesel and compare the properties of the fuel. Also an attempt has been made to check the performance characteristics of the engines by using these fuels. For the same engine the power developed by different oils were compared. It was found that power developed by Castor oil is more than all other oils. The fuel consumed increases with the increase in load. But the increase was more in case of castor oil where as it follows a linear trend for all other oils. The increase in brake power was also linear up to a limit for increasing load. After attaining a maximum value the brake power decreases.

BIODIESEL is natural oil that is taken out of several non-edible oil-bearing plants. It undergoes organic and chemical processes to yield fatty acid esters, or a diesel like product. It can be blended with normal diesel. Like ethanol, bio-diesel can be used in mixing it with anything. Because of invent of different bio-diesel preparing methods it is tried by many researchers to make bio-diesel from different type of vegetable oils. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the utility of some of the oils like castor, Mohua & Karanj in making bio-diesel and compare the properties of the fuel. Also an attempt has been made to check the performance characteristics of the engines by using these fuels. For the same engine the power developed by different oils were compared. It was found that power developed by Castor oil is more than all other oils. The fuel consumed increases with the increase in load. But the increase was more in case of castor oil where as it follows a linear trend for all other oils. The increase in brake power was also linear up to a limit for increasing load. After attaining a maximum value the brake power decreases.

The rapid prototyping technologies are being used in the various fields of engineering. The ability of producing very small and intricate details makes the rapid prototyping technologies suitable for making patterns for investment casting. Moreover, by using rapid prototyping technologies the patterns can be produced without the necessity of costly hard tooling. The rapid prototyping technologies are considered very useful when only limited numbers of pieces are promptly required as in making prototypes, design iterations and design optimisations. The fusion deposition modelling (FDM) is a rapid prototyping technology that can use a number of materials which can be effectively used for making patterns for investment casting. Different non-wax materials are available which can be used for making patterns and can be burnt easily during autoclaving/firing. This paper reviews the suitability of FDM for making patterns for investment casting. The direct and indirect methods of producing casting patterns along with different approaches have been discussed. Different available FDM materials and their properties have been presented. The pattern accuracy depends upon a number of FDM process parameters. Various process parameters have been identified to obtain the desirable dimensional accuracy and surface finish of the casting patterns.

The fault mode of steam-induced vibration, unbalance of rotating elements, misalignment of turbine shaft, rotor malfunction, oil film instability of bearing etc. are accountable for unreliable and uncertain failure of power plant. Experience of operators, maintenance policy execution of maintenance team and using standards codes of good practices by designers and manufacturers are reducing the potential failure modes of the system. The work investigate
the reliability of steam turbines installed in a thermal power plant. Reliability estimation is based on a last five year
historical failure database of two turbines of 500 MW, both are installed and commissioned at the same time. The
method of reliability evaluation is based on concepts of system reliability, such as functional tree development,
application of failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to categorize critical components based on a historical failure
database to improve the system reliability. It is necessary to improve the reliability indices of the power plane by taking
some measures such as well planned and routine maintenance of equipments as well as training and retraining of technical human resources of the major equipment.

This work aims to develop a controller based on interval type-2 fuzzy logic to simulate an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) in transient stability power system analysis. It was simulated a one machine control to check if the interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) implementation was possible. After which results were compared to the results obtained with the AVR itself. The traditional type-1 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) using precise type-1 fuzzy sets cannot fully handle such uncertainties. A type-2 FLC using type-2 fuzzy sets can handle such uncertainties to produce a better performance. However, manually designing the type-2 Membership Functions (MFs) for an interval type-2 FLC is a difficult task. This paper will present a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based
architecture to evolve the type-2 MFs of interval type-2 FLCs used for transient stability power system analysis.

The issue of power system stability is becoming more crucial. In deregulated power systems, competition could push the system near its security limit. The governing controls of
generator play an important role in improving the dynamic and transient stability of power system. In this paper, we present an interval type-2 fuzzy logic based method for governing control. Interval type-2 Fuzzy logic is applied to generate compensating signals to modify the controls during system disturbances. The oscillation of internal generator angles is observed to indicate the good performance of proposed control scheme, very over a wide range. In this work, development of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy based Model of steam turbine Governing System of Power Plant is proposed.
The power system transient terminal voltage and frequency stability enhancement have been well investigated and studied through the following efforts. Membership functions in interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers are called footprint of
uncertainty (FOU), which is limited by two membership functions of adaptive network based fuzzy inference systems; they were upper membership function (UMF) and lower membership function (LMF). The performances of the proposed controllers were evaluated and discussed on the basis of the simulation results. An experiment set up of power system governing system was built and used to verify the performance of IT-2FLC controller.

In view of non-linearities, steam turbine complex structure of dynamic modelling, selection of suitable configuration of adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and minimizing the modelling error, a rule weight base behavioural system modelling of steam turbine (genetically tuned ANFIS) model has proposed to solve the problem through the assessment of enthalpy and power output of the system. The accuracy and performance of enthalpy estimation over wide range of operation data has estimated with reference to integral square error (ISE) criterion. This technique is useful in order to adjust model parameters over full range of input output operational data. From this work, it is clearly evident that the error obtained from conventional ANFIS structure is much higher than that of obtained from ANFIS structure after genetically tuning.

Fault diagnosis of steam turbine is essential to predict further development and to anticipate it by taking appropriate measures. Fault diagnosis of modern industrial power plants by human inspection is time-consuming and expensive as well as fault diagnostic system modelling based on conventional mathematical tools is not suitable for ill defined and uncertain system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a knowledge-based intelligent fault diagnostic and treatment system. The primary aim of the work is developing a fast and reliable fault diagnostic and treatment system to assist plant operators. Averaging error of ANFIS is opted for fitness function of the genetic program. In this diagnosis process, the fault diagnosis and treatment model has simulated using MATLab Simulink and obtain rules set extracted by original neural network, ANFIS structure and genetically tuned dual-ANFIS. The comparative result of fault diagnosis of different method shows that the mode of genetically tuned ANFIS has higher precision in comparison to other knowledge obtaining methods.

This work aims to develop a controller based on interval type-2 fuzzy logic to simulate an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) in transient stability power system analysis. It was simulated a one machine control to check if the interval type-2 fuzzy logic controller (IT2FLC) implementation was possible. After which results were compared to the results obtained with the AVR itself. The traditional type-1 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) using precise type-1 fuzzy sets cannot fully handle such uncertainties. A type-2 FLC using type-2 fuzzy sets can handle such uncertainties to produce a better performance.  However, manually designing the type-2 Membership Functions (MFs) for an interval type-2 FLC is a difficult task. This paper will present a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based architecture to evolve the type-2 MFs of interval type-2 FLCs used for transient stability power system analysis.

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The baffles play an important role in heat and mass transfer phenomenon, this improve the performance on implementing this in the flow path. In this paper the applicability of baffles in different engineering application has been briefly discussed. In presence of baffles; secondary flows takes place and the viscous sub layer breaks during fluid flow through channel or pipe, which ultimately improve the mixing and heat transfer characteristics. Several experiential, computational and numerical analyses have been carried out by the various researchers to investigate the applicability of baffles. Furthermore, various co relations have been developed by the researchers in terms of Nusselt number, friction factor for different configuration of baffles, which are briefly illustrated in this comprehensive report.

In this paper, comparative flow stability within the straight pipe and the baffled pipe has been investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The k-ε turbulence model has been used to simulate high turbulent flow within the pipe. The flow stability has been analyzed in terms of skin friction coefficient and wall shear stress for a wide range of Reynolds number. The effect of baffle orientation has also been seen. It has been found that on increasing baffle orientation angle, the flow gets reversed at low Reynolds number and the flow is quite unstable.

The objective of the work is to compare the flow characteristics and the performance of convergent divergent nozzle by using different methods". In this paper we have determine various properties of normal shock wave in the divergent portion of the nozzle under varying operating conditions by applying different methods. In this paper we have used four methods i.e. (1) Analytical method (2) Hit and trial method (3) Mat lab programming (4) CFD to calculate the properties across normal shock and we have compared the obtained results with all the four methods.

The main objective of the work is to analyses the performance and flow characteristics of convergent divergent nozzle and also to compare the numerical values by using different methods". In this paper we have determine the various properties of the normal shock and also the location and strength of normal shock wave in the divergent portion of the nozzle under varying operating conditions and with different nozzle geometry. By calculating the properties of the shock it would be highly beneficial in the design of the convergent divergent nozzle and would increase the efficiency of the nozzle which is highly recommendable and beneficial for the designer.

Fault diagnosis of steam turbine is essential to predict further development and to anticipate it by taking appropriate measures. Fault diagnosis of modern industrial power plants by human inspection is time-consuming and expensive as well as fault diagnostic system modelling based on conventional mathematical tools is not suitable for ill defined and uncertain system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a knowledge-based intelligent fault diagnostic and treatment system. The primary aim of the work is developing a fast and reliable fault diagnostic and treatment system to assist plant operators. Averaging error of ANFIS is opted for fitness function of the genetic program. In this diagnosis process, the fault diagnosis and treatment model has simulated using MATLab Simulink and obtain rules set extracted by original neural network, ANFIS structure and genetically tuned dual-ANFIS. The comparative result of fault diagnosis of different method shows that the mode of genetically tun...

Branch potential function is proposed based on the power system network preserving model. The concept of thermodynamics-entropy, is introduced to describe spatial distribution characteristics of the branch potential energy. Branch potential energy was analysed in time and space domain., with transient stability index proposed accordingly. The larger disturbance energy line fault injected to grid is, the larger branch energy entropy will be, and the more energy accumulated on key branches is, the more prone to lose stability the system will be. Simulation results on IEEE system proved its feasibility.

In view nonlinearities, steam turbine complex structure of dynamic modelling, selection of suitable configuration of adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and minimizing the modelling error, a rule weight base behavioural system modelling of steam turbine (genetically tuned ANFIS) model has proposed to solve the problem through the assessment of enthalpy and power output of the system. The accuracy and performance of enthalpy estimation over wide range of operation data has estimated with reference to integral square error (ISE) criterion. This technique is useful in order to adjust model parameters over full range of input output operational data. From this work, it is clearly evident that the error obtained from conventional ANFIS structure is much higher than that of obtained from ANFIS structure after genetically tuning.

The issue of power system stability is becoming more crucial. In deregulated power systems, competition could push the system near its security limit. The governing controls of generator play an important role in improving the dynamic and transient stability of power system. In this paper, we present an interval type-2 fuzzy logic based method for governing control. Interval type-2 Fuzzy logic is applied to generate compensating signals to modify the controls during system disturbances. The oscillation of internal generator angles is observed to indicate the good performance of proposed control scheme, very over a wide range. In this work, development of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy based Model of steam turbine Governing System of Power Plant is proposed. The power system transient terminal voltage and frequency stability enhancement have been well investigated and studied through the following efforts. Membership functions in interval type-2 fuzzy logic controllers are called footprint of...