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Mechanism of charge compensation on lanthanum, (La3+) substitution on Ca site in calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12), and its effect on resulting electrical and dielectric properties has been studied in the present investigation. For this purpose samples were prepared according to two stoichiometries viz. LaxCa(1−3x/2)Cu3Ti4O12 (x ≤ 0.09) and LaxCa(1−x)Cu3Ti4O12 (x = 0.03) by solid state ceramic route. The former represents ionic compensation while the later is in accordance with electronic compensation. Nature of charge carriers is identified by measuring Seebeck coefficient which is found to be negative in the entire range of measurement. In order to understand the mechanism of conduction, ac conductivity is measured as a function of temperature and frequency. Space charge polarization is the dominant polarization mechanism phenomenon at low frequency and high temperature while orientation polarization dominates at low temperature and high frequency. Impedance analysis confirms the formation of internal barrier layers which is responsible for high dielectric constant in these samples.▶ While substituting La3+ at Ca2+ site in CaCu3Ti4O12, the charge compensation is ionic in nature. ▶ Electrons the majority charge carriers. ▶ Excitation of charge carriers at conduction band edge and hoping at energies close to it leading to n-type conduction.

Jaggery is a traditional unrefined sugar, prepared by processing of sugar cane juice. Jaggery storage conditions are usually unhygienic and culminate in change of colour, texture, taste, hardness and flavor of jaggery. The bacterial microflora were isolated on plate count agar from four jaggery samples collected at different stages of stored jaggery. Out of nine isolates, five gram negative rods, one gram positive rod, two gram negative cocci and one gram positive cocci were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. On the basis of biochemical and carbohydrate utilization test, these isolates were identified as genera of Alcaligenes, Xanthomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Alteromonas, Micrococcus and Bordetella. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed multiple resistance against ten different antibiotics. These microbes may be harmful to humans health who consume jaggery in their diet.

A study was conducted to determine firmness of eight mango hybrids obtained from the crosses between Amrapali and Sensation and correlate it with TSS and peel thickness. The firmness was determined at top, middle and bottom positions of the fruit using TA + Di Texture Analyzer. The peel firmness at middle position of the hybrids varied from about 20 to 33 N on harvest day, which decreased to 5–12 N with increase in storage period. On 7th day of storage, the peel firmness became almost equal from top to bottom positions indicating the even ripening of fruit. Pulp firmness was found to vary from about 5 to 20 N of freshly harvested fruit, which reduced to 0.3–3.5 N during storage. Peel firmness of 5 N and pulp firmness of 0.3 N was found as threshold points below which the fruit may not be acceptable for consumption.

An emerging technology called Near Field Communication (NFC) is used to enable touch between mobile devices. Near Field Communication (NFC) has become an interesting field in communication industry. It helps users to intuitively establish communication between local devices. Accessing devices such as public terminals raises several security concerns in terms of confidentiality and trust. To overcome several issue, NFC can be used to leverage the trusted-computing protocol of remote attestation. NFC is one of the latest wireless communication technologies, making possible variety of business opportunities. The current paper presents a generalized approach for NFC application development, analyzes several aspects towards development including the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), as well as service providers can make their own application. In recent years instant messaging tools have been successfully introduced to support communication and collaboration processes in work environments. Research suggests that the use of instant messaging tools leads to an increased feeling of connectedness, social presence and awareness within a collaborative group.

Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) is an oilseed crop grown in western Oregon. After extraction of the oil from the seeds, the remaining seed meal contains 2-4% of the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin. This study investigated the effect of fermentation of seed meal on its chemical composition and the effect of the altered composition on downy brome (Bromus tectorum) coleoptile emergence. Incubation of enzyme-inactive seed meal with enzyme-active seeds (1% by weight) resulted in complete degradation of glucolimnanthin and formation of 3-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate in 28% yield. Fermentation in the presence of an aqueous solution of FeSO 4 (10 mM) resulted in the formation of 3-methoxyphenylacetonitrile and 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethanethioamide, a novel natural product. The formation of the isothiocyanate, the nitrile, and the thioamide, as a total, correlated with an increase of herbicidal potency of the seed meal (r 2 ) 0.96). The results of this study open new possibilities for the refinement of glucosinolate-containing seed meals for use as bioherbicides.

Based on the principle of backscattering of laser radiation from tissues, a non-invasive PC-AT based reflectance imaging technique is developed. The laser beam from a semiconductor laser operating at 670 nm is guided to the tissue site by an optical fibre. The backscattered radiation is collected by another fibre placed in the same probe, and is detected by a photodiode-amplifier assembly. This probe is moved manually over the organs under observation, and the data after the ADC, interpolation and median filtering are displayed in the form of reflectance image of the organ along with grey scale. By this technique images of the human hands and forearms are obtained, which depend on the variations in their colour, composition and blood flow. A comparison is made with perfusion images, obtained by a Periflux laser Doppler flowmeter. These show that the reflectance images provide greater details of the tissue structure than the perfusion images.

The biological tissues exhibit their distinct optical characteristics. Their point-to-point compositional variation could either be determined by the optical parameters or reconstruction of the reflectance or tomographic images. The optical parameters, absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of goat tissues and human post-mastectomy breast specimen are determined by matching of their reflectance profile, as measured by multi-probe laser reflectometer, with that obtained by Monte Carlo simulation of optical scattering. The reflectance image of the mastectomy sample is reconstructed by measurement of reflectance at its various locations. The image thus obtained shows point-to-point variation in tissue composition. By multi-slice tomographic system the size and shape of the inclusions of different optical properties in a phantom made of goat fat are determined. By these procedures the structural variation in healthy and diseased tissues are determined and their relevance to early detection of tumour in tissues is discussed.

Surface backscattering profiles from a human forearm and transmission profiles through a human thumb, of red and near-infrared lasers, were determined. For the preparation of tissue-equivalent phantoms, white paraffin wax mixed with various wax color pigments were used. The surface reflectance profiles of a human forearm were matched with that of the phantom by mixing color pigments in various proportions. The reconstructed surface reflectance image of the phantom prepared by this procedure was similar to that of the human forearm. The transmission tomogram of the human thumb was obtained in fan-beam configuration by a near-infrared laser tomography system. Based on the horizontal scan of this tomogram, a two-layered phantom was made. The color composition of the phantom was so adjusted that its horizontal scan was matched with that of the thumb tomogram. The phantoms of complex tissues, prepared by this procedure, could be used for evaluation and calibration of new optical diagnostic imaging techniques.

The diffuse surface reflectance profiles of the goat's isolated heart, spleen, and adipose tissues by multiprobe laser reflectometer are measured. The normalized backscattered intensity values for adipose, heart, and spleen tissues at source-detector separation 0.2 cm, are 0.060, 0.021, and 0.003, respectively. The optical parameters of these tissues are determined by the best fit ( 2 0 99 ) of their spatial profiles with that as obtained by Monte Carlo simulation by iterative procedure. As the optical parameters of these vary over a wide range, adipose and spleen tissues are treated as inhomogeneity of diameter 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 cm, and placed inside the control (heart) tissue at different depths. Anisotropic simulation of light backscattering or photon depth distribution is significantly different for various tissues. The surface intensity profiles vary depending on the changes in tissue composition. From the horizontal scans of the subtracted images, the photon backscattering simulated images of control and combination of tissues are obtained. By analysis of peak intensity and full-width at half maximum, the type, location, and size of the tissue compositional variation are determined.

Surface backscattering profiles from a human forearm and transmission profiles through a human thumb, of red and near-infrared lasers, were determined. For the preparation of tissue-equivalent phantoms, white paraffin wax mixed with various wax color pigments were used. The surface reflectance profiles of a human forearm were matched with that of the phantom by mixing color pigments in various proportions. The reconstructed surface reflectance image of the phantom prepared by this procedure was similar to that of the human forearm. The transmission tomogram of the human thumb was obtained in fan-beam configuration by a near-infrared laser tomography system. Based on the horizontal scan of this tomogram, a two-layered phantom was made. The color composition of the phantom was so adjusted that its horizontal scan was matched with that of the thumb tomogram. The phantoms of complex tissues, prepared by this procedure, could be used for evaluation and calibration of new optical diagnostic imaging techniques.

Laser back-scattered radiation from a human forearm is affected by the compositional variation in tissues and was imaged by a reflectance imaging system. The measurement probe consisted of one input fibre and one output fibre, separated by a distance of 0.3 cm. The diffuse reflectance data were collected by placing the probe on the forearm. By interpolation and median filtering of these data, the colourcoded reflectance images of the forearms of ten subjects were reconstructed. For comparative analysis of the mean reflectance, the forearm area was divided into ten regions. The mean normalised back-scattered intensity (NBI) near the ulnar region of the wrist was 4.76±0.24% and was significantly higher (p<0.0005) compared with that at other regions, which varied from 3.49±0.17% to 4.43±0.14%. Tissue-equivalent phantoms of these, required for the clinical assessment of optical techniques, were constructed using various combinations of paraffin wax and dyes. The matching of the NBI images of these stable and inexpensive phantoms with those of the forearms of the respective subjects showed the similarity of their optical parameters.

An integrating sphere technique has been applied to assess the reflectivity of different skin sites on the body, in male subjects of various complexion and of differing form. The measured reflectance and absorbance with helium—neon laser is shown to vary with skin colour, tissue composition and the blood flow through the organs.

An integrating sphere technique has been applied to assess the reflectivity of different skin sites on the body, in male subjects of various complexion and of differing form. The measured reflectance and absorbance with helium—neon laser is shown to vary with skin colour, tissue composition and the blood flow through the organs.

An integrating sphere technique has been applied to assess the reflectivity of different skin sites on the body, in male subjects of various complexion and of differing form. The measured reflectance and absorbance with helium—neon laser is shown to vary with skin colour, tissue composition and the blood flow through the organs.

An integrating sphere technique has been applied to assess the reflectivity of different skin sites on the body, in male subjects of various complexion and of differing form. The measured reflectance and absorbance with helium—neon laser is shown to vary with skin colour, tissue composition and the blood flow through the organs.

An integrating sphere technique has been applied to assess the reflectivity of different skin sites on the body, in male subjects of various complexion and of differing form. The measured reflectance and absorbance with helium—neon laser is shown to vary with skin colour, tissue composition and the blood flow through the organs.

An integrating sphere technique has been applied to assess the reflectivity of different skin sites on the body, in male subjects of various complexion and of differing form. The measured reflectance and absorbance with helium—neon laser is shown to vary with skin colour, tissue composition and the blood flow through the organs.

This paper presents combination of wavelet and curvelet based approach for the fusion of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) images. The objective of the fusion of an MR image and a CT image of the same organ is to obtain a single image containing as much information as possible about that organ for diagnosis.