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Na Liu

Central China Normal University, School of Foreign Languages, Faculty Member

Nanyang Technological University, Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, visiting scholar

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LIU Na (she/her, Selina, 刘娜)
PhD 2023 (Beihang University, Beijing, China)
Lecturer (Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China)
Editorial Assistant of Cognitive Semantics (COSE, brill.com/cose, EiC: Fuyin Thomas Li)
Visiting Scholar (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore)

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Supervisors: Fuyin Thomas Li and Randy LaPolla

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Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

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Papers by Na Liu

Event integration as a driving force of language change: evidence from Chinese 使-shǐ-make

Language and Cognition, 2023

Talmy's (1991; 2000a; 2000b) influential work on motion events provides a strong two-way typology... more Talmy's (1991; 2000a; 2000b) influential work on motion events provides a strong two-way typology that can examine and account for the typology of a language, but this framework is basically synchronic. It may not be equally valid to explain language change. In this paper, we apply the event integration theory and its latest development, The Macro-event Hypothesis (Li, 2020, 2023), to account for the development of the causative verb 使-shǐ-make (SHI for short) in Chinese. This study reveals that, firstly, the multi-functional behavior of SHI represents a typical case of grammaticalization, with a full verb acquiring the role of conjunction and expressing abstract meanings. Secondly, the semantic division of the causative and non-causative uses of SHI in Contemporary Chinese is the most clear-cut. Thirdly, causative SHI shows a greater level of semantic bleaching, and the construction profiles a single causal activity and has a higher degree of event integration when compared to its lexical verbal use. The constructional grammaticalization of SHI confirms that event integration is key to its development. This study verifies The Macro-event Hypothesis of a continuum of grammaticalization in language and uncovers the process of semantic gradation that takes place in Chinese.

Mandarin Analytic Causative Constructions with Shǐ and Ràng: A Usage-Based Collostructional Analysis

Chinese Lexical Semantics. CLSW 2022, 2023

Analytic causative constructions with 使 shǐ 'make' and 让 ràng 'make, let', commonly used as [NP1 ... more Analytic causative constructions with 使 shǐ 'make' and 让 ràng 'make, let', commonly used as [NP1 + SHI/RANG + NP2 + VP], are canonical constructions in Mandarin. Previous scholarship has rarely compared the interactions between the two constructions and the verbs in the VP slot. This study fills this gap by using a collostructional analysis. The prototypical verbs, prototypical constructional meanings and distinctive verbs are investigated. It is found that 1) The prototypical verbs used in SHI construction are change-of-state and change-ofpossession verbs, whose constructional meaning refers to the change of NP2 in quantity or quality under the effect of NP1; for RANG construction, its prototypical verbs are psychological verbs and verbs of getting information, and its constructional meaning refers to NP2's perception of something under the influence of NP1; 2) The 17 distinctive verbs for SHI construction are change-of-possession verbs, existential verbs, motion verbs, verbs of phenomenon, change-of-state verbs, verbs of physical manipulation and creation; the 14 distinctive verbs for RANG construction are change-of-state verbs, psychological verbs, verbs of getting information, intellectual verbs and change-of-possession verbs. Although there is overlap in verb categories, the specific verbs which have different preferences for the two constructions are significantly different.

Potentials for grammaticalization: Sensitivity to position and event type

Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 2021

This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs ... more This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs in Mandarin that regularly appears at either V1 or V2 position in the V1+V2 construction is only grammaticalized at the V2 position, where the verb becomes a directional complement. We provide a cognitive semantic account and propose a new hypothesis that we call the syntactic position and event type sensitivity hypothesis in grammaticalization. We analyze corpus data across five historical stages for 11 simplex directional complements. The analysis draws on Talmy's macro-event theory and Lehmann's grammaticalization parameters. It is concluded that motion verbs at the V1 position are most likely to have agentive subjects, which foregrounds the idea of motion in V1, while V2 focuses on the Agent's purpose. Motion verbs at V2 are relatively more likely to have non-agentive subjects, which foregrounds the Path element in V2 and complements the action of V1, rather than the purpose of the Agent. What triggers the grammaticalization of the V2 is the foregrounding of the Path element in V2, which complements the action of V1, and its non-agentive subject.

Books by Na Liu

认知语义学基础理论十讲（Ten Lectures on Cognitive Semantics: Basic Theories）

认知语义学基础理论十讲（Ten Lectures on Cognitive Semantics: Basic Theories）, 2022

《认知语义学基础理论十讲》诠释了Leonard Talmy认知语义学奠基性著作《认知语义学》（卷I、卷II）中的核心思想，并使之与研究前沿接轨。同时，笔者结合几十年课堂教学以及研究生指导，力图在... more 《认知语义学基础理论十讲》诠释了Leonard Talmy认知语义学奠基性著作《认知语义学》（卷I、卷II）中的核心思想，并使之与研究前沿接轨。同时，笔者结合几十年课堂教学以及研究生指导，力图在本书中阐述Talmy的核心思想和最有影响力的理论。笔者简要概括了十讲内容。主要包括： 1.Talmy所持的语言哲学观为语言是一种认知系统。 2.区分形式与意义是Talmy认知语义学研究最重要的方法论基础，他提出了35个语义元素；等等理论。 3.语言系统从宏观上可以划分为开放类与封闭类，大致和词汇类与语法类相对应。 4.从人的感知视角，我们可以把看到的场景划分为焦点和背景，这种认知结构反映在语言的概念结构中。 5.时间和空间这对语义域是我们感知世界以形成概念结构的基础。 6.人类对空间的认知形成一定的图式，进而利用这些图式组织更为抽象的概念结构。 7.力动态是对自然界中的力反映到概念结构中的规律性概括，是Talmy理论皇冠上的一颗明珠。 8.与力动态相一致，因果关系也反映了事物之间的普遍规律。 9.运动是物质的存在形式，是一种时空融合。 10.基于运动事件提出的语言类型两分法是Talmy有影响力的理论。《认知语义学基础理论十讲》的出版，对普及认知语义学理论，深化认知语义学在中国大陆的本土化研究，具有重要意义。本书是此类教材中的第一种，将会成为语言类高年级本科生以及研究生的必读书。

Chapter 2 Lexical Variation in Chinese Climbing Verb

Cognitive Sociolinguistics Revisited, 2021

The manner/result complementarity hypothesis has been influential in lexical and typological stud... more The manner/result complementarity hypothesis has been influential in lexical and typological study, but lacks universal empirical verification and support from diachronic perspective. In light of cognitive sociolinguistics and motion event typology, we test this hypothesis by probing into the variation of Chinese climbing verb dēng from a diachronic perspective. We demonstrate that dēng can encode both manner and path simultaneously and interchangeably in constructions. The interplay between the formal dimension (i.e. dēng as an independent verb, V+Vdēng, and Vdēng+V) and the social dimension (i.e. stages of Chinese development) influences its meaning encoding status. It is concluded that this analysis poses a challenge to the hypothesis and therefore calls for a revision of the hypothesis.

Chapter 21 事件语义类型学的重要启示

《事件语义类型学》, 2019

本章是《事件语义类型学》（李福印等著，2019）最后一章。基于前20章的研究，本章简要概括全书的主要研究结论，并由此提出事件语义类型学研究的重要启示。这些启示不仅可以指导我们进一步研究事件语义类... more 本章是《事件语义类型学》（李福印等著，2019）最后一章。基于前20章的研究，本章简要概括全书的主要研究结论，并由此提出事件语义类型学研究的重要启示。这些启示不仅可以指导我们进一步研究事件语义类型学，还将为语言学的相关研究提供参考。

Talks by Na Liu

The Grammaticalization of Chinese Verb 'kāi'(开): A Constructional Approach

The 15th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 2019

Based on diachronic construction grammar, the author aims to explore the evolution of Chinese dir... more

Causation, causative and transitivity

基于语料库的汉语分析型致使构式的认知语义研究

第三届Talmy语义学会议, 2021

本研究基于语料库标注数据，采用多重对应分析考察现代汉语中“使”/“让”分析型致使构式的交替使用现象，并使用条件推断决策树和随机森林模型分别考察制约两者交替的因素的多重交互及其相对重要性。研究发现... more 本研究基于语料库标注数据，采用多重对应分析考察现代汉语中“使”/“让”分析型致使构式的交替使用现象，并使用条件推断决策树和随机森林模型分别考察制约两者交替的因素的多重交互及其相对重要性。研究发现：1）“使”和“让”分析型致使构式的原型不同：前者的原型用法为施事为物质实体且受事句法语义较为复杂，后者的原型用法为施事和受事均为有生实体且受事句法语义较为简单；2）两个构式的样例分布空间有重合，说明二者的范畴边界模糊；3）施事的语义类别、受事的意志性、受影响对象的复杂性和受事的复杂性对两类致使构式交替具有显著影响，且不同因素间存在多重交互效应；4）具有显著影响的预测变量按照其相对重要性由大到小依次是：施事的语义类别、受事的意志性、施事的复杂性、受事的复杂性、受事的语义类别、受影响对象的复杂性和极性。本研究有助于理清“使”和“让”构式义用法的异同，为对外汉语教学中“多形一义”类教学内容的课程设计提供参考。

A Corpus-based Diachronic Distinctive Collexeme Analysis on the English V open Construction

11th International Conference on Construction Grammar, 2021

Corpus-driven analyses of resultative adjectives (i.e. adjectives occurring in resultative constr... more Corpus-driven analyses of resultative adjectives (i.e. adjectives occurring in resultative constructions), such as the one carried out by Boas (2000) using the BNC, show that a very restricted range of adjectives is used, in which dead, apart and open rank the top three adjectives (Wechsler 2001; Broccias 2004). The V open construction is one of the main types of English argument construction. Since Goldberg (1995) systematically described the semantic constraints on the English resultative construction, great attention has been paid to the semantic and syntax of the construction from the synchronic perspective. Every construction has its own development history (Hilpert 2013). In order to find out the diachronic change and its features of English resultative construction, this study choses the V open construction as the target and aims to explore its development within the framework of Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006, 2019) and Talmyan event integration theory (Talmy 2000), adopting the diachronic distinctive collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003, 2005; Gries & Stefanowitsch 2004) as the analytical method and using COHA as the data source.

Book Reviews by Na Liu

历时构式语法研究现状——《语法化与构式语法交汇研究》评介（Review of Coussé et al (2018) Grammaticalization Meets Construction Grammar）

Yuyanxueyanjiu, 2023

作为语法化和构式语法结合的产物，历时构式语法主张采用整体的、渐变的语言演化观，将语言演化放入构式框架内考察，探索语言形式和意义形成及变化的一般规律。本书不仅阐述了历时构式语法的理论要点，而且展示... more 作为语法化和构式语法结合的产物，历时构式语法主张采用整体的、渐变的语言演化观，将语言演化放入构式框架内考察，探索语言形式和意义形成及变化的一般规律。本书不仅阐述了历时构式语法的理论要点，而且展示了跨语言和跨构式层级的研究范例，全面呈现了历时构式语法理论和实证研究现状。(Diachronic Construction Grammar (DxCG for short) resulted from the integration of grammaticalization and Construction Grammar (CG for short), and it adopts a holistic and procedural view on language change. Specifically, within the framework of CG, DxCG explores the general regularities concerning the formation and evolution of form-meaning pairings in language. Chapters in this volume not only introduce the theoretical strands of DxCG, but also apply them to different construction levels across languages. Overall, this is a comprehensive volume on DxCG.)

Review of Lin 2019 Encoding motion events in Mandarin Chinese

Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 2023

Conference Presentations by Na Liu

Construal and linguistic expression of caused-motion by Chinese adults: An empirical analysis

The 16th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 2023

In the last forty years or so the domain of space has increasingly attracted researchers’ attenti... more In the last forty years or so the domain of space has increasingly attracted researchers’ attention in various disciplines including language typology, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, etc. Caused motion, a situation where an agent exerts some external forces on an object which causes its direct movement, is a complex type of motion and contains a number of semantic elements, including CAUSE (take, carry), PATH (into, out of), MANNER (push, pull), etc. (Talmy 1985). According to Goldberg (1995: Chap. 7), English caused-motion construction can be syntactically and semantically schematized as [SUBJ [V OBJ OBL]] and X CAUSES Y TO MOVE Z, respectively. Previous research on motion event lexicalization mostly focus on voluntary motion event, and only few studies (Choi & Bowerman 1991; Hendriks, Hickmann & Demagny 2008; Hickmann & Hendriks 2010; Ji et al. 2011) have explored caused-motion event. This study expands the sphere of research by investigating how Chinese adults construe and encode caused-motion in their mind and language, with regard to caused-motion at a coarse-grained and fine-grained level, viz. extended caused-motion and onset caused-motion correspondingly. The difference between extended and onset caused-motion (cf. Talmy 2000: Chap. 8) lies in the presence of simultaneity of the causing and the caused event in the former, and the absence in the latter.

Event integration as a driving force of language change: evidence from Chinese 使-shǐ-make

Language and Cognition, 2023

Talmy's (1991; 2000a; 2000b) influential work on motion events provides a strong two-way typology... more Talmy's (1991; 2000a; 2000b) influential work on motion events provides a strong two-way typology that can examine and account for the typology of a language, but this framework is basically synchronic. It may not be equally valid to explain language change. In this paper, we apply the event integration theory and its latest development, The Macro-event Hypothesis (Li, 2020, 2023), to account for the development of the causative verb 使-shǐ-make (SHI for short) in Chinese. This study reveals that, firstly, the multi-functional behavior of SHI represents a typical case of grammaticalization, with a full verb acquiring the role of conjunction and expressing abstract meanings. Secondly, the semantic division of the causative and non-causative uses of SHI in Contemporary Chinese is the most clear-cut. Thirdly, causative SHI shows a greater level of semantic bleaching, and the construction profiles a single causal activity and has a higher degree of event integration when compared to its lexical verbal use. The constructional grammaticalization of SHI confirms that event integration is key to its development. This study verifies The Macro-event Hypothesis of a continuum of grammaticalization in language and uncovers the process of semantic gradation that takes place in Chinese.

Mandarin Analytic Causative Constructions with Shǐ and Ràng: A Usage-Based Collostructional Analysis

Chinese Lexical Semantics. CLSW 2022, 2023

Analytic causative constructions with 使 shǐ 'make' and 让 ràng 'make, let', commonly used as [NP1 ... more Analytic causative constructions with 使 shǐ 'make' and 让 ràng 'make, let', commonly used as [NP1 + SHI/RANG + NP2 + VP], are canonical constructions in Mandarin. Previous scholarship has rarely compared the interactions between the two constructions and the verbs in the VP slot. This study fills this gap by using a collostructional analysis. The prototypical verbs, prototypical constructional meanings and distinctive verbs are investigated. It is found that 1) The prototypical verbs used in SHI construction are change-of-state and change-ofpossession verbs, whose constructional meaning refers to the change of NP2 in quantity or quality under the effect of NP1; for RANG construction, its prototypical verbs are psychological verbs and verbs of getting information, and its constructional meaning refers to NP2's perception of something under the influence of NP1; 2) The 17 distinctive verbs for SHI construction are change-of-possession verbs, existential verbs, motion verbs, verbs of phenomenon, change-of-state verbs, verbs of physical manipulation and creation; the 14 distinctive verbs for RANG construction are change-of-state verbs, psychological verbs, verbs of getting information, intellectual verbs and change-of-possession verbs. Although there is overlap in verb categories, the specific verbs which have different preferences for the two constructions are significantly different.

Potentials for grammaticalization: Sensitivity to position and event type

Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 2021

This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs ... more This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs in Mandarin that regularly appears at either V1 or V2 position in the V1+V2 construction is only grammaticalized at the V2 position, where the verb becomes a directional complement. We provide a cognitive semantic account and propose a new hypothesis that we call the syntactic position and event type sensitivity hypothesis in grammaticalization. We analyze corpus data across five historical stages for 11 simplex directional complements. The analysis draws on Talmy's macro-event theory and Lehmann's grammaticalization parameters. It is concluded that motion verbs at the V1 position are most likely to have agentive subjects, which foregrounds the idea of motion in V1, while V2 focuses on the Agent's purpose. Motion verbs at V2 are relatively more likely to have non-agentive subjects, which foregrounds the Path element in V2 and complements the action of V1, rather than the purpose of the Agent. What triggers the grammaticalization of the V2 is the foregrounding of the Path element in V2, which complements the action of V1, and its non-agentive subject.

认知语义学基础理论十讲（Ten Lectures on Cognitive Semantics: Basic Theories）

认知语义学基础理论十讲（Ten Lectures on Cognitive Semantics: Basic Theories）, 2022

《认知语义学基础理论十讲》诠释了Leonard Talmy认知语义学奠基性著作《认知语义学》（卷I、卷II）中的核心思想，并使之与研究前沿接轨。同时，笔者结合几十年课堂教学以及研究生指导，力图在... more 《认知语义学基础理论十讲》诠释了Leonard Talmy认知语义学奠基性著作《认知语义学》（卷I、卷II）中的核心思想，并使之与研究前沿接轨。同时，笔者结合几十年课堂教学以及研究生指导，力图在本书中阐述Talmy的核心思想和最有影响力的理论。笔者简要概括了十讲内容。主要包括： 1.Talmy所持的语言哲学观为语言是一种认知系统。 2.区分形式与意义是Talmy认知语义学研究最重要的方法论基础，他提出了35个语义元素；等等理论。 3.语言系统从宏观上可以划分为开放类与封闭类，大致和词汇类与语法类相对应。 4.从人的感知视角，我们可以把看到的场景划分为焦点和背景，这种认知结构反映在语言的概念结构中。 5.时间和空间这对语义域是我们感知世界以形成概念结构的基础。 6.人类对空间的认知形成一定的图式，进而利用这些图式组织更为抽象的概念结构。 7.力动态是对自然界中的力反映到概念结构中的规律性概括，是Talmy理论皇冠上的一颗明珠。 8.与力动态相一致，因果关系也反映了事物之间的普遍规律。 9.运动是物质的存在形式，是一种时空融合。 10.基于运动事件提出的语言类型两分法是Talmy有影响力的理论。《认知语义学基础理论十讲》的出版，对普及认知语义学理论，深化认知语义学在中国大陆的本土化研究，具有重要意义。本书是此类教材中的第一种，将会成为语言类高年级本科生以及研究生的必读书。

Chapter 2 Lexical Variation in Chinese Climbing Verb

Cognitive Sociolinguistics Revisited, 2021

The manner/result complementarity hypothesis has been influential in lexical and typological stud... more The manner/result complementarity hypothesis has been influential in lexical and typological study, but lacks universal empirical verification and support from diachronic perspective. In light of cognitive sociolinguistics and motion event typology, we test this hypothesis by probing into the variation of Chinese climbing verb dēng from a diachronic perspective. We demonstrate that dēng can encode both manner and path simultaneously and interchangeably in constructions. The interplay between the formal dimension (i.e. dēng as an independent verb, V+Vdēng, and Vdēng+V) and the social dimension (i.e. stages of Chinese development) influences its meaning encoding status. It is concluded that this analysis poses a challenge to the hypothesis and therefore calls for a revision of the hypothesis.

Chapter 21 事件语义类型学的重要启示

《事件语义类型学》, 2019

本章是《事件语义类型学》（李福印等著，2019）最后一章。基于前20章的研究，本章简要概括全书的主要研究结论，并由此提出事件语义类型学研究的重要启示。这些启示不仅可以指导我们进一步研究事件语义类... more 本章是《事件语义类型学》（李福印等著，2019）最后一章。基于前20章的研究，本章简要概括全书的主要研究结论，并由此提出事件语义类型学研究的重要启示。这些启示不仅可以指导我们进一步研究事件语义类型学，还将为语言学的相关研究提供参考。

The Grammaticalization of Chinese Verb 'kāi'(开): A Constructional Approach

The 15th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 2019

Based on diachronic construction grammar, the author aims to explore the evolution of Chinese dir... more

Causation, causative and transitivity

基于语料库的汉语分析型致使构式的认知语义研究

第三届Talmy语义学会议, 2021

本研究基于语料库标注数据，采用多重对应分析考察现代汉语中“使”/“让”分析型致使构式的交替使用现象，并使用条件推断决策树和随机森林模型分别考察制约两者交替的因素的多重交互及其相对重要性。研究发现... more 本研究基于语料库标注数据，采用多重对应分析考察现代汉语中“使”/“让”分析型致使构式的交替使用现象，并使用条件推断决策树和随机森林模型分别考察制约两者交替的因素的多重交互及其相对重要性。研究发现：1）“使”和“让”分析型致使构式的原型不同：前者的原型用法为施事为物质实体且受事句法语义较为复杂，后者的原型用法为施事和受事均为有生实体且受事句法语义较为简单；2）两个构式的样例分布空间有重合，说明二者的范畴边界模糊；3）施事的语义类别、受事的意志性、受影响对象的复杂性和受事的复杂性对两类致使构式交替具有显著影响，且不同因素间存在多重交互效应；4）具有显著影响的预测变量按照其相对重要性由大到小依次是：施事的语义类别、受事的意志性、施事的复杂性、受事的复杂性、受事的语义类别、受影响对象的复杂性和极性。本研究有助于理清“使”和“让”构式义用法的异同，为对外汉语教学中“多形一义”类教学内容的课程设计提供参考。

A Corpus-based Diachronic Distinctive Collexeme Analysis on the English V open Construction

11th International Conference on Construction Grammar, 2021

Corpus-driven analyses of resultative adjectives (i.e. adjectives occurring in resultative constr... more Corpus-driven analyses of resultative adjectives (i.e. adjectives occurring in resultative constructions), such as the one carried out by Boas (2000) using the BNC, show that a very restricted range of adjectives is used, in which dead, apart and open rank the top three adjectives (Wechsler 2001; Broccias 2004). The V open construction is one of the main types of English argument construction. Since Goldberg (1995) systematically described the semantic constraints on the English resultative construction, great attention has been paid to the semantic and syntax of the construction from the synchronic perspective. Every construction has its own development history (Hilpert 2013). In order to find out the diachronic change and its features of English resultative construction, this study choses the V open construction as the target and aims to explore its development within the framework of Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006, 2019) and Talmyan event integration theory (Talmy 2000), adopting the diachronic distinctive collexeme analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003, 2005; Gries & Stefanowitsch 2004) as the analytical method and using COHA as the data source.

历时构式语法研究现状——《语法化与构式语法交汇研究》评介（Review of Coussé et al (2018) Grammaticalization Meets Construction Grammar）

Yuyanxueyanjiu, 2023

作为语法化和构式语法结合的产物，历时构式语法主张采用整体的、渐变的语言演化观，将语言演化放入构式框架内考察，探索语言形式和意义形成及变化的一般规律。本书不仅阐述了历时构式语法的理论要点，而且展示... more 作为语法化和构式语法结合的产物，历时构式语法主张采用整体的、渐变的语言演化观，将语言演化放入构式框架内考察，探索语言形式和意义形成及变化的一般规律。本书不仅阐述了历时构式语法的理论要点，而且展示了跨语言和跨构式层级的研究范例，全面呈现了历时构式语法理论和实证研究现状。(Diachronic Construction Grammar (DxCG for short) resulted from the integration of grammaticalization and Construction Grammar (CG for short), and it adopts a holistic and procedural view on language change. Specifically, within the framework of CG, DxCG explores the general regularities concerning the formation and evolution of form-meaning pairings in language. Chapters in this volume not only introduce the theoretical strands of DxCG, but also apply them to different construction levels across languages. Overall, this is a comprehensive volume on DxCG.)

Review of Lin 2019 Encoding motion events in Mandarin Chinese

Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 2023

Construal and linguistic expression of caused-motion by Chinese adults: An empirical analysis

The 16th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, 2023

In the last forty years or so the domain of space has increasingly attracted researchers’ attenti... more In the last forty years or so the domain of space has increasingly attracted researchers’ attention in various disciplines including language typology, psycholinguistics, language acquisition, etc. Caused motion, a situation where an agent exerts some external forces on an object which causes its direct movement, is a complex type of motion and contains a number of semantic elements, including CAUSE (take, carry), PATH (into, out of), MANNER (push, pull), etc. (Talmy 1985). According to Goldberg (1995: Chap. 7), English caused-motion construction can be syntactically and semantically schematized as [SUBJ [V OBJ OBL]] and X CAUSES Y TO MOVE Z, respectively. Previous research on motion event lexicalization mostly focus on voluntary motion event, and only few studies (Choi & Bowerman 1991; Hendriks, Hickmann & Demagny 2008; Hickmann & Hendriks 2010; Ji et al. 2011) have explored caused-motion event. This study expands the sphere of research by investigating how Chinese adults construe and encode caused-motion in their mind and language, with regard to caused-motion at a coarse-grained and fine-grained level, viz. extended caused-motion and onset caused-motion correspondingly. The difference between extended and onset caused-motion (cf. Talmy 2000: Chap. 8) lies in the presence of simultaneity of the causing and the caused event in the former, and the absence in the latter.