Papers by Christian Nygaard
Social Science Research Network, 2022
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment, Aug 1, 2022
Housing Theory and Society, Mar 15, 2022
ABSTRACT “Pragmatic socioeconomics” seeks to provide a more solid interdisciplinary bridge betwee... more ABSTRACT “Pragmatic socioeconomics” seeks to provide a more solid interdisciplinary bridge between economics and sociology, by pragmatically setting aside incompatibles. Its key point, that social norms condition resource allocations also in housing markets, is important and matters for our analysis of affordability and financial and macroeconomic stability. It also extends to the role of housing in transitioning to socially and environmentally sustainable urban futures. However, there are also aspects of “pragmatic socioeconomics” that become entangled in conceptual fault lines between sociology and neoclassical economics and also within economics itself. Drawing on institutional economics (old and new), this commentary focuses on the upwards and downwards reconstituting effects of norms and institutions in decision-making and its implications for “pragmatic socioeconomics”. A second and shorter commentary relates to discussion of price elasticities (demand, income and supply). Both these, in turn, relate to the effect of norms and institutions on housing markets.
Barzel makes an important distinction between economic and legal rights in the development of 'ru... more Barzel makes an important distinction between economic and legal rights in the development of 'rule of law' states. '[E]conomic rights reflect the individuals' ability to consume or exchange commodities. These rights may exist in the absence of legal rights, though the latter tend to enhance the former. Legal rights are delineated by the state. The state, as such, chooses to enforce the rights it delineates. The means of economic rights that are not backed by legal rights include long-term relations'.
Urban Policy and Research, Jul 3, 2022
Habitat international, 2023
COVID-19 and its restrictions have had widely documented negative impacts for private and social ... more COVID-19 and its restrictions have had widely documented negative impacts for private and social rental sectors, internationally. Limited evidence exists about how the pandemic effects were experienced in alternative forms of renting such as housing cooperatives. Rental cooperatives, recognised for their principles of democratic control, education and training and concern for community, may offer different outcomes for members than more individually-oriented rental forms. This paper seeks to explore whether and how COVID-19 was responded to within cooperative rental housing models, and if the pandemic posed a challenge to cooperative principles. Using a social practices approach, the analysis first identifies cooperative members' formal and informal responses to COVID-19, and second explores the meaning of such activities in the pandemic context in Australia and Honduras cooperatives. The continuity of usual housing cooperative practices and pandemic measures were analysed via in-depth interviews with 15 residents. Findings indicate that cooperative responses acted to reduce negative impacts of the pandemic or to find effective solutions. Rental housing cooperative residents’ lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, invite us to reflect on the role of housing cooperatives in the housing sector, the importance of collaborative housing models and the relevance of housing-based community resilience.
AHURI final report, Sep 1, 2022
AHURI's mission is to deliver high quality research that influences policy development and practi... more AHURI's mission is to deliver high quality research that influences policy development and practice change to improve the housing and urban environments of all Australians. Using high quality, independent evidence and through active, managed engagement, AHURI works to inform the policies and practices of governments and the housing and urban development industries, and stimulate debate in the broader Australian community. AHURI undertakes evidence-based policy development on a range of priority policy topics that are of interest to our audience groups, including housing and labour markets, urban growth and renewal, planning and infrastructure development, housing supply and affordability, homelessness, economic productivity, and social cohesion and wellbeing. AHURI Limited also gratefully acknowledges the contributions, both financial and in-kind, of its university research partners who have helped make the completion of this material possible. The opinions in this report reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of AHURI Limited, its Board, its funding organisations or Inquiry Panel members. No responsibility is accepted by AHURI Limited, its Board or funders for the accuracy or omission of any statement, opinion, advice or information in this publication. This paper uses unit record data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The HILDA project was initiated and is funded by the Australian Government Department of Social Services (DSS) and is managed by the
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010
ABSTRACT This paper considers the impact of existing land use patterns on housing supply price el... more ABSTRACT This paper considers the impact of existing land use patterns on housing supply price elasticities in local areas of England, under existing planning policies. The paper demonstrates that, despite common national planning policies, local supply responses to market pressures vary considerably, because of differences in historical land uses. The study area covers the Thames Gateway and Thames Valley, which lie to the east and west of London respectively. However, whereas the latter is one of the wealthiest areas of England, the former includes some of the highest pockets of deprivation and was a government priority area for increasing housing supply. Due to differences in historical land use and geography, the price elasticity in the least constrained area is approximately six times higher than the most constrained.
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005
Social housing policy in the UK mirrors wider processes associated with shifts in broad welfare r... more Social housing policy in the UK mirrors wider processes associated with shifts in broad welfare regimes. Social housing has moved from dominance by council housing provision to the funding of new investment through voluntary sector housing associations to a greater focus on the regulation and private financing of these not-for-profit bodies. If these trends run their course, we are likely to see a range of not-for-profit bodies (council, arms-length management bodies and different forms of housing association) providing non-market housing in a highly regulated quasimarket strongly shaped by commercial considerations and the statutory requirements levied on them by Government and regulatory agency alike. In this paper we examine these issues through the lens of neo-institutional economics, which we believe can provide important insights into the fundamental contractual and regulatory relationships that are coming to dominate social housing from the perspective of the key actors in the sector (not-for-profit housing organisations, their tenants, private lenders and the regulatory state). The paper draws on evidence recently collected from a study evaluating more than 100 stock transfer organisations that inherited ex-public housing in Scotland, including 12 detailed case studies. The focus of the empirical material is the operation (and performance thereof) of these (often new) organisations in a challenging regulatory environment while seeking to provide tenant involvement in decision-making, contribute positively to community development, retain pledges on rents, repairs and investment, work within tough sale and purchase agreements and manage a long term debt-funded business plan. This material also allows us to reflect further on the implications for the future of the sector in a context of the reasonable expectation of many more new social landlords, statutory housing standards, a strong if not an onerous regulatory framework, pricing and benefit reforms, preference-based allocations systems and common housing registers. The paper concludes that social housing stakeholders need to be aware of the risks (and their management) faced across the sector and that the State needs to have clear objectives for social housing and coherent policy instruments to achieve those ends.
Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks, 2016
part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of ... more part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Th e publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
Understanding the processes of residential solar PV uptake is critical to developing planning and... more Understanding the processes of residential solar PV uptake is critical to developing planning and policy energy transition pathways. This paper outlines a novel hybrid Agent-Based-Modelling/statistical adoption prediction framework that addresses several drawbacks in current modelling approaches. Specifically, we extend the capabilities of similar previous models and incorporate empirical data, behavioural theory, social networks and explicitly considers the spatial context. We provide empirical data affecting households' propensity to adopt, including perceptions of solar PV systems, the role of tenure and urban location. We demonstrate the approach in the context of Melbourne metropolitan region, Australia; and draw on housing approval data to demonstrate the role of housing construction in accelerating adoption. Finally, we explore the approach's validity against real-world data with promising results that also indicate key areas for further research and improvement.
LC policies can be controversial. The authors’ distinction between market-creating, sustaining an... more LC policies can be controversial. The authors’ distinction between market-creating, sustaining and efficiency LC policy provides a broad taxonomy of different articulations of LC policy, but at the implementation level national policies will frequently be a combination of each of these. In this chapter the emergence and articulation of LC policies in each of the case countries is examined. The cases illustrate the evolution of LC policies and learning over time. Several of the policies implemented by emerging economies today draw on policies developed by the North Sea countries in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the cases also illustrate important variations in the initial economic and social conditions that influence subsequent LC policy development.
AHURI Final Report
The research examines the growth of home ownership and its tenure dominance in Australia after th... more The research examines the growth of home ownership and its tenure dominance in Australia after the Second World War, together with its fading, most notably for younger households (ages 25–44) over the last four decades.
The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics
Infill investments are argued to mitigate environmental footprints, regenerate places and accommo... more Infill investments are argued to mitigate environmental footprints, regenerate places and accommodating population growth, but frequently generate local opposition. However, there is a dearth of knowledge around how different types of infill affect different segments of local property markets, how persistent effects are and how far they reach. Using detailed geocoded infill development activity and sales data, we test the price level and trajectory impacts of five infill types, distinguished by the net scale of additional dwellings, on property prices within five concentric 100-meter rings. Using an adjusted interrupted time-series estimation strategy with locality, property and neighborhood characteristic controls we find that developments that generate a net increase in dwellings of four or less, typically result in an appreciation in the average sales prices of proximate dwellings. Moderate and large-scale developments generate negative price effects, but these effects predominan...
China Economic Review, 2022
Ambio, 2021
Planning for and implementing multifunctional nature-based solutions can improve urban ecosystems... more Planning for and implementing multifunctional nature-based solutions can improve urban ecosystems' adaptation to climate change, foster urban resilience, and enable social and environmental innovation. There is, however, a knowledge gap in how to design and plan nature-based solutions in a nonanthropocentric manner that enhances co-benefits for humans and nonhuman living organisms. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review to explore how an ecological justice perspective can advance the understanding of nature-based solutions. We argue that ecological justice, which builds on the equitable distribution of environmental goods and bads, social-ecological interconnectedness, nature's agency and capabilities, and participation and inclusion in decisionmaking, provides a transformative framework for rethinking nature-based solutions in and for cities. A qualitative analysis of 121 peer-reviewed records shows a highly human-centred worldview for delivering naturebased solutions and a relationship to social justice with no direct reference to the dimensions of ecological justice. There is, however, an underlying recognition of the importance of nonhumans, ecosystem integrity and wellbeing, and a need to consider their needs and capacities through multispecies nature-based solutions design and planning. We conclude with a discussion of the critical aspects for designing and planning ecologically just cities through nature-based solutions and future research directions to further integrate these fields.
According to Sassen (1991) some cities are becoming post-industrial production sites because of c... more According to Sassen (1991) some cities are becoming post-industrial production sites because of comparative advantages in terms of efficiency of their infrastructure, the international connectedness of their city economies, the presence of a workforce with expertise in knowledge-intensive activities and an agglomeration of ‘new economy’ firms. The global city literature postulates that economic restructuring and integration within global cities is accompanied by increasing polarisation. This paper examines and compares economic restructuring trends in three Australian cities – Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide – and asks whether the global city concept is useful in helping us understand the impact of economic restructuring on local housing and labour markets. We find that both Sydney and Melbourne display characteristics associated with global cities, but that these characteristics are more muted in Adelaide. We also find evidence of increasing income segregation in Sydney and Melbourn...
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Papers by Christian Nygaard