ABSTRACT Purpose ‐ The purpose of this paper is to review the methods for assessing food safety r... more ABSTRACT Purpose ‐ The purpose of this paper is to review the methods for assessing food safety risk within a food safety plan. Design/methodology/approach ‐ The research involved analysis of both qualitative and quantitative methods of risk assessment. Findings ‐ Risk assessment is a key element of the HACCP approach to food safety. It requires food business operators and those on HACCP teams to determine both the acceptable level of contamination and the risk for the food business, and ultimately the consumer. The choice of food safety risk assessment model is crucial to an organisation. The mechanisms to determine what is acceptable can be a combination of scientific based and value based criteria and utilise qualitative or semi-quantitative approaches. Whilst fuzzy logic has a place in making risk assessment more quantitative; specific software tools are required to enable quantitative risk assessment especially where what is acceptable at one point could, subject to other factors later in the supply chain, change to an unacceptable level of risk to the consumer. Quantitative mechanisms are required to make these decisions at organisational, or indeed at policy level, fully transparent. Originality/value ‐ This research is of academic value and of value to policy makers and practitioners in the food supply chain.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme and key performanc... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme and key performance indicators can be developed within an information management system in order to manage food safety, animal welfare and business performance criteria effectively in the poultry meat supply chain and seek to deliver continuous improvement. Design/methodology/approach -Desk research was carried out in order to develop the research model. Competitive benchmarking with a group of broiler growers was used to determine the most appropriate performance indicators that could differentiate both operational and financial performance. Findings -Supply chain benchmarking is more than a comparative analysis of cost structure, indeed it can be argued that if not effectively implemented, benchmarking techniques can focus too much on historic data rather than identifying and implementing current best practice, knowledge transfer and being able to initiate change within the business cycle. Effective livestock benchmarking requires a detailed understanding of the processes undertaken in order to determine the ideas and information that needs to be shared both vertically and horizontally in the chain which in turn will deliver compliance with stakeholder requirements and drive continuous improvement.
ABSTRACT The purpose of the research was to identify measurable indicators, which can firstly pro... more ABSTRACT The purpose of the research was to identify measurable indicators, which can firstly provide objective measures of bird welfare and secondly act as ”lead” rather than “lag” indicators. Broiler welfare has historically been measured using lag indicators such as final mortality, stocking density, levels of contact dermatitis, reject levels and leg health. Although there are benefits to their use as indicators, the main disadvantage of these measures is that whilst they provide data for interorganisational and inter-growing cycle analysis the welfare issues have already occurred for the birds concerned and the information can only effect change in future production cycles. Alternatively, lead indicators are intra-cycle indicators which will provide information on bird welfare so that preventive/corrective action can be taken within the growing cycle. These indicators include feed and water consumption, air and litter quality and daily weight gain. It has been established that water is a vital nutrient that should be routinely analysed to ensure that it complies with accepted quality standards so that bird health and welfare is optimised. Furthermore water consumption, (both daily and per cycle) is a key indicator of bird welfare and worthy of further quantitative study to determine if it can be used as a headline “lead” indicator to determine health and welfare issues early in the growing cycle so that appropriate management action can be taken.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current status of the poultry meat supply ch... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current status of the poultry meat supply chain. Design/methodology/approach -The research included a literature review and evaluation of financial performance data to determine the market conditions that have impacted on both individual organisations and supply chains. Findings -The financial data has demonstrated, for the transnational corporations (TNC) studied, a significant reduction in financial performance over the last 12 months. This is due in part to the influence of avian influenza, but also to the over supply of poultry meat and increased production costs. The ongoing management of risk within this context needs to not only address traditional risk factors, but also in publicly traded organisations address the effective management of investment risk to ensure continued shareholder confidence and organisational viability. Originality/value -This research is of academic value and of value to those working in the food supply chain.
ABSTRACT Purpose – Ensuring compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is on... more ABSTRACT Purpose – Ensuring compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is one of the key issues facing the poultry meat industry. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme (PRP) and key performance indicators for food safety can be developed in the poultry meat supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – The first stage of the research involved an examination of literature, which was conducted using desk research. The second stage includes a discussion on food safety management systems in primary production and the development of food safety plans with an associated PRP. Findings – Effective food safety management systems in primary production are critical to supplying food which is safe and wholesome. In order to manage food safety effectively measurable indicators of performance should be developed. These will provide data on the suitability of the food for sale, the effectiveness of the food safety management system and any potential areas of weakness which in turn will drive continuous improvement. Originality/value – This study is of benefit to the broiler industry in the further development of quality assurance standards and business improvement models.
ABSTRACT Purpose – Public concerns with issues including animal welfare and environmental managem... more ABSTRACT Purpose – Public concerns with issues including animal welfare and environmental management and stewardship have required organisations within the food supply chain to formally demonstrate their commitment to ethical issues. This has led to the development of corporate social responsibility strategies and the use of ethical risk assessment models. The purpose of the study is to review both qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment. Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins with a discussion on ethical issues. This is followed by an evaluation of current mechanisms for determining both scientific- and value-based approaches to ethical food policy. Findings – Legislation defines governmental policy but it does not define what is “good” or “right” and this is the role of ethics. In order to have ethic reasoning embedded in food policy either at governmental or at organisational level, policy makers must be able to understand and evaluate moral arguments, be fair-minded and make well-reasoned decisions. Consumers need to trust that both policy makers and those manufacturing and supplying food make decisions and provide information which is accessible, accurate and affords reasoned choice when purchasing food products. Originality/value – This paper provides a review of ethical methodology and mechanisms for assisting in ethical decision making and will be of interest to academics and to industry.
Purpose – Quality assurance (QA) standards are considered to be a proven mechanism for delivering... more Purpose – Quality assurance (QA) standards are considered to be a proven mechanism for delivering quality of product and service. This paper seeks to analyse critically how effectively this mechanism has been implemented in the integrated food supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – This paper focuses on the development of QA standards and organisational business models. The research included a literature review
... The global food chain provides a means of transmission for agents such as salmonella or E.col... more ... The global food chain provides a means of transmission for agents such as salmonella or E.coli to large numbers of people. Integrated supply chains increase the number of steps in the supplychain where contamination could occur and security systems cannot always be ...
... Identifies the factors that affect current and future developments in food globalisation ... ... more ... Identifies the factors that affect current and future developments in food globalisation ... in the country of origin and, sanitary requirements including animal welfare or disease ... business process although different organisations will develop different risk strategies, objectives and ...
... Third party BRC auditors can only verify the existence of current, valid assurance ... such ... more ... Third party BRC auditors can only verify the existence of current, valid assurance ... such as Salmonella and Campylobacter (FSA, 2001) and has then implemented strategies to seek ... FAWC (2001), Farm Animal Welfare Council interim report on the animal welfare implications of ...
10. Manning L., Baines RN, and Chadd SA, Trends in the global poultry meat supply chain. Accepted... more 10. Manning L., Baines RN, and Chadd SA, Trends in the global poultry meat supply chain. Accepted for publication British Food Journal. Emerald Group Publishing. 11. Manning L., Chadd SA, and Baines RN, Water consumption in broiler chicken: a welfare indicator. ...
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Jan 1, 2009
Fresh water is the underpinning natural global asset. It is the limiting factor on global populat... more Fresh water is the underpinning natural global asset. It is the limiting factor on global population growth and ultimately will be the brake on the globalisation model. Without access to suitable fresh water, the human population will not reach the estimated 9.5 billion by 2050. Food production needs to double in one generation, on top of the advances already seen in the last fifty years, in order to sustain this level of human population. Food production has a significant positive benefit to the human, however negative consequences result including soil erosion and impairment of water quality through diffuse pollution. Delivering water security, in terms of quantity and quality, will require innovative policy mechanisms in a local, watershed and also an international capacity in order to drive an efficient and cost effective approach and water quality trading has a key role in achieving these objectives.
Livre: Quality Management Systems in the Food and Drink Industry: Development and Applications (N... more Livre: Quality Management Systems in the Food and Drink Industry: Development and Applications (New Ed.) MANNING Louise.
... Individual diets will have a major impact on personal water footprint and it has been calcula... more ... Individual diets will have a major impact on personal water footprint and it has been calculated that for food and drink consumption alone whilst ... fresh water to support food production the other is the transition in many regions of the world towards a meat and dairy product based ...
Purpose–The aim of this paper is to review the issues surrounding water security in terms of quan... more Purpose–The aim of this paper is to review the issues surrounding water security in terms of quantity and quality and its impact on food availability. Design/methodology/approach–The research involved an examination and evaluation of existing literature so that the key ...
... consumption of ready-to-eat produce or minimally processed fresh-cut produce, if suitable saf... more ... consumption of ready-to-eat produce or minimally processed fresh-cut produce, if suitable safeguards are not in place represents a new challenge to food safety (Bhagwat, 2006). ... microorganisms are not uniformly distributed on aerial tissues (Mercier and Lindow, 2000) but ...
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between an organisation's need t... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between an organisation's need to demonstrate compliance with legislative requirements and private assurance standards and the protection of their corporate and/or product brands. Design/methodology/approach -This paper evaluates the mechanisms implemented to address legislative compliance, product liability, brand equity and maintaining stakeholder confidence within the context of the supply of safe food. Findings -The paper finds that, within the international regulatory framework, individual organisations or indeed discrete supply chains must maintain stakeholder confidence in their ability to produce safe, wholesome food, whilst seeking to differentiate products and remaining competitive, especially where brand owners have put significant intellectual and financial resource into the development of either corporate or product brands. Increasingly the corporation identity is now the brand and this is a valuable business asset. In order to protect that asset, effective food safety management must be at the core of organisational strategy and, in the event that such controls fail, crisis management protocols should be in place that can be implemented quickly and effectively. Originality/value -This paper is of both industrial and academic value.
ABSTRACT Purpose ‐ The purpose of this paper is to review the methods for assessing food safety r... more ABSTRACT Purpose ‐ The purpose of this paper is to review the methods for assessing food safety risk within a food safety plan. Design/methodology/approach ‐ The research involved analysis of both qualitative and quantitative methods of risk assessment. Findings ‐ Risk assessment is a key element of the HACCP approach to food safety. It requires food business operators and those on HACCP teams to determine both the acceptable level of contamination and the risk for the food business, and ultimately the consumer. The choice of food safety risk assessment model is crucial to an organisation. The mechanisms to determine what is acceptable can be a combination of scientific based and value based criteria and utilise qualitative or semi-quantitative approaches. Whilst fuzzy logic has a place in making risk assessment more quantitative; specific software tools are required to enable quantitative risk assessment especially where what is acceptable at one point could, subject to other factors later in the supply chain, change to an unacceptable level of risk to the consumer. Quantitative mechanisms are required to make these decisions at organisational, or indeed at policy level, fully transparent. Originality/value ‐ This research is of academic value and of value to policy makers and practitioners in the food supply chain.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme and key performanc... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme and key performance indicators can be developed within an information management system in order to manage food safety, animal welfare and business performance criteria effectively in the poultry meat supply chain and seek to deliver continuous improvement. Design/methodology/approach -Desk research was carried out in order to develop the research model. Competitive benchmarking with a group of broiler growers was used to determine the most appropriate performance indicators that could differentiate both operational and financial performance. Findings -Supply chain benchmarking is more than a comparative analysis of cost structure, indeed it can be argued that if not effectively implemented, benchmarking techniques can focus too much on historic data rather than identifying and implementing current best practice, knowledge transfer and being able to initiate change within the business cycle. Effective livestock benchmarking requires a detailed understanding of the processes undertaken in order to determine the ideas and information that needs to be shared both vertically and horizontally in the chain which in turn will deliver compliance with stakeholder requirements and drive continuous improvement.
ABSTRACT The purpose of the research was to identify measurable indicators, which can firstly pro... more ABSTRACT The purpose of the research was to identify measurable indicators, which can firstly provide objective measures of bird welfare and secondly act as ”lead” rather than “lag” indicators. Broiler welfare has historically been measured using lag indicators such as final mortality, stocking density, levels of contact dermatitis, reject levels and leg health. Although there are benefits to their use as indicators, the main disadvantage of these measures is that whilst they provide data for interorganisational and inter-growing cycle analysis the welfare issues have already occurred for the birds concerned and the information can only effect change in future production cycles. Alternatively, lead indicators are intra-cycle indicators which will provide information on bird welfare so that preventive/corrective action can be taken within the growing cycle. These indicators include feed and water consumption, air and litter quality and daily weight gain. It has been established that water is a vital nutrient that should be routinely analysed to ensure that it complies with accepted quality standards so that bird health and welfare is optimised. Furthermore water consumption, (both daily and per cycle) is a key indicator of bird welfare and worthy of further quantitative study to determine if it can be used as a headline “lead” indicator to determine health and welfare issues early in the growing cycle so that appropriate management action can be taken.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current status of the poultry meat supply ch... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current status of the poultry meat supply chain. Design/methodology/approach -The research included a literature review and evaluation of financial performance data to determine the market conditions that have impacted on both individual organisations and supply chains. Findings -The financial data has demonstrated, for the transnational corporations (TNC) studied, a significant reduction in financial performance over the last 12 months. This is due in part to the influence of avian influenza, but also to the over supply of poultry meat and increased production costs. The ongoing management of risk within this context needs to not only address traditional risk factors, but also in publicly traded organisations address the effective management of investment risk to ensure continued shareholder confidence and organisational viability. Originality/value -This research is of academic value and of value to those working in the food supply chain.
ABSTRACT Purpose – Ensuring compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is on... more ABSTRACT Purpose – Ensuring compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is one of the key issues facing the poultry meat industry. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme (PRP) and key performance indicators for food safety can be developed in the poultry meat supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – The first stage of the research involved an examination of literature, which was conducted using desk research. The second stage includes a discussion on food safety management systems in primary production and the development of food safety plans with an associated PRP. Findings – Effective food safety management systems in primary production are critical to supplying food which is safe and wholesome. In order to manage food safety effectively measurable indicators of performance should be developed. These will provide data on the suitability of the food for sale, the effectiveness of the food safety management system and any potential areas of weakness which in turn will drive continuous improvement. Originality/value – This study is of benefit to the broiler industry in the further development of quality assurance standards and business improvement models.
ABSTRACT Purpose – Public concerns with issues including animal welfare and environmental managem... more ABSTRACT Purpose – Public concerns with issues including animal welfare and environmental management and stewardship have required organisations within the food supply chain to formally demonstrate their commitment to ethical issues. This has led to the development of corporate social responsibility strategies and the use of ethical risk assessment models. The purpose of the study is to review both qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment. Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins with a discussion on ethical issues. This is followed by an evaluation of current mechanisms for determining both scientific- and value-based approaches to ethical food policy. Findings – Legislation defines governmental policy but it does not define what is “good” or “right” and this is the role of ethics. In order to have ethic reasoning embedded in food policy either at governmental or at organisational level, policy makers must be able to understand and evaluate moral arguments, be fair-minded and make well-reasoned decisions. Consumers need to trust that both policy makers and those manufacturing and supplying food make decisions and provide information which is accessible, accurate and affords reasoned choice when purchasing food products. Originality/value – This paper provides a review of ethical methodology and mechanisms for assisting in ethical decision making and will be of interest to academics and to industry.
Purpose – Quality assurance (QA) standards are considered to be a proven mechanism for delivering... more Purpose – Quality assurance (QA) standards are considered to be a proven mechanism for delivering quality of product and service. This paper seeks to analyse critically how effectively this mechanism has been implemented in the integrated food supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – This paper focuses on the development of QA standards and organisational business models. The research included a literature review
... The global food chain provides a means of transmission for agents such as salmonella or E.col... more ... The global food chain provides a means of transmission for agents such as salmonella or E.coli to large numbers of people. Integrated supply chains increase the number of steps in the supplychain where contamination could occur and security systems cannot always be ...
... Identifies the factors that affect current and future developments in food globalisation ... ... more ... Identifies the factors that affect current and future developments in food globalisation ... in the country of origin and, sanitary requirements including animal welfare or disease ... business process although different organisations will develop different risk strategies, objectives and ...
... Third party BRC auditors can only verify the existence of current, valid assurance ... such ... more ... Third party BRC auditors can only verify the existence of current, valid assurance ... such as Salmonella and Campylobacter (FSA, 2001) and has then implemented strategies to seek ... FAWC (2001), Farm Animal Welfare Council interim report on the animal welfare implications of ...
10. Manning L., Baines RN, and Chadd SA, Trends in the global poultry meat supply chain. Accepted... more 10. Manning L., Baines RN, and Chadd SA, Trends in the global poultry meat supply chain. Accepted for publication British Food Journal. Emerald Group Publishing. 11. Manning L., Chadd SA, and Baines RN, Water consumption in broiler chicken: a welfare indicator. ...
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, Jan 1, 2009
Fresh water is the underpinning natural global asset. It is the limiting factor on global populat... more Fresh water is the underpinning natural global asset. It is the limiting factor on global population growth and ultimately will be the brake on the globalisation model. Without access to suitable fresh water, the human population will not reach the estimated 9.5 billion by 2050. Food production needs to double in one generation, on top of the advances already seen in the last fifty years, in order to sustain this level of human population. Food production has a significant positive benefit to the human, however negative consequences result including soil erosion and impairment of water quality through diffuse pollution. Delivering water security, in terms of quantity and quality, will require innovative policy mechanisms in a local, watershed and also an international capacity in order to drive an efficient and cost effective approach and water quality trading has a key role in achieving these objectives.
Livre: Quality Management Systems in the Food and Drink Industry: Development and Applications (N... more Livre: Quality Management Systems in the Food and Drink Industry: Development and Applications (New Ed.) MANNING Louise.
... Individual diets will have a major impact on personal water footprint and it has been calcula... more ... Individual diets will have a major impact on personal water footprint and it has been calculated that for food and drink consumption alone whilst ... fresh water to support food production the other is the transition in many regions of the world towards a meat and dairy product based ...
Purpose–The aim of this paper is to review the issues surrounding water security in terms of quan... more Purpose–The aim of this paper is to review the issues surrounding water security in terms of quantity and quality and its impact on food availability. Design/methodology/approach–The research involved an examination and evaluation of existing literature so that the key ...
... consumption of ready-to-eat produce or minimally processed fresh-cut produce, if suitable saf... more ... consumption of ready-to-eat produce or minimally processed fresh-cut produce, if suitable safeguards are not in place represents a new challenge to food safety (Bhagwat, 2006). ... microorganisms are not uniformly distributed on aerial tissues (Mercier and Lindow, 2000) but ...
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between an organisation's need t... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between an organisation's need to demonstrate compliance with legislative requirements and private assurance standards and the protection of their corporate and/or product brands. Design/methodology/approach -This paper evaluates the mechanisms implemented to address legislative compliance, product liability, brand equity and maintaining stakeholder confidence within the context of the supply of safe food. Findings -The paper finds that, within the international regulatory framework, individual organisations or indeed discrete supply chains must maintain stakeholder confidence in their ability to produce safe, wholesome food, whilst seeking to differentiate products and remaining competitive, especially where brand owners have put significant intellectual and financial resource into the development of either corporate or product brands. Increasingly the corporation identity is now the brand and this is a valuable business asset. In order to protect that asset, effective food safety management must be at the core of organisational strategy and, in the event that such controls fail, crisis management protocols should be in place that can be implemented quickly and effectively. Originality/value -This paper is of both industrial and academic value.
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