Lambayeque

 Organización del cuerpo de las plantas  Los tejidos vegetales  Raíces y nutrición mineral  Tallo y soporte en las plantas  Hojas, los colectores solares  Obtención de los nutrimentos  Obtención y transporte de agua y minerales  Transporte de azúcares

 Patrón respiratorio ineficaz r/c obstrucción de vías aéreas s/a atresia esofágica con fistula traqueo esofágica distal m/p sialorrea abundante, espumosa, signos de esfuerzo respiratorio que van en aumento  Temor r/c percepción de una amenaza  Conocimientos deficiente de los padres r/c procedimientos preoperatorios ,expectativas postoperatorias

The physical arrangement of closely related individuals is expected to significantly influence the pattern of population genetic structure. For example, if related individuals are non-randomly distributed and included in samples, this may lead to exaggerated conclusions about genetic differentiation. In the present study, we compared population structure v. family relationships of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) along a Mediterranean stream (Pyrenees) by using eight microsatellite loci. Results showed low levels of genetic (F ST ) differentiation between collections in a 6.5-km transect along the stream, and a significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance matrices, indicating a weak population structure associated with spatial distribution. Our data also indicated that geographical proximity of related individuals in the youngest (0þ, 1þ) cohorts probably was associated with limited dispersal of younger brown trout from spawning redds. Family relationships provided evidence, however, for movement of adult trout over distances of a few kilometres that probably contributed to the low observed differentiation. Dispersal of adult Mediterranean trout contrasts with the clustering of related older trout observed for some north European rivers and could be related to the reduced productivity in southern stream basins.

The phylogeography of Atlantic brown trout (Salmo trutta) was analysed using mitochondrial DNA control region complete sequences of 774 individuals from 57 locations. Additionally, the available haplotype information from 100 published populations was incorporated in the analysis. Combined information from nested clade analysis, haplotype trees, mismatch distributions, and coalescent simulations was used to characterize population groups in the Atlantic basin. A major clade involved haplotypes assigned to the Atlantic (AT) lineage, but another major clade should be considered as a distinct endemic lineage restricted to the Iberian Peninsula. The phylogeography of the Atlantic populations showed the mixed distribution of several Atlantic clades in glaciated areas of Northern Europe, whereas diverged haplotypes dominated the coastal Iberian rivers. Populations inhabiting the Atlantic rivers of southern France apparently contributed to postglacial colonization of northern basins, but also comprised the source of southern expansions during the Pleistocene. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 97, 904–917.

Detection of hybridization and introgression in wild populations that have been supplemented by hatchery fish is necessary during development of conservation and management strategies. Initially, allozyme data and more recently highly polymorphic microsatellite markers have been used to obtain this information. We used both markers to assess the effectiveness of four assignment methods (Structure, NewHybrids, Baps and GeneClass) to detect hatchery introgression in wild stocked populations. Simulations of hybrid genotypes from real parental data revealed that the number and type of markers used with Structure, NewHybrids and Baps can identify as admixed most first and second generation hybrids as well as first generation backcrosses. In wild populations, introgression rates estimated from different markers and methods were correlated. However, slight disagreements were observed at both population and individual levels. Overall, the fully Bayesian (Structure, NewHybrids and Baps) performed better than partially Bayesian (GeneClass) assignment tests. In wild collections, Baps analyses were limited because of the lack of a native baseline. In all cases, the efficiency of methods was reduced as introgression increased.

The Iberian Peninsula contains diverse populations of freshwater fish, with major river basins comprising differentiated biogeographic units. The Duero River flows through the North-Western Iberian Peninsula and is one of the most important rivers within the Iberian glacial refuge. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) populate this whole basin, and studies using both allozyme and microsatellite loci have detected a geographically sorted distribution of genetic variation in this species. In this work, sequences of the mitochondrial control region obtained from 299 brown trout from the Duero River were compared with other Iberian and European datasets. Two differentiated haplotype groups were detected inside the Duero River basin. One of them was related to the Atlantic (AT) lineage that is present in Northern European populations, whereas the other comprised an unique group that was restricted to the inner region of the basin. The amount of divergence of this Duero group from the other brown trout populations studied is consistent with a new trout lineage (Duero, DU) that is endemic to this river basin and that diverged from other Atlantic populations during the Pleistocene. The distribution of the DU and AT quaternary lineages in the Duero River was consistent with the ichthyological pattern described in the basin that originated during the Miocene–Pliocene. Evidence of selective processes that favour the haplotypes of the DU lineage may explain this discrepancy.

Brain analysis cannot be used for the investigation of active lyssavirus infection in healthy bats because most bat species are protected by conservation directives. Consequently, serology remains the only tool for performing virological studies on natural bat populations; however, the presence of antibodies merely reflects past exposure to the virus and is not a valid marker of active infection. This work describes a new nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technique specifically designed for the detection of the European bat virus 1 on oropharyngeal swabs obtained from bats but also able to amplify RNA from the remaining rabies-related lyssaviruses in brain samples. The technique was successfully used for surveillance of a serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) colony involved in a case of human exposure, in which 15 out of 71 oropharyngeal swabs were positive. Lyssavirus infection was detected on 13 oropharyngeal swabs but in only 5 brains out of the 34 animals from which simultaneous brain and oropharyngeal samples had been taken. The lyssavirus involved could be rapidly identified by automatic sequencing of the RT-PCR products obtained from 14 brains and three bat oropharyngeal swabs. In conclusion, RT-PCR using oropharyngeal swabs will permit screening of wild bat populations for active lyssavirus infection, for research or epidemiological purposes, in line not only with conservation policies but also in a more efficient manner than classical detection techniques used on the brain.

Acciones de control extraordinario.-Aquellas que la autoridad aduanera puede disponer de manera adicional a las ordinarias, para la verificación del cumplimiento de las obligaciones y la prevención de los delitos aduaneros o infracciones administrativas, que pueden ser los operativos especiales, las acciones de fiscalización, entre otros. La realización de estas acciones no opera de manera formal ante un trámite aduanero regular, pudiendo disponerse antes, durante o después del trámite de despacho, por las aduanas operativas o las intendencias facultadas para dicho fin.

Introduction Postradiation proctopathy (PP) is a major complication in patients who receive radiotherapy for cancer. Medical treatments of this entity are unsatisfactory. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) had been shown to be successful with low complications. The aim was to describe our experience with APC in the management of PP. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of electronic- and paper-based records of patients with PP managed with APC. Results Nineteen patients with PP were included, nine were women. Median age was 64 years, and follow-up was 29 months. The most frequent cause of radiotherapy for cancer was cervicouterine and prostate Endoscopic findings Moderate disease was observed in nine patients; mild and severe diseases were observed in five patients each. At endoscopy, telangiectasias were present in 15, ulcers in five, and active bleeding in two patients. Median of APC sessions was two (one to seven). Mean dose of APC was 30 W (30–40 W) and 1.7 l (1.5–2.0 l). Median time for relief of symptoms was 3 months. All patients were asymptomatic at the end of treatment, and bleeding was controlled at the end of treatment in all patients. Recurrence of bleeding presented in one patient at 4 months. No complications were related to the APC treatment. Conclusions According to our data, APC is successful in treatment of PP, with few sessions and low morbidity and null mortality.