The Pyramid Web Framework, a Pylons project
Project description
Pyramid
Pyramid is a small, fast, down-to-earth, open source Python web framework. It makes real-world web application development and deployment more fun, more predictable, and more productive. Try Pyramid, browse its add-ons and documentation, and get an overview.
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from pyramid.config import Configurator
from pyramid.response import Response
def hello_world(request):
return Response('Hello World!')
if __name__ == '__main__':
with Configurator() as config:
config.add_route('hello', '/')
config.add_view(hello_world, route_name='hello')
app = config.make_wsgi_app()
server = make_server('0.0.0.0', 6543, app)
server.serve_forever()Pyramid is a project of the Pylons Project.
Support and Documentation
See Pyramid Support and Development for documentation, reporting bugs, and getting support.
Developing and Contributing
See HACKING.txt and contributing.md for guidelines on running tests, adding features, coding style, and updating documentation when developing in or contributing to Pyramid.
License
Pyramid is offered under the BSD-derived Repoze Public License.
2.0.2 (2023-08-25)
Bug Fixes
Removed support for null-bytes in the path when making a request for a file against a static_view. Whille null-bytes are allowed by the HTTP specification, due to the handling of null-bytes potentially leading to security vulnerabilities it is no longer supported.
This fixes a security vulnerability that is present due to a bug in Python 3.11.0 through 3.11.4, thereby allowing the unintended disclosure of an index.html one directory up from the static views path.
Thanks to Masashi Yamane of LAC Co., Ltd for reporting this issue.
Backward Incompatibilities
Requests to a static_view are no longer allowed to contain a null-byte in any part of the path segment.
2.0.1 (2023-01-29)
Add support for Python 3.10 and 3.11.
Copy __name__ from decorated attribute when using pyramid.decorator.reify. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3660
Fix method signatures in docs for pyramid.config.Configurator.add_static_view and pyramid.config.Configurator.override_asset. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3699
Remove obsolete stackframe hack used in Python 3.5.0 when showing configurator conflict errors. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3700
Fix an error when injecting certain objects into the pshell env due to the use of !=. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3704
Pyramid drops support for l*gettext() methods in the i18n module. These have been deprecated in Python’s gettext module since 3.8, and removed in Python 3.11. They also shouldn’t be used at all on Python 3. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3717
Avoid setDaemon(True) deprecation warning by updating threading API usage to .daemon = True.
2.0 (2021-02-28)
No changes from 2.0b1.
2.0b1 (2021-02-20)
Break potential reference cycle between request and context. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3649
Remove update_wrapper from pyramid.decorator.reify. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3657
2.0b0 (2020-12-15)
Overhaul tutorials and update cookiecutter to de-emphasize request.user in favor of request.identity for common use cases. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3629
Improve documentation and patterns with builtin fixtures shipped in the cookiecutters. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3629
2.0a0 (2020-11-29)
Features
Add support for Python 3.9. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/issues/3622
The aslist method now handles non-string objects when flattening. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3594
It is now possible to pass multiple values to the header predicate for route and view configuration. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3576
Add support for Python 3.8. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3547
New security APIs have been added to support a massive overhaul of the authentication and authorization system. Read “Upgrading Authentication/Authorization” in the “What’s New in Pyramid 2.0” chapter of the documentation for information about using this new system.
pyramid.config.Configurator.set_security_policy.
pyramid.interfaces.ISecurityPolicy
pyramid.request.Request.identity.
pyramid.request.Request.is_authenticated
pyramid.authentication.SessionAuthenticationHelper
pyramid.authorization.ACLHelper
is_authenticated=True/False predicate for route and view configs
See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3465 and https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3598
Changed the default serializer on pyramid.session.SignedCookieSessionFactory to use pyramid.session.JSONSerializer instead of pyramid.session.PickleSerializer. Read “Upgrading Session Serialization” in the “What’s New in Pyramid 2.0” chapter of the documentation for more information about why this change was made. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3413
It is now possible to control whether a route pattern contains a trailing slash when it is composed with a route prefix using config.include(..., route_prefix=...) or with config.route_prefix_context(...). This can be done by specifying an empty pattern and setting the new argument inherit_slash=True. For example:
with config.route_prefix_context('/users'): config.add_route('users', '', inherit_slash=True)In the example, the resulting pattern will be /users. Similarly, if the route prefix were /users/ then the final pattern would be /users/. If the pattern was '/', then the final pattern would always be /users/. This new setting is only available if the pattern supplied to add_route is the empty string (''). See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3420
No longer define pyramid.request.Request.json_body which is already provided by WebOb. This allows the attribute to now be settable. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3447
Improve debugging info from pyramid.view.view_config decorator. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3483
A new parameter, allow_no_origin, was added to pyramid.config.Configurator.set_default_csrf_options as well as pyramid.csrf.check_csrf_origin. This option controls whether a request is rejected if it has no Origin or Referer header - often the result of a user configuring their browser not to send a Referer header for privacy reasons even on same-domain requests. The default is to reject requests without a known origin. It is also possible to allow the special Origin: null header by adding it to the pyramid.csrf_trusted_origins list in the settings. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3512 and https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3518
A new parameter, check_origin, was added to pyramid.config.Configurator.set_default_csrf_options which disables origin checking entirely. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3518
Added pyramid.interfaces.IPredicateInfo which defines the object passed to predicate factories as their second argument. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3514
Added support for serving pre-compressed static assets by using the content_encodings argument of pyramid.config.Configurator.add_static_view and pyramid.static.static_view. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3537
Fix DeprecationWarning emitted by using the imp module. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3553
Properties created via config.add_request_method(..., property=True) or request.set_property used to be readonly. They can now be overridden via request.foo = ... and until the value is deleted it will return the overridden value. This is most useful when mocking request properties in testing. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3559
Finished callbacks are now executed as part of the closer that is invoked as part of pyramid.scripting.prepare and pyramid.paster.bootstrap. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3561
Added pyramid.request.RequestLocalCache which can be used to create simple objects that are shared across requests and can be used to store per-request data. This is useful when the source of data is external to the request itself. Often a reified property is used on a request via pyramid.config.Configurator.add_request_method, or pyramid.decorator.reify, and these work great when the data is generated on-demand when accessing the request property. However, often the case is that the data is generated when accessing some other system and then we want to cache the data for the duration of the request. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3561
Exposed pyramid.authorization.ALL_PERMISSIONS and pyramid.authorization.DENY_ALL such that all of the ACL-related constants are now importable from the pyramid.authorization namespace. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3563
pserve now outputs verbose messaging to stderr instead of stdout to circumvent buffering issues that exist by default on stdout. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3593
Deprecations
Deprecated the authentication and authorization interfaces and principal-based support. See “Upgrading Authentication/Authorization” in the “What’s New in Pyramid 2.0” chapter of the documentation for information on equivalent APIs and notes on upgrading. The following APIs are deprecated as a result of this change:
pyramid.config.Configurator.set_authentication_policy
pyramid.config.Configurator.set_authorization_policy
pyramid.interfaces.IAuthenticationPolicy
pyramid.interfaces.IAuthorizationPolicy
pyramid.request.Request.effective_principals
pyramid.request.Request.unauthenticated_userid
pyramid.authentication.AuthTktAuthenticationPolicy
pyramid.authentication.RemoteUserAuthenticationPolicy
pyramid.authentication.RepozeWho1AuthenticationPolicy
pyramid.authentication.SessionAuthenticationPolicy
pyramid.authentication.BasicAuthAuthenticationPolicy
pyramid.authorization.ACLAuthorizationPolicy
The effective_principals view and route predicates.
Deprecated pyramid.security.principals_allowed_by_permission. This method continues to work with the deprecated pyramid.interfaces.IAuthorizationPolicy interface but will not work with the new pyramid.interfaces.ISecurityPolicy. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3465
Deprecated several ACL-related aspects of pyramid.security. Equivalent objects should now be imported from the pyramid.authorization namespace. This includes:
pyramid.security.Everyone
pyramid.security.Authenticated
pyramid.security.ALL_PERMISSIONS
pyramid.security.DENY_ALL
pyramid.security.ACLAllowed
pyramid.security.ACLDenied
Deprecated pyramid.session.PickleSerializer. See https://github.com/pylons/pyramid/issues/2709, and https://github.com/pylons/pyramid/pull/3353, and https://github.com/pylons/pyramid/pull/3413
Backward Incompatibilities
Drop support for Python 2.7, 3.4, and 3.5. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3421, and https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3547, and https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3634
Removed the pyramid.compat module. Integrators should use the six module or vendor shims they are using into their own codebases going forward. https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3421
pcreate and the builtin scaffolds have been removed in favor of using the cookiecutter tool and the pyramid-cookiecutter-starter cookiecutter. The script and scaffolds were deprecated in Pyramid 1.8. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3406
Changed the default hashalg on pyramid.authentication.AuthTktCookieHelper to sha512. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3557
Removed pyramid.interfaces.ITemplateRenderer. This interface was deprecated since Pyramid 1.5 and was an interface used by libraries like pyramid_mako and pyramid_chameleon but provided no functionality within Pyramid itself. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3409
Removed pyramid.security.has_permission, pyramid.security.authenticated_userid, pyramid.security.unauthenticated_userid, and pyramid.security.effective_principals. These methods were deprecated in Pyramid 1.5 and all have equivalents available as properties on the request. For example, request.authenticated_userid. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3410
Removed support for supplying a media range to the accept predicate of both pyramid.config.Configurator.add_view and pyramid.config.Configurator.add_route. These options were deprecated in Pyramid 1.10 and WebOb 1.8 because they resulted in uncontrollable matching that was not compliant with the RFC. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3411
Removed pyramid.session.UnencryptedCookieSessionFactoryConfig. This session factory was replaced with pyramid.session.SignedCookieSessionFactory in Pyramid 1.5 and has been deprecated since then. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3412
Removed pyramid.session.signed_serialize, and pyramid.session.signed_deserialize. These methods were only used by the now-removed pyramid.session.UnencryptedCookieSessionFactoryConfig and were coupled to the vulnerable pickle serialization format which could lead to remove code execution if the secret key is compromised. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3412
Changed the default serializer on pyramid.session.SignedCookieSessionFactory to use pyramid.session.JSONSerializer instead of pyramid.session.PickleSerializer. Read “Upgrading Session Serialization” in the “What’s New in Pyramid 2.0” chapter of the documentation for more information about why this change was made. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3413
pyramid.request.Request.invoke_exception_view will no longer be called by the default execution policy. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3496
pyramid.config.Configurator.scan will no longer, by default, execute Venusian decorator callbacks registered for categories other than 'pyramid'. To find any decorator regardless of category, specify config.scan(..., categories=None). See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3510
The second argument to predicate factories has been changed from config to info, an instance of pyramid.interfaces.IPredicateInfo. This limits the data available to predicates but still provides the package, registry, settings and dotted-name resolver which should cover most use cases and is largely backward compatible. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3514
Removed the check_csrf predicate. Instead, use pyramid.config.Configurator.set_default_csrf_options and the require_csrf view option to enable automatic CSRF checking. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3521
Update the default behavior of pyramid.authenticationAuthTktAuthenticationPolicy and pyramid.authentication.AuthTktCookieHelper to only set a single cookie without a domain parameter when no other domain constraints are specified. Prior to this change, wild_domain=False (the default) was effectively treated the same as wild_domain=True, in which a cookie was defined such that browsers would use it both for the request’s domain, as well as any subdomain. In the new behavior, cookies will only affect the current domain, and not subdomains, by default. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3587
Documentation Changes
Restore build of PDF on Read The Docs. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/issues/3290
Fix docs build for Sphinx 2.0. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3480
Significant updates to the wiki, wiki2 tutorials to demonstrate the new security policy usage as well as a much more production-ready test harness. See https://github.com/Pylons/pyramid/pull/3557
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