Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 2022
In the early 1960s, it was argued that the hipped roof of Sungnyemun, the main gate of Seoul, was... more In the early 1960s, it was argued that the hipped roof of Sungnyemun, the main gate of Seoul, was originally a gable-on-hip roof. Through recently discovered materials, this study aims to investigate this claim. In 2008, Sungnyemun Gate was damaged in a fire, various materials were examined and discovered until it was restored in 2013 amid national interest. One of them is an analysis of the age of the wooden members, and the other is an actual measurement drawings made before the first dismantling and repair work in the 1960s. Combining these two types of data and the records at the time of its dismantling in the 1960s, it can be seen that Sungnyemun had a gable-on-hip roof, but was changed to a hipped roof during its construction in the 1860s. The structural difference between the hipped roof and the gable-on-hip roof appears in the part of short-rafter, not in the part of the long-rafter. This study looked closely at the short-rafter part by dividing it into a longitudinal section and a cross section.
This study aims to reveal the origin of 4-side corridor plan of Kinyeombijeon in Seoul, the most ... more This study aims to reveal the origin of 4-side corridor plan of Kinyeombijeon in Seoul, the most well-known stele house built in 1903. As a research method, 40 stele houses in the royal tombs of Joseon dynasty and some others remaining in South Korea were surveyed. From small ordinary steles to large special steles, the plan of stele houses could be divided into four types: core bay type, 2-side bay type, 4-side bay type and 4-side corridor type. The example of 4-side corridor type is intensively found after 1899 when King Gojong built several steles for the higher rank predecessors. Sim Euiseok, the master builder of Kinyeombijeon seems to apply 4-side corridor plan with his own design. This type used to be chosen selectively at the time, but it seems to become common after 1910s and even until nowadays.
This study aims to reinterpret Jeonggwanheon(靜觀軒) in terms of its use and architectural style aft... more This study aims to reinterpret Jeonggwanheon(靜觀軒) in terms of its use and architectural style after restoration work through the recently discovered [Deoksugung Palace's original plan](1915). It is presupposed that the existing interpretation of Jeonggwanheon, such as its status as the banquet hall of the Imperial Empire and the place where Emperor Gojong enjoyed coffee here, was a fantasy made from the transformation after the 1930s. When it was built around 1900, Jeonggwanheon arranged small and large rooms around the corridor in the center, and the porch surrounded the three sides of the building. From 1900 to 1907, there is no remaining record telling us who did what or when something happened in Jeonggwanheon except for several portraits of Emperor Gojong and his son which were drawn in 1902. The mixed use of brickwork and wooden porch are found in many of American style houses built in Incheon and Seoul at that time. Especially, the style and decoration of wooden porch seem to be influenced by Queen Anne style in the 19th century in America.
Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 2020
In East Asian timber structure, the roof types are major factor in expressing the hierarchy of bu... more In East Asian timber structure, the roof types are major factor in expressing the hierarchy of buildings. China has long held the perception that the 'hip roof' is the highest while the 'gable roof' is the lowest. Just as the ancient Chinese building code from Tang and Song Dynasty mainly recorded the 'hip and gabled roof' for regulating hierarchy, the hypothesis that Silla's Oksa(屋舍) in the 9th century may have contained a regulation on the roof type brings an opportunity to newly illuminate the 'flying eave(飛簷)', which has long been interpreted as the 'flying rafter' in Korean architectural history. On the Chinese dictionaries written in the 18th century, the term 'flying eave' indicated Chun-Hyeo in Korean. Chun-Hyeo, the old word for Chu-nyeo, seems to be used for the 'corner eave', not the 'corner rafter'. Therefore the 'flying eave' means the 'corner eave' just as the same as the wide meaning of Chu-nyeo in the contemporary Korean language. When we can apply this retroactively to the 9th century, the prohibition of the 'flying eave' in the Silla's building code becomes the regulation of the roof type to maintain the hierarchy for all residential buildings, allowing the 'hip roof' and 'hip-and-gable roof only for the highest rank such as Seong-gol(聖骨).
Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 2015
The set of three stone drums remaining at the front garden of Westin Chosun Hotel was one of the ... more The set of three stone drums remaining at the front garden of Westin Chosun Hotel was one of the monuments planned in the early of 1900s to commemorate King Kojong's 40th anniversary on the throne. While the drum work fell behind due to budgetary constraints, a ceremonial structure called Seokgojeon(石鼓殿) was built in 1903 for the purpose of housing the upcoming drums which were completed in 1909. In 1935, those stone drums and Seokgojeon were forced to be apart from each other by Japanese colonial government : while the drums were moved to Hwangudan(圜丘壇) area adjacently, Seokgojeon was dismantled and relocated in Japanese temple honoring the first residency-general, Ito Hirobumi(伊藤博文) on the northeast part of Namsan. This building has been known to stay intact after the Korean War and be demolished due to the construction of Yeongbingwan(迎賓館) in the early 1960s, which belongs to The Shilla Hotel presently. We examined well-known records quoted in the preceding researches and discovered several documents and photographs from National Archives of Korea to find out that Seokgojeon was relocated once again to Changkyeongwon(昌慶苑) in 1965-1966, and survived until 1983. Through this research, the architectural value of original Seokgojeon and the significance of its structural modification with reinforced concrete during the latest relocation are revealed.
Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 2022
In the early 1960s, it was argued that the hipped roof of Sungnyemun, the main gate of Seoul, was... more In the early 1960s, it was argued that the hipped roof of Sungnyemun, the main gate of Seoul, was originally a gable-on-hip roof. Through recently discovered materials, this study aims to investigate this claim. In 2008, Sungnyemun Gate was damaged in a fire, various materials were examined and discovered until it was restored in 2013 amid national interest. One of them is an analysis of the age of the wooden members, and the other is an actual measurement drawings made before the first dismantling and repair work in the 1960s. Combining these two types of data and the records at the time of its dismantling in the 1960s, it can be seen that Sungnyemun had a gable-on-hip roof, but was changed to a hipped roof during its construction in the 1860s. The structural difference between the hipped roof and the gable-on-hip roof appears in the part of short-rafter, not in the part of the long-rafter. This study looked closely at the short-rafter part by dividing it into a longitudinal section and a cross section.
This study aims to reveal the origin of 4-side corridor plan of Kinyeombijeon in Seoul, the most ... more This study aims to reveal the origin of 4-side corridor plan of Kinyeombijeon in Seoul, the most well-known stele house built in 1903. As a research method, 40 stele houses in the royal tombs of Joseon dynasty and some others remaining in South Korea were surveyed. From small ordinary steles to large special steles, the plan of stele houses could be divided into four types: core bay type, 2-side bay type, 4-side bay type and 4-side corridor type. The example of 4-side corridor type is intensively found after 1899 when King Gojong built several steles for the higher rank predecessors. Sim Euiseok, the master builder of Kinyeombijeon seems to apply 4-side corridor plan with his own design. This type used to be chosen selectively at the time, but it seems to become common after 1910s and even until nowadays.
This study aims to reinterpret Jeonggwanheon(靜觀軒) in terms of its use and architectural style aft... more This study aims to reinterpret Jeonggwanheon(靜觀軒) in terms of its use and architectural style after restoration work through the recently discovered [Deoksugung Palace's original plan](1915). It is presupposed that the existing interpretation of Jeonggwanheon, such as its status as the banquet hall of the Imperial Empire and the place where Emperor Gojong enjoyed coffee here, was a fantasy made from the transformation after the 1930s. When it was built around 1900, Jeonggwanheon arranged small and large rooms around the corridor in the center, and the porch surrounded the three sides of the building. From 1900 to 1907, there is no remaining record telling us who did what or when something happened in Jeonggwanheon except for several portraits of Emperor Gojong and his son which were drawn in 1902. The mixed use of brickwork and wooden porch are found in many of American style houses built in Incheon and Seoul at that time. Especially, the style and decoration of wooden porch seem to be influenced by Queen Anne style in the 19th century in America.
Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 2020
In East Asian timber structure, the roof types are major factor in expressing the hierarchy of bu... more In East Asian timber structure, the roof types are major factor in expressing the hierarchy of buildings. China has long held the perception that the 'hip roof' is the highest while the 'gable roof' is the lowest. Just as the ancient Chinese building code from Tang and Song Dynasty mainly recorded the 'hip and gabled roof' for regulating hierarchy, the hypothesis that Silla's Oksa(屋舍) in the 9th century may have contained a regulation on the roof type brings an opportunity to newly illuminate the 'flying eave(飛簷)', which has long been interpreted as the 'flying rafter' in Korean architectural history. On the Chinese dictionaries written in the 18th century, the term 'flying eave' indicated Chun-Hyeo in Korean. Chun-Hyeo, the old word for Chu-nyeo, seems to be used for the 'corner eave', not the 'corner rafter'. Therefore the 'flying eave' means the 'corner eave' just as the same as the wide meaning of Chu-nyeo in the contemporary Korean language. When we can apply this retroactively to the 9th century, the prohibition of the 'flying eave' in the Silla's building code becomes the regulation of the roof type to maintain the hierarchy for all residential buildings, allowing the 'hip roof' and 'hip-and-gable roof only for the highest rank such as Seong-gol(聖骨).
Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea, 2015
The set of three stone drums remaining at the front garden of Westin Chosun Hotel was one of the ... more The set of three stone drums remaining at the front garden of Westin Chosun Hotel was one of the monuments planned in the early of 1900s to commemorate King Kojong's 40th anniversary on the throne. While the drum work fell behind due to budgetary constraints, a ceremonial structure called Seokgojeon(石鼓殿) was built in 1903 for the purpose of housing the upcoming drums which were completed in 1909. In 1935, those stone drums and Seokgojeon were forced to be apart from each other by Japanese colonial government : while the drums were moved to Hwangudan(圜丘壇) area adjacently, Seokgojeon was dismantled and relocated in Japanese temple honoring the first residency-general, Ito Hirobumi(伊藤博文) on the northeast part of Namsan. This building has been known to stay intact after the Korean War and be demolished due to the construction of Yeongbingwan(迎賓館) in the early 1960s, which belongs to The Shilla Hotel presently. We examined well-known records quoted in the preceding researches and discovered several documents and photographs from National Archives of Korea to find out that Seokgojeon was relocated once again to Changkyeongwon(昌慶苑) in 1965-1966, and survived until 1983. Through this research, the architectural value of original Seokgojeon and the significance of its structural modification with reinforced concrete during the latest relocation are revealed.
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