Political Science

Kashmir has been smoldering for the last seven decades without having any kind of permanent solution or bilateral arrangement agreed upon between India and Pakistan. Change of governments on both sides never changed the stance of each or the fortune of Indian Occupied Kashmiri people who have been killed and butchered like the sheep of a herd. Reciprocity of terrorism and counter-terrorism allegations on each other has totally changed the direction of the whole dispute. This study suggests that Terrorism and counter-terrorism approach is being used as a tool for deliberate deferral to this historical dispute for the last two decades. Therefore, the study focuses on Kashmir specific lethal trajectory of action and reaction syndrome, which is being used to keep the status quo in the hope to avail better bargain if and when time comes. Due to adoption of the phenomenon of terrorism and counter-terrorism approach, opportunists, elements of vested interests along with religious fanatics and offensive war-mongers have hijacked the whole process of bilateral relationship between India and Pakistan; therefore, the conflict over Kashmir is yet awaited to be resolved. With the changing game of power politics on international arena and the influx of regional power players, pseudo-defenders and proxy war handlers have further perplexed the ever-worsening gruesome situation in Kashmir. The study suggests adopting incremental efforts to coordinate through uninterruptable negotiations, which would give a shut up call to the peace-spoilers. As soon as both countries get close to each other it is only then any kind of permanent solution could be found.

This research work deals comprehensively with the chronology of the border issues at the Durand line. It focuses on the legitimacy of the Border line along with strong strategic analysis of the ongoing security situation of the region. In lieu of the prospects coordinated border management approach is offered with overview of the infrastructural plan and feasibility analysis for implementation in better interest of the neighboring states and regional security. In this research work, coordinated border management approach is supported in comparison to its operative forms internationally among union states and at the soft border points. It is not only suggestion for managing borders with different angles but a policy overview with estimated efficiency. This work will prove hallmark in the solution series for border management subjects., security situation at Durand line (Pakistan-Afghanistan Border) is getting in its worst form. The mounting sum of cross-border intrusions in border adjacent areas and the intensification in radical and extremist groups highlighted borderline between Pakistan and Afghanistan to international media. This spotlight on the insurgency and border related issues at the Durand line signified the concept of war against terror in the region. Along with the mentioned situations, hard territorial conditions raise substantial challenges for the conduction of military operations in wake of war against terrorism at both sides of the border. This eased and intricate situation due to permeable nature of the non-ratified boundary which is yet not legally accepted by the government of Afghanistan.

COVID19 has yielded serious consequences globally, including severe damages to the economic, social, and health sectors around the world. The ensuing global crisis has created a strong realization among states that non-traditional security (NTS) threats such as pandemics and diseases do not discriminate between territorial boundaries. Hence, they cannot be dealt with in isolation, but rather by creating a mutual ground and impetus for coordination and collaboration within the international system. This research paper outlines the revival of global health diplomacy (GHD) as grounds for reforming multilateral global governance institutions under the umbrella of "human security." In doing so, it lists out key GHD initiatives during COVID19 by both state and non-state actors, while highlighting the need for continued collaboration in the post-pandemic recovery phase. Additionally, the present study takes the case of Pakistan, a developing state with extremely fragile health and economic infrastructure, so as to showcase the importance of humanitarian and developmental assistance in ensuing "human security." Thus, the role of international actors and multilateral global governance institutions is presented as a key to determining the nature of Pakistan"s response to managing COVID19, with implications for the impact of GHD in prioritizing "human security" under the umbrella of global multilateralism.