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. 2021 Aug:199:111276.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111276. Epub 2021 May 11.

Pesticide use and kidney function among farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study

Joseph J Shearer  1 , Dale P Sandler  2 , Gabriella Andreotti  1 , Kazunori Murata  3 , Srishti Shrestha  2 , Christine G Parks  2 , Danping Liu  1 , Michael C Alavanja  1 , Ola Landgren  4 , Laura E Beane Freeman  1 , Jonathan N Hofmann  5
Affiliations

Pesticide use and kidney function among farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study

Joseph J Shearer et al. Environ Res. 2021 Aug.

Abstract

Background: Pesticides have been reported to be associated with malignant and non-malignant kidney disease. Few studies have examined the relationship between individual pesticides and kidney dysfunction.

Objective: We evaluated the associations of pesticide use with measured kidney function among male pesticide applicators in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study, a subcohort in the Agricultural Health Study.

Methods: Serum creatinine was measured in 1545 BEEA participants and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Using reported information on lifetime use of 41 pesticides, multivariable linear and logistic regression was used to examine associations with eGFR modeled continuously and with CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), respectively. Models were adjusted for possible confounding factors related to kidney function and correlated pesticides.

Results: Lower eGFR was observed among pesticide applicators who ever used the herbicides pendimethalin (-3.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.8%, -1.5%), atrazine (-3.7%, 95% CI: 6.9%, -0.4%), and dicamba (-2.8%, 95% CI: 5.3%, -0.2%) compared with never users of each pesticide. Ever use of pendimethalin (odds ratio (OR)=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.2) and atrazine (OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.0) was also associated with elevated odds of CKD, with an exposure-response association between intensity-weighted lifetime days of pendimethalin use and CKD among active farmers (N=1302; ptrend=0.04). Atrazine use within the last year was associated with lower eGFR and elevated odds of CKD when compared with never users, and we observed exposure-response associations with intensity-weighted lifetime days among recent users. Use of several other pesticides was associated with higher eGFR.

Discussion: These results suggest that two widely used herbicides, pendimethalin and atrazine, may be associated with altered kidney function among pesticide applicators. Our findings for these herbicides are consistent with observed associations with end-stage renal disease in the Agricultural Health Study.

Keywords: Agriculture; CKD; Farmers; Pesticides; kidney function.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing financial interests (CFI) The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

Declaration of interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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