The Virtual University was established in 2002 and it is the first Pakistani University based com... more The Virtual University was established in 2002 and it is the first Pakistani University based completely on modern information and communication technologies. The sub campuses are situated in one hundred cities of Pakistan and these campuses are facilitating students to provide infrastructure. The dropout rate is continuously increasing during the last three years. The main objective of the study was to find out the causes of female dropout at undergraduate level. The study was qualitative in nature. A semi structured interview was developed to collect the information. The data was collected from the drop out female students of April, 01, 2015 to March, 3
It is believed that due credit should be given to the authors of new ideas, innovations and revol... more It is believed that due credit should be given to the authors of new ideas, innovations and revolutionary inventions. Still, Plagiarism and cheating have become serious concerns with the exponential growth of ICTs around the globe. It is affecting scholarship in various ways. In Pakistan, at present, the campaign against plagiarism is at its infant stage. The current paper discusses the reasons for plagiarism and cheating explored by Pakistani researchers. Furthermore, it highlights the glimpses of an awareness campaign against academic dishonesty, with an insight into the challenges in this regard. The paper is an effort to suggest the way forward. Indigenous literature has been critically reviewed, and practical implications have been suggested. Some content in this paper draws on unpublished works by the authors.
In developing countries like Pakistan, women are treating as inferior being as compared to men. T... more In developing countries like Pakistan, women are treating as inferior being as compared to men. They are given no more importance throughout all walks of life. No doubt books play an important role in developing images. It is observed that in Pakistani books the female images are not positively portrayed. If the present situation continues it will create negative effects on the new generation. So by keeping in view the above discussed points, the present study was designed. This article is based on a study conducted in continuation of a study carried out by Shah and Khurshid (2004). The study of Shah and Khurshid dealt with the females' representation in textbooks of Urdu and English at Middle level while the purpose of the present study was to analyze Urdu and English books at Secondary level including class 9th and 10 th. The content analysis was used as the method for the study to reach on some conclusion. For this purpose two books of Urdu and two books of English were used. Poems were excluded from the study. For each book, each page was taken as a unit and counted only once. The percentages were calculated for statistical analysis. The study suggested that the female images have been under-represented or discriminatory represented and at some places it was observed that the females were involved in the religious activities, as a working women and women as a writer in both the textbooks.
Writing is the fourth basic skill of the English language which is essential in students’ life. I... more Writing is the fourth basic skill of the English language which is essential in students’ life. It plays an important role in language learning. The main purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between English writing skills and the performance of 6th Grade Students. The current research was quantitative in design and the correlation research method was used. The accessible population was all Elementary School students of tehsil Lahore, Pakistan. The sample size of this study was 18 schools of boys, 24 schools of girls, 20 schools of girls from private elementary schools, and 20 boys were selected by using non randomly on a convenient basis. Total sample size was 1167 students. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied. Pearson Correlation was applied to find the relationship between English subject score and overall performance of the 6th grade students. Furthermore, independent samples t-test was applied to compare the difference based on demo...
Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2012
This research investigates the comparative analysis of computer software and Braille literacy to ... more This research investigates the comparative analysis of computer software and Braille literacy to educate students having visual impairment. The main objective of this research focus on compare the feasibility and usage of Braille literacy and computer software to educate children with visual impairment. Main objectives of the study were to identify the importance of Braille and Computer literacy by the perceptions of male and female students with visual impairment, to identify the importance of the Braille and Computer literacy in different classes of students with visual impairment and to identify the difference of Braille and Computer literacy importance in different schools of students with visual impairment. Five special education institutions were selected where students with visual impairment were studying. A convenient sample of 100 students was taken from these schools. A three point rating scale was used as research instrument. Researchers personally collected data from the...
This study addresses how environmental factors in emerging markets affect product innovation prop... more This study addresses how environmental factors in emerging markets affect product innovation properties, categorized as frugality, sociality, and technological sophistication. A questionnaire survey among Japanese overseas subsidiaries in 13 emerging countries was conducted to collect data on environmental factors and new product innovation characteristics. Hierarchical OLS regression analysis was employed to estimate the influences. The results reveal that companies in emerging markets tend to adopt frugality, sociality, and technological sophistication innovation when consumers have low purchasing power, institutional voids exist, and resources are available, respectively. Traditional innovation literature has been built on the assumption of consumer affluence and resource abundance. However, the findings might not apply to the context of emerging markets owing to environmental constraints in these markets. This study is the first to empirically show the influence of environmental circumstances on firms' innovation strategies. The issue of generalizability may exist because of the limited number of samples collected from firms originating in one country (i.e., Japanese overseas subsidiaries). However, this study provides a framework to better understand how the innovation decisions of firms operating in emerging markets may vary depending on environmental factors. This study provides critical insights into how firms should adapt their innovation strategies to the market environment.
The study investigated perceptions of students and employers about the development of human and s... more The study investigated perceptions of students and employers about the development of human and social capital in terms of intellectual development skills, personal development skills, professional development skills, and social development skills for self efficacy of university graduates. How students and employers were viewing the development of human and social capital for self efficacy of university graduates; which areas of development skills were relatively stronger; and which sectors of industry or discipline of study were more satisfied or worried about were the questions answered in the study. Students of 4 public and 4 private universities and managers of 65 companies from 12 sectors of industry listed with Lahore Stock Exchange constituted the sample. Data were collected through an adopted, 30-item survey scale which was found reliable at 0.930 Cronbach's alpha. Mean scores and correlations were calculated for the four sub-scales. One-Sample t-test, Independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOA were employed for significance and variance analysis. The study concluded that students and employers were not fully satisfied with the development of human and social capital for self efficacy of university graduates. Intellectual development skills got the highest position whereas personal development skills were found at the lowest position. Professional and social development skills were found in the middle. This situation reflects performance of universities below standards and speaks of under utilization of their potential for contributing to the development of society. Serious initiative for the development of human and social capital for self efficacy of university graduates was the major recommendation.
IntroductionThe foundation of the academic and scholarly world revolves around ethics and integri... more IntroductionThe foundation of the academic and scholarly world revolves around ethics and integrity, where new ideas and theories are created, confirmed and re-confirmed; experiments and research is carried out and published for the benefit of humanity with a genuine desire of acknowledgement. Higher education institutions are established to create new ideas and formulate new theories, formulas and standards with the help of experiments, field work and through other research methods. The second important purpose of such organizations is to produce highly skilled and competent graduates with high standards of honesty and professional ethics to serve the community. It is generally assumed that due credit should be given to the authors of new ideas, innovations and revolutionary inventions (Ramzan, Munir, Siddique, & Asif, 2011).According to McCabe, Trevino, & Butterfield (2001) cheating and plagiarism were found to be the most prevailing acts of academic dishonesty at the college leve...
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
Information is a major element for development of human society. Human being is able to get power... more Information is a major element for development of human society. Human being is able to get power with the help of thinking and decision making and ultimately ruling the universe, but it is possible only if he is empowered with information. Information also provides center for growth of knowledge and a basic key for improvement of society. This study was carried out to find out the information needs and information seeking behavior of distance learning university students. A focus group was arranged in this regard. There were nine members in a focus group. There were three tutors currently teaching, one representative of university and four students enrolled in post graduate programme at different levels. The duration of the session was 120 minutes. The author and coauthors of the study conducted the focus group themselves. The environment of discussion was very pleasant. Majority members of focus group were agreed that the main information needs and seeking behaviour were related t...
Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2012
This research investigates the WTO reforms and Rice market in Pakistan. Data were collected from ... more This research investigates the WTO reforms and Rice market in Pakistan. Data were collected from the Primary as well secondary sources of the Rice producing countries, and data were analysis by using SPSS-18 version, A structural questionnaire was developed for reliability and validity of the data. It was revealed that from the last five years there is no visible impact on export laid growth but from last three years price shocks was observed in Pakistan, due to increases in the world rice market by 200 percent in various Asian countries. Consumers are facing the price shock problem in Pakistan and world Rice market the statistical results were similar for the alternative specification of gross margins and prices as the economic decision available. However, the price elasticities derived using the gross margins specification were about a third of those using the prices specification. The gross margin specification yielded additional information in the form of yield and input cost el...
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
This study examines the influence of global and regional factors on the conditional distribution ... more This study examines the influence of global and regional factors on the conditional distribution of stock returns from six Asian markets, using factor models in which unexpected returns comprise global, regional and local shocks. Besides conditional heteroskedasticity, the models allow shocks to have time-varying conditional skewness. The global factor appears less important for market volatility in models that permit time-varying conditional skewness. The influence of regional and global factors on risk is small in most of the markets, except in the late 1990s during which the regional factor accounted for a substantial portion of negative skewness in the markets' returns distribution.
Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore teachers' academ... more Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore teachers' academic excellence as a predictor of acceptable teaching through students' evaluation of teachers. A five-point rating scale was developed containing three aspects ie teaching method ...
The main objective of the study was to find out the opinion of secondary school students regardin... more The main objective of the study was to find out the opinion of secondary school students regarding strategies used to solve the problems of career counseling, selection of subjects and behavioral problems. The study was quantitative in nature. A questionnaire was developed and validated by the researchers. The data was collected from male, female, urban and rural secondary school students. There were 565 students in all. Of them 417 were female and 148 were male students. The data was analyzed using SPSS version15. The reliability of the tool was found 0.88. A positive relationship was found between parents and friends as a counselor. It is recommended that the Government of Baluchistan should appoint a counselor in schools for proper guidance of students in choosing their careers and subjects and addressing psychological issues.
Evaluation should not only depict the real state of students' achievements but also help to impro... more Evaluation should not only depict the real state of students' achievements but also help to improve teaching learning process. Test should be more valid and reliable. The system of the examination and the nature of the test in Pakistan need a thorough change and improvement. In order to improve the situation the Federal Ministry of Education developed objective type tests in the subject of Biology but these tests have not been tried out in the field to establish uniformity of standard, reliability and validity, although need for such a practice was felt at the time of development and publication of these tests. In the present study, a part of these has been tried out for the purpose of education. A number of 48 students of two schools in Lahore were taken as sample. Scores were tabulated and item difficulty and item discrimination index indices were calculated. The results of the study show that the test on the whole has exhibited poor validity as far as the difficulty level and discriminating index are concerned. It has been found out that the tests need revision and must be tried out on a larger sample.
Abstract: Current World Wide Web means to display pages to end user, while the Semantic Web is a ... more Abstract: Current World Wide Web means to display pages to end user, while the Semantic Web is a vision of a next-generation network focuses on" Meaning" instead of merely pasting arbitrary text on a page. An intelligent software agents use information to organize and filter data to meet the user's needs. DAML+ OIL and Web Ontology Language OWL are the current environments to create Ontology over RDF and XML structures which are used to represent data intelligently among different Ontologies. To assure quality and ...
The present experimental study aimed at to measure the effectiveness of learning cycle model base... more The present experimental study aimed at to measure the effectiveness of learning cycle model based on constructive approach in teaching of physics in term of students' achievement in public school at secondary level. Forty, 10 th grade students from three classes of physics course taught by the teacher in Government Qazi Habibullah High School District Shikarpur, session 2008, were enrolled in the study. Twenty students randomly selected were assigned in each experimental and control groups. Students in experimental groups were taught by 5Es learning cycle model whereas students in the control group were by traditional lecture method. It was hypothesized students taught through learning cycle model will have better achievement level than the traditional way of teaching physics. Achievement Test based on Simple machine was administered to both groups as pre-test and post-test in order to assess their achievement. The achievement level of students showed marked differences on the basis of significant difference shown by the t-test result. It is concluded that instruction based on 5Es learning cycle model caused a significantly better achievement, whereas students exposed to instruction based on traditionally teaching lecture method showed poor result. It is therefore recommended that 5Es learning cycle model should be employed in teaching of physics. Professional development programme in 5Es learning cycle model should be organized through Provincial Institute of Teacher Education (PITE), Bureau of Curriculum (BoC) and other professional development agencies.
The Virtual University was established in 2002 and it is the first Pakistani University based com... more The Virtual University was established in 2002 and it is the first Pakistani University based completely on modern information and communication technologies. The sub campuses are situated in one hundred cities of Pakistan and these campuses are facilitating students to provide infrastructure. The dropout rate is continuously increasing during the last three years. The main objective of the study was to find out the causes of female dropout at undergraduate level. The study was qualitative in nature. A semi structured interview was developed to collect the information. The data was collected from the drop out female students of April, 01, 2015 to March, 3
It is believed that due credit should be given to the authors of new ideas, innovations and revol... more It is believed that due credit should be given to the authors of new ideas, innovations and revolutionary inventions. Still, Plagiarism and cheating have become serious concerns with the exponential growth of ICTs around the globe. It is affecting scholarship in various ways. In Pakistan, at present, the campaign against plagiarism is at its infant stage. The current paper discusses the reasons for plagiarism and cheating explored by Pakistani researchers. Furthermore, it highlights the glimpses of an awareness campaign against academic dishonesty, with an insight into the challenges in this regard. The paper is an effort to suggest the way forward. Indigenous literature has been critically reviewed, and practical implications have been suggested. Some content in this paper draws on unpublished works by the authors.
In developing countries like Pakistan, women are treating as inferior being as compared to men. T... more In developing countries like Pakistan, women are treating as inferior being as compared to men. They are given no more importance throughout all walks of life. No doubt books play an important role in developing images. It is observed that in Pakistani books the female images are not positively portrayed. If the present situation continues it will create negative effects on the new generation. So by keeping in view the above discussed points, the present study was designed. This article is based on a study conducted in continuation of a study carried out by Shah and Khurshid (2004). The study of Shah and Khurshid dealt with the females' representation in textbooks of Urdu and English at Middle level while the purpose of the present study was to analyze Urdu and English books at Secondary level including class 9th and 10 th. The content analysis was used as the method for the study to reach on some conclusion. For this purpose two books of Urdu and two books of English were used. Poems were excluded from the study. For each book, each page was taken as a unit and counted only once. The percentages were calculated for statistical analysis. The study suggested that the female images have been under-represented or discriminatory represented and at some places it was observed that the females were involved in the religious activities, as a working women and women as a writer in both the textbooks.
Writing is the fourth basic skill of the English language which is essential in students’ life. I... more Writing is the fourth basic skill of the English language which is essential in students’ life. It plays an important role in language learning. The main purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between English writing skills and the performance of 6th Grade Students. The current research was quantitative in design and the correlation research method was used. The accessible population was all Elementary School students of tehsil Lahore, Pakistan. The sample size of this study was 18 schools of boys, 24 schools of girls, 20 schools of girls from private elementary schools, and 20 boys were selected by using non randomly on a convenient basis. Total sample size was 1167 students. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied. Pearson Correlation was applied to find the relationship between English subject score and overall performance of the 6th grade students. Furthermore, independent samples t-test was applied to compare the difference based on demo...
Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2012
This research investigates the comparative analysis of computer software and Braille literacy to ... more This research investigates the comparative analysis of computer software and Braille literacy to educate students having visual impairment. The main objective of this research focus on compare the feasibility and usage of Braille literacy and computer software to educate children with visual impairment. Main objectives of the study were to identify the importance of Braille and Computer literacy by the perceptions of male and female students with visual impairment, to identify the importance of the Braille and Computer literacy in different classes of students with visual impairment and to identify the difference of Braille and Computer literacy importance in different schools of students with visual impairment. Five special education institutions were selected where students with visual impairment were studying. A convenient sample of 100 students was taken from these schools. A three point rating scale was used as research instrument. Researchers personally collected data from the...
This study addresses how environmental factors in emerging markets affect product innovation prop... more This study addresses how environmental factors in emerging markets affect product innovation properties, categorized as frugality, sociality, and technological sophistication. A questionnaire survey among Japanese overseas subsidiaries in 13 emerging countries was conducted to collect data on environmental factors and new product innovation characteristics. Hierarchical OLS regression analysis was employed to estimate the influences. The results reveal that companies in emerging markets tend to adopt frugality, sociality, and technological sophistication innovation when consumers have low purchasing power, institutional voids exist, and resources are available, respectively. Traditional innovation literature has been built on the assumption of consumer affluence and resource abundance. However, the findings might not apply to the context of emerging markets owing to environmental constraints in these markets. This study is the first to empirically show the influence of environmental circumstances on firms' innovation strategies. The issue of generalizability may exist because of the limited number of samples collected from firms originating in one country (i.e., Japanese overseas subsidiaries). However, this study provides a framework to better understand how the innovation decisions of firms operating in emerging markets may vary depending on environmental factors. This study provides critical insights into how firms should adapt their innovation strategies to the market environment.
The study investigated perceptions of students and employers about the development of human and s... more The study investigated perceptions of students and employers about the development of human and social capital in terms of intellectual development skills, personal development skills, professional development skills, and social development skills for self efficacy of university graduates. How students and employers were viewing the development of human and social capital for self efficacy of university graduates; which areas of development skills were relatively stronger; and which sectors of industry or discipline of study were more satisfied or worried about were the questions answered in the study. Students of 4 public and 4 private universities and managers of 65 companies from 12 sectors of industry listed with Lahore Stock Exchange constituted the sample. Data were collected through an adopted, 30-item survey scale which was found reliable at 0.930 Cronbach's alpha. Mean scores and correlations were calculated for the four sub-scales. One-Sample t-test, Independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOA were employed for significance and variance analysis. The study concluded that students and employers were not fully satisfied with the development of human and social capital for self efficacy of university graduates. Intellectual development skills got the highest position whereas personal development skills were found at the lowest position. Professional and social development skills were found in the middle. This situation reflects performance of universities below standards and speaks of under utilization of their potential for contributing to the development of society. Serious initiative for the development of human and social capital for self efficacy of university graduates was the major recommendation.
IntroductionThe foundation of the academic and scholarly world revolves around ethics and integri... more IntroductionThe foundation of the academic and scholarly world revolves around ethics and integrity, where new ideas and theories are created, confirmed and re-confirmed; experiments and research is carried out and published for the benefit of humanity with a genuine desire of acknowledgement. Higher education institutions are established to create new ideas and formulate new theories, formulas and standards with the help of experiments, field work and through other research methods. The second important purpose of such organizations is to produce highly skilled and competent graduates with high standards of honesty and professional ethics to serve the community. It is generally assumed that due credit should be given to the authors of new ideas, innovations and revolutionary inventions (Ramzan, Munir, Siddique, & Asif, 2011).According to McCabe, Trevino, & Butterfield (2001) cheating and plagiarism were found to be the most prevailing acts of academic dishonesty at the college leve...
In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequali... more In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individ...
Information is a major element for development of human society. Human being is able to get power... more Information is a major element for development of human society. Human being is able to get power with the help of thinking and decision making and ultimately ruling the universe, but it is possible only if he is empowered with information. Information also provides center for growth of knowledge and a basic key for improvement of society. This study was carried out to find out the information needs and information seeking behavior of distance learning university students. A focus group was arranged in this regard. There were nine members in a focus group. There were three tutors currently teaching, one representative of university and four students enrolled in post graduate programme at different levels. The duration of the session was 120 minutes. The author and coauthors of the study conducted the focus group themselves. The environment of discussion was very pleasant. Majority members of focus group were agreed that the main information needs and seeking behaviour were related t...
Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2012
This research investigates the WTO reforms and Rice market in Pakistan. Data were collected from ... more This research investigates the WTO reforms and Rice market in Pakistan. Data were collected from the Primary as well secondary sources of the Rice producing countries, and data were analysis by using SPSS-18 version, A structural questionnaire was developed for reliability and validity of the data. It was revealed that from the last five years there is no visible impact on export laid growth but from last three years price shocks was observed in Pakistan, due to increases in the world rice market by 200 percent in various Asian countries. Consumers are facing the price shock problem in Pakistan and world Rice market the statistical results were similar for the alternative specification of gross margins and prices as the economic decision available. However, the price elasticities derived using the gross margins specification were about a third of those using the prices specification. The gross margin specification yielded additional information in the form of yield and input cost el...
High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has ... more High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M age = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress.
This study examines the influence of global and regional factors on the conditional distribution ... more This study examines the influence of global and regional factors on the conditional distribution of stock returns from six Asian markets, using factor models in which unexpected returns comprise global, regional and local shocks. Besides conditional heteroskedasticity, the models allow shocks to have time-varying conditional skewness. The global factor appears less important for market volatility in models that permit time-varying conditional skewness. The influence of regional and global factors on risk is small in most of the markets, except in the late 1990s during which the regional factor accounted for a substantial portion of negative skewness in the markets' returns distribution.
Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore teachers' academ... more Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore teachers' academic excellence as a predictor of acceptable teaching through students' evaluation of teachers. A five-point rating scale was developed containing three aspects ie teaching method ...
The main objective of the study was to find out the opinion of secondary school students regardin... more The main objective of the study was to find out the opinion of secondary school students regarding strategies used to solve the problems of career counseling, selection of subjects and behavioral problems. The study was quantitative in nature. A questionnaire was developed and validated by the researchers. The data was collected from male, female, urban and rural secondary school students. There were 565 students in all. Of them 417 were female and 148 were male students. The data was analyzed using SPSS version15. The reliability of the tool was found 0.88. A positive relationship was found between parents and friends as a counselor. It is recommended that the Government of Baluchistan should appoint a counselor in schools for proper guidance of students in choosing their careers and subjects and addressing psychological issues.
Evaluation should not only depict the real state of students' achievements but also help to impro... more Evaluation should not only depict the real state of students' achievements but also help to improve teaching learning process. Test should be more valid and reliable. The system of the examination and the nature of the test in Pakistan need a thorough change and improvement. In order to improve the situation the Federal Ministry of Education developed objective type tests in the subject of Biology but these tests have not been tried out in the field to establish uniformity of standard, reliability and validity, although need for such a practice was felt at the time of development and publication of these tests. In the present study, a part of these has been tried out for the purpose of education. A number of 48 students of two schools in Lahore were taken as sample. Scores were tabulated and item difficulty and item discrimination index indices were calculated. The results of the study show that the test on the whole has exhibited poor validity as far as the difficulty level and discriminating index are concerned. It has been found out that the tests need revision and must be tried out on a larger sample.
Abstract: Current World Wide Web means to display pages to end user, while the Semantic Web is a ... more Abstract: Current World Wide Web means to display pages to end user, while the Semantic Web is a vision of a next-generation network focuses on" Meaning" instead of merely pasting arbitrary text on a page. An intelligent software agents use information to organize and filter data to meet the user's needs. DAML+ OIL and Web Ontology Language OWL are the current environments to create Ontology over RDF and XML structures which are used to represent data intelligently among different Ontologies. To assure quality and ...
The present experimental study aimed at to measure the effectiveness of learning cycle model base... more The present experimental study aimed at to measure the effectiveness of learning cycle model based on constructive approach in teaching of physics in term of students' achievement in public school at secondary level. Forty, 10 th grade students from three classes of physics course taught by the teacher in Government Qazi Habibullah High School District Shikarpur, session 2008, were enrolled in the study. Twenty students randomly selected were assigned in each experimental and control groups. Students in experimental groups were taught by 5Es learning cycle model whereas students in the control group were by traditional lecture method. It was hypothesized students taught through learning cycle model will have better achievement level than the traditional way of teaching physics. Achievement Test based on Simple machine was administered to both groups as pre-test and post-test in order to assess their achievement. The achievement level of students showed marked differences on the basis of significant difference shown by the t-test result. It is concluded that instruction based on 5Es learning cycle model caused a significantly better achievement, whereas students exposed to instruction based on traditionally teaching lecture method showed poor result. It is therefore recommended that 5Es learning cycle model should be employed in teaching of physics. Professional development programme in 5Es learning cycle model should be organized through Provincial Institute of Teacher Education (PITE), Bureau of Curriculum (BoC) and other professional development agencies.
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Papers by Aamir Hashmi