PHARMACOLOGY

ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL • S.O.S: If necessary in

MEDICATION INTRODUCTION emergency.
 Medicine defined as a • BD / BID: Twice a day.
chemical substance • [Link]/TID: Thrice a day.
used to promote health • QDS/QID: Four times a
,to prevent illness, to day.
diagnose, to alleviate • STAT: At once/
or cure diseases. Immediately
 Some medication has
two names Chemical CLASIFFICATION OF DRUG
names (medication’s ACCORDING TO THEIR
composition& ACTION
molecular • Analgesic: To relieve pain..
structure),e.g • Antipyretic: To reduce
Ibuprofen- iso-butyl fever.
phenyl. • Antidotes: Substances
 Trade name: is the used to counteract the
registered name effects of poison.
assigned by the • Anti inflammatory: To
manufacturer. One reduce the inflammation.
drug may be • Anti-coagulants:
manufactured by Substances which inhibit or
several companies and decrease the blood clotting
known by several process.
different trade names. • Anti-histamine: To prevent
E.g paracetamol--- or relieve allergies.
crocin , calpol, ifimo • Anti-convulsants: To
metacin. prevent or treat convulsions.
•Antibiotics: To destroy or
ABBREVIATION USED inhibit the growth of micro
REGARDING TIME OF organism.
ADMINISTRATION • Anti emetics: Drugs
• A.C :Before meals. preventing or relieving
• P.C: After meals. nausea & vomiting.
• O.D: once a day. • Bronchodilator: Medicines
• O.N : Each night. which relax muscles of the
• H.S: At bed time. bronchioles by reducing the
• C.M : Tomorrow morning. smooth muscle spasm or
• P.R.N:When required. mucosal edema.
• Diuretics: Which increase • Sol : Solution.
the flow of urine. • Anti- • Gal : Gallon
Hypertensive :To lowering • L : Litre
the blood pressure.
• Ionotropes: That drugs WEIGHT & MEASURES
that strengthen cardiac • 1 Dram : 4 grams / 1 Tsf
contraction. E.g. injection • 1 Ounce: 30 ml
Dobutamin. • 1 Liter: 1000ml / 2 pint .
• Thrombolytic agent: Act by • 1cc : 1 ml.
breaking down the fibrin • 1 minim: 1 drop.
frame work of fresh blood • 1 pint : 500 ml
clot. • 1 pound: 16 ounces.
• 1 kg : 2.2 Ibs.
ABBREVIATIONS USED • 1 tsf : 5 ml.
REGARDING PREPERATION • 1 Tbs : 3 tsf / 15 ml.
OF THE DRUG • 1 glass full : 8 ounce
• Dil: Dilute.
• Liq: Liquid TYPES OF ORDERS
• Lot: Lotion • Standing orders: It should be carried out for
a specific number of days Or until another
• Mist: Mixture order cancels it .
• Ol : Oil Pulv: Powder • PRN Orders : When needed ( good
• Syr: Syrup judgment needed) e.g Pain killer / Laxatives.
• Tr: Tincture • One time order / single order : Only one
time eg Preoperative medication.
• Ung: Ointment.
• Stat order : Administered immediately &
• Inj: Injection. only one time . Eg Inj .Lasix 1 amp (20 mg) IV
stat.
• Telephone orders / Verbal order.
CALCULATION OF PAEDIATRIC DOSAGE
A) Young’s Rule : (for children over 1 yr of
REGARDING AMOUNT age up to 12 yrs )
• Gr: Grain. • Child f dose
• Gtt: a drop = Age of the child (in yrs) X Adult dose
• M: Minim Age of the child (In yrs) + 12
• Kg: Kilogram • Clark’s Rule (use for children in all age)
Child’s dose
• O : A pint. = Weight of the child in pounds X Adult dose
• Oz : Ounce 150
• Ib : Pound • Fried’s Rule (Children under 1yr of age)
• Cap :Capsule Child Dose
=Age of the child( in months) x Adult Dose
• Tab : Tablet
150
• Tsp :Tea Spoon Full (5 ml)
• Tbsp: Table spoon
 SAFETY MEASURES done immediate after giving
• The ‘’six Rights’’ ensures medication.
safety in giving drugs:
• Right Client : Read the NURSES RESPONSIBILITY IN
clients name on the client’s THE
chart & on the medicine ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL
card. MEDICATION
• Call the client by name & • Assessment::
ask him to repeat his name. Check the diagnosis & age
• Right Drugs : To study the of the patient.
correct name of the drug • Check the medication
and compare with the order.
consultants order & • Check the diet & fluid
medicine card. order :
• The name of the drugs To avoid medication If the
should be checked three patient is kept nil orally in
times before giving---- preparation for surgery
• Taking the drugs from the &diagnostic tests .But in
locker. case of anticonvulsants,
• Before pouring or open it. Antidiabetics,
• When returning the strip Antihypertensive
or bottle. drugs ,Digoxin etc better to
• Right Dose :The correct talked to concerned
dose of medicine should physicians
compare with medicine • Laboratory values:
[Link] read the strength To be monitor serum drug
of medicine on the strip& levels , medication effects &
should observe date of side effects. Before giving
expiry. Anticoagulants -check the P
• Right Time : Should know Time& before
the time e.g B.D ,T.D.S etc & chemotherapy blood count
know the hospital routines is monitored , as these
for the intervals. drugs can cause severe
• Right Method: To leucopenia/
determine the route of thrombocytopenia ect.
administration e.g orally, • Physical assessment::
parenterally, rectally etc. Check the abilities &
limitations swallowing the
• Right Documentation : medications. check the vital
Documentation should be signs –heart rate before
giving Digoxin & BP – before • Read the doctor’s order&
giving Antihypertensive& compare with medicine
Respiratory rate before cards.
giving opium. • After reading the medicine
• Check the articles cards take the appropriate
available in the patient’s medicine from the
unit. [Link] three times
before giving the medication
ARTICLES REQUIRED FOR & follow the’ Five Right’.
ORAL • Give the water to the
MEDICATION patient to moisten the
mouth.
A tray containing : • Give medications one at a
• Ounce glass teaspoon, time. Stay with the patient
dropper small container until he has taken the
etc. medication.
• Drinking water in a glass • Check the patient’s mouth
or Feeding cup. when indicated to verify that
• Pestle. medications are swallowed.
• Duster or towel to wipe • Provide water to drink
the out side of the bottle after the medicines are
after pouring the administered.
medication.
• Kidney tray . AFTER CARE OF THE
• Medicine card. PATIENT &
ARTICLES
STEPS OF PROCEDURE • Remove the towel & wipe
• Explain the procedure to the face with it.
the patient. • Position the patient & tidy
• Keep the patient in up the bed.
suitable position according • Take articles in the utility
to the condition of the room and wash, dry , &kept
patient. in proper place.
• Give the mouth wash if • Record medications given
necessary. & signature on the
• Protect the bed clothes & medicine card.
garments with a towel • Return to the patient side
placed under the chin across & observe any
the chest. reactions.
• Wash hands.
• Return the medication satisfaction or
disappointment, that
cards to the nurses sometimes turns to
station. hatred.

Formulas 2. What do you do to seek

for truth?
- through questioning and
• Drop calculation : taking other point of view
Total volume x drop factor of the situation. It also
Hours x 60 involves depending on
reliable sources of
• BSA: information. In the search
Height in cm x weight in KG for truth, doubt, critical
3600 thinking, and willingness
to consider many points of
• BMI view are essential.
Weight in Kg
Height in Meter square 3. Can you cite some
• IBW: instances or examples in
which your journey in
For Male: seeking for what is true
50 Kg+2.3 kg (Height in has been hindered?
Cm/2.54- 60) - This is a sensitive topic
For Female: for me, but I once sought
out the truth about my
45 Kg+2.3 kg (Height in father's relationship
Cm/2.54- 60) history. At first, some
neighbors asked me about
someone that I didn’t
know, like "Hey, how’s
your brother doing”, At
first, I didn’t think about it
ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS for too long, but curiosity
Activity A is considered as your hit and I tried to find out
assignment 3 equivalent of 150 things. For weeks, I tried
points to seek out the truth, but
Activity B is considered as you my father found out what
assignment 4 equivalent of 150 I was doing and told me to
points stop overthinking things,
ACTIVITY A. Answer the so I stopped seeking the
following questions truth and asking
intelligently. questions. A few weeks
have passed, and I start to
1. Is one’s search for what is think about things again. I
true easy? Why or why know there is something
not? to find out, so I tried to
-seeking for truth is not seek it out, but my
that easy, to aimed the curiosity turned to
truth for what you want to depression. I find out that
know may cause you
 my father have children
with other women.

4. Can you always stand for

what is true? How?
-I can’t always stand for
the truth, sometimes
telling truth may also hurt
other people and can
cause there life like hell.

5. Why do you have to seek

for what is true?
-In order for individuals
and communities to make
choices regarding ethics
and morality that are
based on reality and
supported by right
knowledge, truth-seeking
is important.

Activity B.
Do the exercise honestly. Recall
some activities that disregard one’s
pursuit for what is true that you
have engaged in. You have to be
clear of the reasons in engaging
such. Remember, being honest is
the beginning of one’s quest for
truth.

- My mother once ask me why I

always cry at night, I lied
about the reason why, I told
her that my boyfriend and I
are fighting. But the real
reason is that my father had
an affair and has other
children with that women. I
disregarded her pursuit of
finding out the truth for her
sake.