Semina: Ciências Agrárias

ISSN: 1676-546X
ISSN: 1679-0359
Universidade Estadual de Londrina

Santos, Mirelly Marques Romeiro; Fernandes, Dayane Stéphanie; Cândido, Camila

Jordão; Cavalheiro, Leandro Fontoura; Silva, Anderson Fernandes da; Nascimento, Valter
Aragão do; Ramos, Manoel Mendes; Santos, Elisvânia Freitas dos; Hiane, Priscila Aiko
Physical-chemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits
Semina: Ciências Agrárias, vol. 39, no. 4, 2018, July-August, pp. 1517-1531
Universidade Estadual de Londrina

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DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1517

Physical-chemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of tucumã

(Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

Caracterização físico-química, nutricional e antioxidante de frutos

de tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.)

Mirelly Marques Romeiro Santos1; Dayane Stéphanie Fernandes2; Camila Jordão

Cândido3; Leandro Fontoura Cavalheiro4; Anderson Fernandes da Silva5; Valter
Aragão do Nascimento6; Manoel Mendes Ramos Filho7; Elisvânia Freitas dos
Santos8*; Priscila Aiko Hiane8

Abstract

The Brazilian Cerrado contains a large number of fruit species whose nutritional and physical-chemical
properties have not been fully characterized to date. The fruit of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart)
is ellipsoid with fibrous and gelatinous pulp, unique odor, and has significant economic importance in
the region. The objective of this study is to analyze the physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant
properties of the fruit of tucumã grown in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Water content, ashes, proteins,
lipids, carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, vitamin C, minerals, and
fatty acids were analyzed. Total phenols, tannins, and antioxidant activity were analyzed using the
Folin-Ciocalteau method, Folin-Denis method, and photocolorimetric method of the stable free radical
DPPH, respectively, in aqueous, acetone, and ethanol extracts. The most relevant components in the
fruit were lipids, fibers, vitamin C, unsaturated fatty acids, iron, potassium, manganese, and bioactive
compounds. The analysis of the bioactive compounds revealed that the fruit has high antioxidant
activity. The acetone extract presented the highest antioxidant capacity followed by the ethanol and
aqueous extracts. The results indicated that the tucumã fruit has high nutritional value as a source of
lipids, fibers, calories, vitamin C, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids, and high antioxidant activity.
Therefore, consuming the tucumã fruit pulp may help prevent nutritional deficiencies and chronic non-
communicable diseases.
Key words: Functional food products. Cerrado. Fruit.

1
Discente de Doutorado, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Universidade
Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
2
Discente de Mestrado, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, UFMS, Campo
Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
3
Pesquisadora, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected]
4
Pesquisador, Instituto de Química, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
5
Pesquisador, Laboratório de Metabolismo Mineral e Biomateriais, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
6
Prof. Laboratório de Metabolismo Mineral e Biomateriais, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e
Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
7
Prof., Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. E-mail: manoel.filho@
ufms.br
8
Profas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento
na Região Centro-Oeste, UFMS, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
*
Author for correspondence
Received: Oct. 02, 2017 - Approved: May 28, 2018
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 Santos, M. M. R. et al.

Resumo

O Cerrado Brasileiro é responsável por uma ampla riqueza de espécies frutíferas que ainda não foram
estudadas em relação às suas características nutricionais e físico-químicas. O tucumã é um fruto
elipsoide de polpa fibrosa, consistência pastosa e odor característico, representando uma importante
atividade econômica regional. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedades físico-químicas,
nutricionais e antioxidantes do fruto tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart) do Estado de Minas Gerais.
Foram realizadas análises físicas, umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos, fibra alimentar
total, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, vitamina C, minerais e ácidos graxos. Fenóis totais, taninos
e a atividade antioxidante foram analisados pelo método Folin-Ciocalteau, Folin-Denis e pelo método
fotocolorimétrico do radical livre estável DPPH, respectivamente, em três extratos: aquoso, acetônico e
etanólico. Os constituintes que se destacaram no fruto foram lipídios, fibras, vitamina C, ácidos graxos
insaturados, ferro, potássio, manganês e compostos bioativos. Em relação aos compostos bioativos
analisados foi possível verificar o elevado potencial antioxidante desse fruto. Dentre os extratos
analisados, o acetônico foi o que apresentou a maior capacidade antioxidante seguido do etanólico e do
aquoso. Os resultados indicaram que o fruto de tucumã apresenta importantes propriedades nutricionais,
como fonte de lipídios, fibras, calorias, vitamina C, minerais, ácidos graxos insaturados, bem como
elevado potencial antioxidante. O consumo de polpa de tucumã poderá contribuir para prevenir carências
nutricionais e também na prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.
Palavras-chave: Alimento funcional. Cerrado. Fruto.

Introduction cattle, pigs, fish, and chickens, and for producing

soap (SHANLEY, 2005). The tucumã is classified
The Brazilian Cerrado has the highest
as a product of extractivism of medium importance
biodiversity of all savanna biomes worldwide, with
and has significant economic importance in the
7,000 species, of which many are endemic (KLINK;
region (MOUSSA; KAHN, 1997).
MACHADO, 2005). Native populations may benefit
from the high diversity of local fruits, market them Therefore, searching for new food sources
as in natura or processed foods, and include them in that are rich in bioactive compounds, such as
the diet to increase the nutritional status and reduce antioxidants in phenolic compounds and tannins,
food insecurity (HAMACEK et al., 2013). is essential. Brazil has a rich biodiversity, and it is
possible to study several fruits and determine their
The tucumã belongs to the family Arecaceae
unique properties. The study of antioxidants is vital
(palm trees), genus Astrocaryum, and is popularly
because many chronic non-communicable diseases
known as “tucumanzeiro” (CARDOSO et al.,
are associated with an imbalance in the production
2013). This species is more common in the Amazon
of free radicals and antioxidants (ZIMMERMANN;
region but is also found in other regions. The fruit
KIRSTEN, 2008). The higher consumption of fruits
has an ellipsoid shape with a length of 3 to 5 cm,
and vegetables is associated with a decrease in the
thickness of 2 to 4 mm, yellow-orange color when
rate of chronic non-communicable diseases because
ripe, fibrous and gelatinous pulp, and characteristic
these foods have high antioxidant activity (COSTA
odor (FERREIRA et al., 2008). It is widely used by
et al., 2013; SANTOS et al., 2014).
the Amazon peoples, who consume almost all parts
of the palm tree. The mesocarp (pulp) is highly The objective of this study is to analyze the
appreciated by the local population and is used for physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant
producing ice creams, popsicles, and tapioca and properties of the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum
sandwich fillings. The pulp is also used as feed for huaimi Mart) from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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 Physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of tucuman (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

Material and Methods homogenized samples were sieved in a 60-mesh

sieve to achieve granulometric uniformity. After
The fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.)
that, the samples were packaged, identified, and
were collected at the Fazenda São Sebastião in the
used for physical-chemical analyses.
municipality of Limeira do Oeste, Minas Gerais state,
Brazil, at the geographical coordinates 19°18’42 “S,
50°43’25” W. The fruits were labeled and registered Physical-chemical analyses
in the Herbarium of the Federal University of Mato
Grosso do Sul (CGMS) under Registration No. All physical-chemical analyses were conducted
54609. The collection was performed in December in triplicate. The evaluated parameters were
2014. One bunch of fruit was collected from each water content, pH, and titratable acidity using the
palm tree, totaling three bunches of fruits. Each methodologies of the Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL,
bunch contained approximately 200 fruits, which 2008). Proteins were determined using the Micro-
were selected according to the color of the exocarp Kjeldahl method with factor 6.25. Lipids were
(peel) (yellow-orange), indicating they were fully analyzed using the Soxhlet method according
ripe. to AOAC protocols (2000). Reducing sucrose,
non-reducing sucrose, and starch were quantified
In the laboratory of the Food Technology and using the Lane-Eynon reductometric method
Public Health Unit (Unidade de Tecnologia de (BRASIL, 2005). The total dietary fiber content
Alimentos e Saúde Pública-UTASP) of CCBS at the was determined using the enzymatic method with
Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, the fruits α-amylase (Termamyl®), enzymatic digestion
were selected, and the deteriorated and damaged with protease (Alcalase®) and amyloglucosidase
fruits were discarded. After that, the fruits were (AMG®) for hydrolysis, and filtration in ethanol
washed in running water for further analysis. for extraction of fibers using the method AOAC
985.29 described by AOAC (2000). The ascorbic
acid content was determined by titration with
Physical analyses
2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol according to the
The length and diameter of the whole fruit were AOAC method (1995). Three grams of homogenized
determined using a Stainless Hardened digital “in natura” sample were used for quantifying soluble
caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm. The weight of solids. A gauze was used to filter the solid particles,
the whole fruit, exocarp (peel), mesocarp (pulp), and two drops of the homogenate were placed in
endocarp (seed), and kernel was measured on a the prism of a digital refractometer model HI 96801
Shimadzu analytical scale after manual pulping (Hanna Instruments Brazil, São Paulo, São Paulo).
(LIMA et al., 1986). The value obtained by spectrophotometry was
multiplied by two.

Sample preparation Cobalt, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel,

potassium, calcium, sodium, cadmium, copper, zinc,
Fruit pulping consisted of separating the
chromium, molybdenum, silicon, and phosphorus
mesocarp and exocarp using a stainless steel knife,
were quantified using inductively coupled plasma
and this material was designated raw pulp. The
optical emission spectrometry (Thermo Fisher
obtained raw pulp was dried at 45 ºC in a forced
Scientific, Cambridge, England) model iCAP 6300
air circulation oven for 2 days. The dried material
Duo (POUSSEL; MERMET, 1995).
was crushed roughly in a cutter (SIRE®) and later
in a turrax-type homogenizer (TECNAL®). The

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 Santos, M. M. R. et al.

Quantification of fatty acids in the Laboratory of Fuel Analysis (Laboratório

de Análises de Combustíveis-LABCOM) of the
Lipids were extracted by cold extraction using the
Department of Chemistry of the Federal University
method of Bligh and Dyer (1959). After extraction,
of Mato Grosso do Sul (Universidade Federal
a 100-mg aliquot of the lipid sample was transferred
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul-
to a screw-capped tube, 2 mL of methanolic sodium
UFMS).
hydroxide was added to the test tube, and the
solution was heated in a water bath for 5 min. After
that, 6 mL of the esterification mixture was added to
Determination of the daily value (%DV)
the warm solution and heated for 3 min. After this
step, 5 mL of distilled water was added to the tube, The %DV was calculated using 40 g of the sample
and the solution was agitated (HARTMAN; LAGO, based on the values recommended for subjects of
1973). both sexes aged 19 to 50 years (INSTITUTE OF
MEDICINE, 2005). The nutrients were evaluated
The formed methyl esters were extracted by
using mean values for carbohydrates, proteins,
adding 6 mL of hexane (three 2-mL aliquots in
lipids, and dietary fiber.
sequence), and the organic phase (supernatant) was
transferred to another tube using a Pasteur pipette. The %DV of minerals was calculated using 40
The methyl ester solution was washed with two g of the sample based on the recommended values
5-mL volumes of saturated sodium bicarbonate for subjects of both sexes aged 19 to 50 years (FAO,
solution. The organic phase was transferred to 2001).
another screw-capped tube, and the solvent was
evaporated. After that, the solution was filtered and
Analysis of antioxidant compounds
transferred to Eppendorf tubes.
The bioactive compounds were analyzed using
The fatty acids extracted from the fruit samples
the raw pulp of fruits “in natura.” The extracts were
were determined using a Varian gas-liquid
prepared according to the methodology of Roesler
chromatograph (model CP-3800) with a fused
et al. (2007) using the aqueous, ethanol, and acetone
silica capillary column (length, 30 m; internal
extractions. The aqueous extraction was carried out
diameter, 0.25 mm; BPX-70, 70% cyanopropyl
using distilled water at a fruit:water ratio of 1:3 (m
polysilphenylsiloxane) and a flame ionization
v1). The ethanolic extraction was performed using
detector (DIC) with a split/splitless-type injector.
95% alcohol at a fruit:alcohol ratio of 1:3 (m v-1). The
The gases used in the detector were helium (carrier
acetone extraction was performed using acetone at a
gas) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, synthetic air, and
fruit:acetone ratio of 1:3 (m v-1). For each extraction,
hydrogen. Nitrogen was used as an auxiliary gas.
the material was homogenized for 20 min using a
The working temperature in the injector was 200
Kline stirrer. After that, the sample was filtered in
°C. The temperature in the column was 80 °C for 2
gauze and re-extracted in the same solvent under the
min, then increased at a rate of 4 °C per min until it
same conditions, and the filtrate was transferred to
reached 220 °C, and was maintained at 220 °C for
a 50-mL flask. Phenolic compounds, tannins, and
10 min. The temperature of the detector was 250 °C.
antioxidant activity were determined in the extracts
The peaks of the isolated fatty acid fractions were
(BATISTA, 2013; ROESLER et al., 2007).
identified by comparison with the retention times of
pure fatty acid methyl esters (Sigma) and quantified The antioxidant capacity for sequestering free
by area normalization. The results were expressed radicals was evaluated using the photocolorimetric
as percentages (%). The analyses were conducted method of the stable free radical 1,1-diphenyl-

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 Physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of tucuman (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) (MELO et al., 2006; obtained in the curve (mg/mL), V was the sample
ALI et al., 2007). The method was based on the volume in the reaction (mL), and M was the sample
sequestration of DPPH by the antioxidants present mass in the reaction (g).
in the samples, and absorbance was read at 517 nm
Total tannins were quantified using the Folin-
in a spectrophotometer. Different concentrations of
Dennis method (BRASIL, 2005), which involved
ethanolic solutions were prepared from the aqueous,
the reduction of the reagent and formation of a
ethanol, and acetone extracts by adding 1800 µL of
blue complex whose absorbance was read at 760
DPPH (0.004% m v-1), and the final volume was
nm. The reaction mixture contained 0.5 mL of the
adjusted to 2000 µL with ethanol. Each sample
extract, 1.0 mL of the Folin-Dennis reagent, and 1
was incubated at room temperature for 30 min in
mL of saturated sodium carbonate solution, and the
the dark. The ability to sequester free radicals was
final volume of 10 mL was completed with distilled
expressed as a percentage of inhibition of radical
water. A standard curve was constructed with tannic
oxidation, calculated by the formula % inhibition
acid. The results were expressed as mg of tannic
= ((ADPPH - AExtr)/ADPPH)*100, where ADPPH was the
acid equivalent in 100 g-1 fresh sample using the
absorbance of the DPPH solution, and AExtr was the
formula EAT = (C * V / M) * 100, where C was the
absorbance of the sample in solution (ROESLER et
concentration obtained in the curve (mg mL-1), V
al., 2007). The results were expressed as IC50, which
was the sample volume in the reaction (mL), and M
represents the fresh mass in grams of the sample per
was the sample mass (g) in the reaction.
gram of DPPH used in the reaction (RUFINO et al.,
2010).
Total phenols were quantified using the Folin- Statistical analysis
Ciocalteau method (SWAIN; HILLS, 1959), which Data were analyzed using the software Statistical
involves the reduction of the reagent by the phenolic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0
compounds present in the sample and the formation and expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.
of a blue complex whose absorbance is read at 760 The comparisons were performed using ANOVA
nm in a spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. P-values of less
contained 0.5 mL of the extract, 2.5 mL of the than 0.05 were considered significant.
Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, and 2 mL of a saturated
solution of sodium carbonate. A standard curve was
constructed with gallic acid at the concentrations of
0.025, 0.075, 0.09, and 0.105 mg mL-1. The results Results and Discussion
were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent in
100 g-1 of fresh sample using the formula EAG = The values obtained in the physical analysis of
(C*V/M)*100, where C was the concentration the “in natura” samples and the comparison with
literature data are shown in Table 1.

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 Santos, M. M. R. et al.

Table 1. Physical parameters of the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) from Limeira do Oeste, Minas
Gerais, Brazil.

Ferreira et al. (2008) Simões (2010)

Parameters Mean ± SD
Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.
Peel weight (g) 2.26 ± 0.55 6.75 6.90
Pulp weight (g) 5.37 ± 3.52 5.68 3.64
Seed weight (g) 8.43 ± 3.36 10.03 10.00
Dry seed weight (g) 6.37 ± 1.26 - -
Dry kernel weight (g) 2.44 ± 0.52 - -
Fruit circumference (cm) 10.08 ± 0.62 - -
Fruit diameter (mm) 27.27 ± 1.86 31.23 32.32
Mesocarp thickness (mm) 2.88 ± 0.43 - -
Seed thickness (mm) 2.95 ± 0.75 - -
Kernel thickness (mm) 5.02 ± 0.53 - -
Exocarp thickness (mm) 0.54 ± 0.17 - -
SD: standard deviation.

The mean peel weight, seed weight, and Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, Brazil, was 1.67%.
fruit diameter were smaller than those obtained This difference is probably due to the intensity of
by Ferreira et al. (2008) and Simões (2010) for the drying process applied in each study and the
Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. The pulp weight in our evaluated species. In contrast, Damasceno et al.
study was similar to that found by Ferreira et al. (2008) analyzed the dry pulp of A. vulgare Mart.
(2008) but higher than that found by Simões (2010). from the northeastern region of Pará and the state of
No literature data on the other physical parameters Maranhão, and the water content varied from 3.47%
were found. Oliveira et al. (2003) reported that to 9.55%, which is similar to the value obtained in
differences in the physical parameters might be due our study.
to the analyzed species, climate, soil, and fruiting
The percentages of ashes, proteins, and total
period, leading to different results regarding fruit
carbohydrates in the dry raw pulp were similar to
size, weight, and composition.
those found by Damasceno et al. (2008) and Yuyama
The edible part of the tucumã fruit (pulp + dry et al. (2008).
kernel) represents 48.6% of the total weight of
It is of note that tucumã fruits have high lipid
the fruit, thus presenting adequate composition
content. This characteristic contributes considerably
for culinary preparations and providing nutrients
to its high energy content. The mean percentage of
(RAMOS et al., 2008).
lipids was 18.28 ± 0.04%, which is similar to that
The mean values obtained in the analysis of the found by Damasceno et al. (2008) (18.88 ± 0.03%)
physical-chemical composition of the dry raw pulp (13.53-50.72%). The percentage found by Yuyama
(mesocarp + exocarp) using a 100-gram sample as et al. (2008) was 61.60 ± 0.62%, which is higher
reference are shown in Table 2. than that of the study by Damasceno et al. (2008)
and the present study. Ferreira et al. (2008) obtained
The mean water content of the dry raw pulp was
a percentage of 40.49% in the in natura fruit of A.
10.22%, which differed from the study of Yuyama
vulgare Mart. from the region of Mazagão, Amapá,
et al. (2008), whereby the mean water content of the
Brazil.
dry and milled pulp of A. aculeatum Meyer. from

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 Physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of tucuman (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

Table 2. Physical-chemical composition (g.100g-1) of the dry raw pulp (mesocarp + exocarp) of tucumã fruits
(Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) from Limeira do Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Damasceno et al. (2008) Yuyama et al. (2008)

Components (g.100g-1) Mean ± SD Astrocaryum vulgare Astrocaryum aculeatum
Mart. Dry Meyer. Dry
Water content (%) 10.22 ± 0.25 3.47-9.55 1.67
Ashes 3.58 ± 0.06 1.78-3.32 2.4
Proteins 5.18 ± 0.11 4.35-8.81 6.7
Lipids 18.28 ± 0.04 13,53-50.72 61.60
Total carbohydrates 31.46 ± 0.04 33.16-71.03 27.63
Glucose 11.24 ± 0.00 ND ND
Sucrose 0.01 ± 0.00 ND ND
Starch 20.21 ± 0.04 ND ND
Total dietary fiber 35.95 ± 0.01 ND ND
Soluble dietary fiber 3.29 ± 0.01 ND ND
Insoluble dietary fiber 32.66 ± 0.01 ND ND
Calories (kcal.100g-1) 311.08 ND ND
SD: standard deviation. ND: not determined.

Other authors observed that the lipid content of (2008) studied A. aculeatum Meyer. from Rio Preto
tucumã fruits varied considerably. Oliveira et al. da Eva, Amazonas state.
(2013) studied A. vulgare Mart. from the Germplasm
The mean total dietary fiber of the fruits was
Bank of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, and indicated
35.95%. The percentages found by Aragão (2013),
that the percentage of lipids, on a dry basis, in the
Fernandes et al. (2007), Yuyama et al. (2005) were
fruit mesocarp varied from 11.80% to 73.80%.
9.0%, 14.21%, and 24.1-35.4%, respectively. The
Aragão (2013) reported that the percentage of lipids
percentage of insoluble dietary fiber was 32.66%,
in the pulp in natura was 22.94%, corresponding to
corresponding to 90.85% of the total dietary fiber. The
approximately 41.67% in dry basis, according to the
inclusion of fibers in the diet is advocated because
water content obtained. The percentage of lipids in
of their health benefits, including improvement of
the mesocarp + exocarp of A. aculeatum in natura
intestinal transit, increase in fecal volume, delay in
from two municipalities of the state of Amazonas
glucose absorption, and prevention of colon cancer
varied from 33.9% to 37.5% (YUYAMA et al.,
(FERREIRA et al., 2008).
2005).
The physical-chemical composition of the fruit
Ferreira et al. (2008) hypothesis that variations
per serving (two units), with an approximate weight
in fruit composition are because of different species
of 40 g, and the recommended daily intake (RDI)
analyzed, in addition to fruit heterogeneity and
expressed as %DV of the raw pulp are presented in
environmental factors such as climate, soil, growth
Table 3.
temperature, and fruiting period. Aragão (2013),
Damasceno et al. (2008), and Oliveira et al. (2013) The mean levels of nutrients were 2,214.25 Kcal/
studied A. vulgare Mart. from northeastern Pará day of total energy, 275.5 g/day of carbohydrates,
and the state of Maranhão, whereas Yuyama et al. 82.9 g/day of proteins, 82.25 g/day of lipids, and
15.97 g/day of fiber, according to the RDI (2005).

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 Santos, M. M. R. et al.

Table 3. Physical-chemical composition per serving (g.40g-1)* and daily recommended intake (DRI) expressed as
percentage daily value (%DV) of the dry raw pulp (mesocarp + exocarp) of the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi
Mart.) from Limeira do Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Components (g.40g-1) Mean ± SD %DV

Moisture content 4.09 ± 0.25 --
Ashes 1.43 ± 0.06 --
Proteins 2.07 ± 0.11 2.49
Lipids 7.31 ± 0.04 8.88
Total carbohydrates 12.58 ± 0.04 4.57
Glucose 4.5 ± 0.00 --
Sucrose 0.004 ± 0.00 --
Starch 8.08 ± 0.04 --
Total dietary fiber 14.38 ± 0.01 90.04
Soluble dietary fiber 1.32 ± 0.01 --
Insoluble dietary fiber 13.06 ± 0. --
Calories, kcal.40g-1 124.43 5.62
SD: standard deviation. %DV: nutrients evaluated by the mean recommended daily intake (2005) based on a diet of 2,214.25 Kcal.
*Serving approximately equivalent to two units.

These results indicate that the fruit is a good two nutrients, respectively. Dietary fibers have
source of lipids and fibers (BRASIL, 2012), several health benefits by increasing intestinal
especially insoluble fibers, and can significantly transit, lowering blood cholesterol, decreasing
improve the nutritional status of native populations. starch hydrolysis, delaying glucose absorption,
Considering that the mean RDI of lipids and fibers and reducing the risk of colon complications
for adults of both sexes aged 19 to 50 years was 82.25 (FERREIRA et al., 2008).
g/day and 15.97 g/day, respectively (INSTITUTE
The pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and
OF MEDICINE, 2005), the consumption of 40 g
vitamin C content of the tucumã fruits are shown
of raw pulp (mesocarp + exocarp) supplies 8.88%
in Table 4.
and 90.04% of the daily requirements of these

Table 4. Physical-chemical parameters analyzed in the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) from Limeira do
Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Parameter Mean ± SD
pH 4.90 ± 0.01
Soluble solids (ºBrix) 7.75 ± 0.07
Titratable acidity (%) 0.21 ± 0.02
Vitamin C (mg.100g-1) 14.35 ± 2.07
SD: standard deviation.

The mean pH (4.90) was lower than that found (5.71-5.89) in dry and in natura pulp, respectively,
by Aragão (2013) (5.90) and Yuyama et al. (2008) in A. vulgare Mart.

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 Physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of tucuman (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

The titratable acidity of the dry fruit was lower those found by Santos et al. (2015) (19 mg.100g-1) in
than that obtained by Aragão (2013) in in natura pulp the mesocarp and exocarp of A. vulgare Mart. from
(0.32%) and by Yuyama et al. (2008) in dry pulp the Macapá region. Considering that the mean RDI
(0.60%). The factors responsible for the quality of of vitamin C for adults of both sexes aged 19 to 50
the fruits in the palm tree are the soil, climate, and years is 82.5 mg/day (DRI, 2005), the consumption
stage of maturation. Therefore, the pH is a critical of 40 g of the raw pulp provides 6.9% of the daily
parameter in fruit conservation. The acidity is requirement of vitamin C.
related to the stage of maturation such that the pH is
Vitamin C is unstable to light, high temperatures,
decreased as the fruit matures (SILVA et al., 2009).
and oxygen, and these factors need to be minimized
The soluble solids indicate the concentration for achieving a reliable analytical result (LEE;
of dissolved substances in the fruit juice, and the KADER, 2000). This substance is vital for human
production of these solids depends on the maturation health and is found in many fruits. Vitamin C
stage (SILVA et al., 2009). The amount of soluble has antioxidant activity and is involved in the
solids (ºBrix) in the fruit pulp (7.75 ° Brix) was production of several hormones and synthesis of
lower than that reported by Aragão (2013) (10.0 ° connective tissue; its antioxidant activity depends
Brix). on pH, such that the higher is the acidity, the higher
is the antioxidant activity (SILVA et al., 2009).
The levels of vitamin C (14.35 mg.100g-1) (Table
4) were higher than those described by Aragão The minerals found in the dry raw pulp of the
(2013) (1.34 mg.100g-1) in the pulp and lower than tucumã fruit are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Mineral composition (mg.100g-1) per serving (mg.40g-1) and recommended daily intake (RDI) per serving
(40 g, corresponding to 2 units) of dry pulp (mesocarp + exocarp) of the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.)
from Limeira do Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Mean ± SD Serving
Minerals %DV RDA**
mg.100g-1 mg.40g-1
Calcium 162.84 ± 3.88 65.14 6.51% 1000 mg/day
Cadmium 0.003 ± 0.0004 0.0012 ND ND
Cobalt 0.0091 ± 0.001 0.0036 ND ND
Copper 0.50 ± 0.03 0.20 0.022 900 mg/day
Chrome 0.25 ± 0.05 0.10 0.33% 30 µg/day*
Iron 5.15 ± 0.59 2.06 15.85% 13 mg/day
Phosphorus 67.33 ± 5.55 26.93 3.85% 700 mg/day
Magnesium 89.42 ± 1.35 35.77 9.9% 362.5 mg/day
Manganese 5.49 ± 0.26 2.20 107.34% 2.05 mg/day*
Molybdenum 0.70 ± 0.05 0.28 0.62% 45 µg/day
Nickel 0.40 ± 0.09 0.16 ND ND
Potassium 1,776.05 ± 38.93 710.42 15.11% 4,700 mg/day*
Silicon 28.25 ± 1.95 11.30 ND ND
Sodium 14.87 ± 0.21 5.95 0.40% 1,500 mg/day*
Zinc 0.99 ± 0.04 0.40 4.21% 9.5 mg/day
SD: standard deviation; %DV: nutrients evaluated as the mean recommended daily allowance (RDA); **Mean values recommended
for subjects of both sexes aged 19 to 50 years; NA: not available; * Mean recommended values according to AI.

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 Santos, M. M. R. et al.

Iron, manganese, and potassium were the The Ministerial Order No. 31/1998 of the Health
most abundant. The amount of the other analyzed Surveillance Secretariat (BRASIL, 1998), which
minerals was not significant but might contribute establishes requirements for classifying solid foods
to the nutritional value of the fruit when used for as having a low mineral content (15%) or high
supplementing the diet. mineral content (30%), determined that the dry pulp
of the tucumã fruit could be classified as a source
The RDI for a healthy individual of both sexes is
of iron and potassium and a reliable source of
13 mg/day for iron, 2.05 mg/day for manganese, and
manganese for healthy subjects of both sexes aged
4,700 mg/day for potassium. Therefore, consuming
19 to 50 years.
one serving of pulp corresponding to two units of
the fruit provides 15.85%, 107.34%, and 15.11% Iron is an essential micronutrient and contributes
of the RDI for iron, manganese, and potassium, to cognitive performance, immune status, overall
respectively. Simões (2010) evaluated minerals in metabolism, and production of hormones, including
the fruit flour of A. vulgare Mart.) and the obtained thyroid hormones. Its deficiency has adverse effects,
values were lower than those of this study (4.3 mg especially anemia, which is a serious public health
of iron/100g and 1,100 mg of potassium/100g). problem (WHO, 2001).
The level of manganese was higher than the RDI Potassium plays a vital role in muscle contraction,
for this nutrient for men and women aged 19 to 50 regulation of the cardiac rhythm, conduction of
years. However, this level does not pose a health nerve impulses, and maintenance of the electrolyte
risk because it is lower than the maximum tolerable balance. Potassium is also crucial for preventing and
limit (10 mg/day, mean value for both sexes) and, treating arterial hypertension (PEREIRA, 2005).
for this reason, the inclusion of this fruit in the diet
The composition of the fatty acids in the tucumã
is recommended.
fruit is shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Fatty acid profile of the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) from Limeira do Oeste, Minas Gerais,
Brazil, compared to literature data.

Fatty Ferreira et al. (2008) Simões (2010) Astrocaryum

Fatty acid Structure
acid (%) Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. vulgare Mart.
Saturated
Butyric acid C4:0 2.39 ND ND
Caproic acid C6:0 0.69 ND ND
Lauric acid C12:0 0.05 ND 0.03
Myristic acid C14:0 0.14 ND 0.09
Pentadecylic acid C15:0 0.05 ND 0.02
Palmitic acid C16:0 25.46 22.90 25.94
Margaric acid C17:0 0.16 ND 0.12
Stearic acid C18:0 0.14 2.95 2.67
Arachidic acid C20:0 0.11 ND 0.14
Behenic acid C22:0 0.07 ND 0.03
Tricosanoic acid C23:0 0.05 ND ND
Lignoceric acid C24:0 0.09 ND 0.04
Total saturated fatty acids 29.40
continue
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 Physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of tucuman (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

continuation

Unsaturated fatty acids

Heptadecenoic acid C17:1 0.04 ND 0.07
Oleic acid C18:1n9c 45.28 67.62 63.47
Linolelaidic acid C18:2n6t 0.47 - -
Linoleic acid C18:2n6c 10.71 1.15 1.2
Linolenic acid C18:3n3 1.85 ND 3.14
Eicosenoic acid C20:1n9 0.37 ND 0.27
11,14-eicosadienoic acid C20:2n6 0.04 ND
Erucic acid C22:1n9 0.10 ND -
Total unsaturated fatty acids 58.86
NI 11.74
NI: not identified. ND: not determined.

The nutritional composition was 29.4 of saturated acid in the tucumã fruit. Therefore, determining the
fatty acids, and the major component was palmitic fatty acid profile of food products is fundamental
acid (25.46%). The most abundant unsaturated fatty for better characterizing these products and
acids were oleic acid, monounsaturated omega 9, possible adverse effects. Healthy fats are essential
linoleic acid, and polyunsaturated omega 6, and sources of unsaturated fatty acids, which protect
these substances accounted for 95.12% of all the against cardiovascular diseases and are suitable for
unsaturated fatty acids. These results corroborate consumption (SANTOS et al., 2013).
those found by Ferreira et al. (2008), Morais and
The levels of tannins, total phenols, and the
Gutjahr (2012), and Simões (2010), confirming that
antioxidant activity of the raw pulp “in natura” of
oleic acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty
the tucumã fruit are shown in Table 7.

Table 7. Tannins, total phenols, and antioxidant activity in the aqueous, acetone, and ethanol extracts of raw pulp “in
natura” of the fruits of tucumã (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) from Limeira do Oeste, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Tannins Total phenols Antioxidant activity

Extracts
(mg EAT.100g-1)1 (mg EAG.100g-1)2 (IC50)3
Aqueous 31.10 ± 0.34c 62.17 ± 0.96c 259.95 ± 0.75a
Acetone extract 90.77 ± 1.13a 87.80 ± 2.48b 115.76 ± 5.67c
Ethanol extract 63.57 ± 1.52b 101.78 ± 1.88a 138.49 ± 0.89b
p-value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
1
mgEAT.100g-1 = mg of tannic acid equivalent per 100 g of sample. 2 mgEAG.100g-1 = mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g
sample. 3 IC50 = g of sample per g of DPPH-1 used in the reaction. Values (mean ± SD) in the same column followed by different
letters were different using Tukey’s test (p<0.05).

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 Santos, M. M. R. et al.

There was a significant variability (p<0.0001) pathogens and lack of nutrients, increase the
in the concentration of bioactive compounds in production and storage of phenolic compounds
the analyzed extracts. The level of tannins in the because these compounds help protect the plant
acetone extract was 90.77 ± 1.13 mg EAT.100g-1 against external factors (IGNAT et al., 2011;
and was higher than that present in the ethanol and CARVALHO et al., 2009).
aqueous extracts. Phenolic compounds were more
The results of the physical-chemical analysis
abundant in the ethanol extract (101.78 ± 1.88
indicated that the consumption of pulp of the tucumã
mg EAG.100g-1) than in the acetone and aqueous
fruit should be promoted because of the high levels
extracts. The aqueous extract presented the lowest
of macronutrients and micronutrients, favorable
antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 259.95 ± 0.75) followed
fatty acid composition, and high levels of bioactive
by the ethanol and acetone extracts.
compounds, and therefore this product may help
The extraction of phenolic compounds in prevent nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases
natural products is affected by the solvent used in and promote additional health benefits. However,
the extraction such that the higher is the polarity additional studies on this fruit are necessary
of the extract, the higher is the extraction yield because, to the best of our knowledge, no studies to
(GAMÉZ-MEZA et al., 1999). Therefore, polarity date evaluated the macronutrients, micronutrients,
was higher in the extracts with higher extraction antioxidants, total phenols, and tannins in the fruits
yield. The extraction of antioxidants is different in of A. huaimi Mart.
each extract because of the need for higher or lower
concentrations of the antioxidants to reduce the
activity of free radicals (ROCHA et al., 2013). Conclusion

Santos et al. (2015) evaluated the antioxidant Our results indicate that including tucumã fruits
activity in the mesocarp and endocarp of A. vulgare in the diet may help increase the intake of lipids,
Mart. using several methods, including the DPPH fibers, calories, vitamin C, minerals, unsaturated
method, as was also the case in the present study. fatty acids, and bioactive compounds.
The antioxidant activity in the tucumã fruit was high This fruit has high levels of vitamin C. Iron,
(IC50 = 3,343) but lower than that found in this study. potassium, and manganese were the most abundant
Santos et al. (2015) found that the fruit extracts with minerals, and the fruit was classified as a source
high antioxidant activity contained higher levels of of iron and potassium and as a rich source of
polyphenols. The same result was observed in the manganese, suggesting the possibility of consuming
present study, indicating a relationship between whole or fractionated fruits to supplement minerals.
polyphenols and the antioxidant activity.
The analysis of the fatty acid profile indicated
The levels of total phenols in the three extracts the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids. The
were higher than those found by Aragão (2013) analysis of bioactive compounds revealed that the
in the buffered pulp extract of tucumã fruit at pH acetone extract, followed by the ethanol extract,
7.0 (59.60 mg EAG.100g-1). Santos et al. (2015) presented the highest antioxidant capacity and the
analyzed polyphenols in the mesocarp and endocarp highest level of phenolic compounds and tannins.
of fruits of A. vulgare Mart. and the obtained values
were 159 mg GAE.100g-1 in the combined methanol
and acetone extract, and this level was higher than Acknowledgments
that of this study. Foundation for Support to the Development of
Plants subjected to stress conditions, including Education, Science, and Technology of the State

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 Physical-chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of tucuman (Astrocaryum huaimi Mart.) fruits

of Mato Grosso do Sul (Fundação de Apoio ao Regulamento técnico sobre informação nutricional
Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia complementar. Diário Oficial [da] República Federativa
do Brasil, Brasília, 12 nov. 2012.
do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul-FUNDECT)
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