Universidade Católica de Moçambique

Instituto de Educação de Ensino a Distancia

The use of conjunctions in a research work

If and Wish
Conjunctions
Nouns and Articles

Josefa Luis Janete

Código do estudante: 708221476

Beira, November de 2022

 Universidade Católica de Moçambique
Instituto de Educação de Ensino a Distancia

The use of conjunctions in a research work

If and Wish
Conjunctions
Nouns and Articles

Josefa Luis Janete

Código do estudante: 708221476

Curso: Licenciatura em Ensino de Portugues

Disciplina: Ingles
Ano de frequência: 1º Ano
Turma:

Docente:
Dr:

Beira, Novembro de 2022

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CONTENTS
1. Introduction................................................................................................................1

2. Objectives...................................................................................................................2

3. Discussion the use of conjunctions in research work..................................................3

4. If and Wish..................................................................................................................3

5. Conjunction.................................................................................................................5

5.1. Types of conjunction..........................................................................................5

6. Articles and Nouns......................................................................................................7

6.1.1. Articles............................................................................................................7

6.2. Nouns..................................................................................................................8

Kinds of Nouns..............................................................................................................9

7. Conclusion................................................................................................................12

8. Bibliography.............................................................................................................13
1. Introduction

Writing is one of the skills that students have to master. They need to use writing skill
to report something in their daily life. They have to put words on the paper, to express
and deliver their messages or ideas to others freely, deeply, and systematically. They
also need to write assignments given by their teachers or lecturers, like paper in which
they have to able to write in English well. In short, the writing skill plays an important
role in the students’ life.
2. Objectives

LIBANEO (2002:104) states that “objective is an end to be achieved, a target to be

achieved”. Therefore, according to the quote presented above, our work has two
objectives, one being general and the other having a specific character.

2.1. General objective

Discuss the use of conjunctions in a research work

2.2. Specific objective

Describe different types of conjunctions

Distinguish if and wish

Describe articles
3. Discussion the use of conjunctions in research work

A conjunction is a word that connects two or more words, phrases, or clauses together.
It's a technique for tying together disparate elements of a text to create cohesion.

Learning to utilize conjunctions appropriately in a foreign language, such as English, is

challenging.

Conjunction is a cohesive relation that refers to “a specification of the way in which

what is to follow is systematically connected to what has gone before” (Halliday &
Hasan, 1976:227). We can say that conjunctions are aids for the reader to connect
sentences and paragraphs in order to make sense of the text.

According to Mahendra (2013, p.2), a conjunction is a technique of connecting distinct

portions of writing to produce coherence. It takes a lot of effort to learn how to utilize
conjunctions effectively in a foreign language. It indicates that conjunctions refer to the
method in which different sections of text are used to produce coherence.

Conjunctive elements are clearly cohesive not within the text, but indirectly, through the
conjunctions' specific meanings. Conjunctive elements are not the primary devices for
attaining out into the preceding or following text, but the conjunctions convey
predefined definitions that imply the existence of other elements in the discourse.

According to Ronald and McCarthy (2006: 315) Conjunctions reflect a range of logical
relationships between clauses, sentences, and phrases.

As a result, conjunction is crucial to study since it is a highly significant tool in a

language for connecting sentences or phrases. As a consequence, the words or clauses
are clearly comprehended and understandable.

4. If and Wish
4.1. If

'If' is used in conditional structures:

If I worked in Paris, my French would improve.

A conditional sentence expresses the idea that the action in the main clause (the result
clause) can only happen when a certain condition (the clause that begins with if) is
fulfilled. The if clause states the condition, and the main clause states the result.
 1. If the weather changes suddenly, I get a headache
2. If it snows a lot tonight, they will call off school tomorrow.
3. If you have time, you should visit the local museum.
4. If it rains, don’t open the windows.
5. If I pass my exams I will be happy.

4.2. Wish

To express regret about the present, we use wish + the past simple:

1. I don't play the piano.  I wish I played the piano.

2. Pedro doesn't speak English.  Pedro wishes he spoke English.
3. Hugo doesn't have a car. He wishes he had a car.

To express regret about the past, we use wish + the past perfect:

1. Julie lost her umbrella yesterday.  Julie wishes she hadn't lost her umbrella.

2. Alex didn't revise his grammar.  Alex wishes he had revised his grammar.
3. The hotel was full. Tom wished he had booked a room.

When 'wish' if followed by the verb 'to be', ’were’ is used instead of 'was':

1. I don't have a lot of money.  I wish I were (not was) rich. 

2. I'm not very tall. I wish I were taller.
3. I'm not very strong. I wish I were stronger.

To express a desire to change something, we use wish + would or could:

1. The children are making a lot of noise. I wish they would stop making noise.
2. The weather is awful. I wish the weather would improve.
3. The cinema is old-fashioned. I wish the owners would renovate it.
4. My job is totally boring. I wish I could find a better one.
5. My colleague is in trouble. I wish I could help him/her.

In a formal situation 'wish' can replace 'want'

1. I wish to see the director. I have a complaint to make.

NOTE :  ‘I wish’ can be replaced with ‘if only’ which carries more emphasis.
“If only you had told me in time!’ = “I wish you had told me in time.”

[Link]
A conjunction is a word for connecting two or more words (Sanford, 1979). This
statement is in line with Setyawan (2013) who said that “Conjunctions are words
function to relate words, phrases, or sentences that can be classified into coordinating
conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions”.

Conjunctions function to:

 Assert more than one action or tell about more than one person or thing
 Economize and vary sentence structures
 Connect ideas

Conjunctions do not have inflection and can be identified by their function in the
sentence.

5.1. Types of conjunction

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions are single words that connect similar parts of a sentence,
such as adjectives, nouns, and clauses.

The acronym FANBOYS is often used to refer to coordinating conjunctions.

For And Nor But Or Yet So

Examples

1. I am going on a cruise to Mexico, Jamaica, and Aruba.

2. I really want to go skiing, but there isn’t enough snow on the slopes.
3. Meredith does not want an orange nor a grapefruit.
4. Danny would rather have a chocolate bar or hot cocoa than a granola bar.
5. Jenny could not find her notes last night, so she could not study for her test.
6. Her dress was blue and purple.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Correlative conjunctions connect similar parts of a sentence, such as adjectives, nouns,

and clauses. However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions are
combinations of coordinating conjunctions, not only a single word. They always come
in pairs and link grammatically equivalent items.

As…as Both…and Either…or Neither…nor Not

only…but also Not…but Whether…or

Examples

1. I like cotton candy as much as I like root beer floats

2. Both the dog and the cat knocked over the trashcan
3. Nadine wants to go to either UCM or UNILICUNGO.
4. Neither Molly nor Emma wants to see the new Batman movie.
5. To alleviate stress, you should not only identify the stressors but also find ways
of coping with them.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Subordinating conjunctions break sentences into word clusters called dependent (or
subordinate) clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone and must be connected to an
independent clause to make a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions connect
the dependent clause to the independent clause.

Common Subordinating Clauses

After, If only, Unless, Although, In order that, Until, As, Now that, When, As if, Once,
Whenever, As long as, Provided, Where, As though, Rather than, Whereas, Because,
Since, Wherever, Before, So that, Whether, Even if, That, While, Even though, Though,
Within If, Without Beside.

Examples

1. We can go to the beach when it opens in June.

2. The baby always cries whenever his mother leaves the room
3. Even if the movies are closed, we could still go to the mall.
4. We could still go to the mall even if the movies are closed.
5. Everyone was happy when it stopped snowing.
 6. Articles and Nouns
6.1.1. Articles
Biber et al. (1999). Defines an article as a word that identifies (or modifies) a noun.
There are two types of articles: indefinite and definite. The articles a and an are
indefinite articles and the article the is a definite article.
Indefinite Articles: A and An
Articles “a” and “an” are articles that are used when the noun is not specific and used
in a general sense. Each indefinite article also has specific rules for its use in a sentence.
Indefinite Article: A
A is used when the noun is singular and begins with a consonant or with a vowel that
sounds like a consonant. Ex: a book, a pen, a car, a school.
a uniform (Note that "uniform" starts with a vowel, but the first sound is /j/ or a “y”
sound. Therefore "a" instead of "an" is used here.)

Examples:
1. Riding a bike is one way to exercise and have fun at the same time.
2. A ukulele looks like a small guitar.
3. According to folklore, gold is found at the end of a rainbow.
4. John offered me a watch.
5. I bought a red book

Indefinite Article: An
An is used when the noun is singular and begins with a vowel sound or with a silent “h”
(as in “hour”).

An elephant, an American, an apple, an eagle.

An MBA (Note that "MBA" starts with a consonant, but the first sound is /Ɛ/ or a short
“e” sound. Therefore, "an" instead of "a" is used here.)

Examples:

1. Dr. Thompson is an Oceanographer.

2. Devin used an umbrella to stay dry.
3. It was an honour to receive the academic achievement award
4. Maria ate an apple yesterday.
5. I received an sms.
6.1.2. Definite Article: The
."The" is used with both singular and plural nouns and with both countable and
uncountable nouns when the noun is specific.
1. The book that I read last night was great.
2. The books assigned for this class are very useful.
3. The advice you gave me was very helpful
4. The Earth moves around the sun.
5. Wolves howl at the moon.

6.2. Nouns

A noun can be defined as a word used to name a person, place, or thing.

By a thing here, it means that it comprises something which can be perceived by human
senses, or that which cannot be perceived but can be thought of.

According to their kinds, logically English nouns can be classified into 2 kinds, i.e.

(1) Proper, and

(2) Common nouns which are divided into:

(a) Abstract,

(b) Individual, and

(c) Collective nouns.

Based on their grammatical distinction, these common nouns can be made into:

(1) Countable and

(2) Cuncountable nouns.

In other words, countable nouns belong to individual and collective nouns, and most
uncountable nouns belong to abstract and individual nouns. When they are categorized
according to their number, these countable nouns can be divided into:

(1) Singular and

(2) Plural nouns;

When they are categorized according to their gender, they can be divided into:

(1) Masculine,

(2) Feminine,

(3) Common, and

(4) Neuter gender.

Kinds of Nouns
According to their kinds, nouns can be classified into proper and common nouns.

1. A proper noun is, referring to Caplan (2012). , a name of a particular, individual

person, place, or thing who/which is usually unique. It is written is a capital letter.

Example: Mozambique, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.

2. A common noun is, according to Caplan (2012), “a name given in common to

every person or thing of the same class or kind”. Different from proper nouns, this
sort of nouns is not written in a capital letter.

Example: Boy, girl, city, country, university.

When classified into their particular details, common nouns can be divided into 3
classes, i.e. abstract, individual, and collective nouns.

a) An abstract noun, which belongs to uncountable nouns, is a word used to name an

idea, activiy, action, a quality, or state which is “considered apart from the object to
which it belongs” (Caplan 2012).  , for example of this noun category is kindness,
theft, boyhood, and grammar.

b) An individual noun, which belongs to countable nouns, is a word that represents a

typical member of a group and may include most f the concrete nouns, i.e. words which
can be perceived by human senses. This category can be exemplified by these words:
student, lawyer, flower, and plant.

c) A collective noun names a group, number, or collection of persons, objects, or things

“taken together and spoken f as one whole” (Caplan 2012).  , for example, fleet, police,
and crowd. Noticed how they are used in the followings.
1) A fleet may mean a number of warships or vessels, under one commander. For
example, Admiral Sudomo led the Indonesian combat fleet to attack the Dutch fleet. 3

2) Police is “men and women belonging to a department of government concerned with

the keeping f public order: Several hundred police were on duty at the demonstration”
(Caplan: 2012). 

3) A crowd means “a large number of people together, but without order or

organization: He pushes his way through the crowd” (Caplan: 2012). 

Countable, Uncountable, and Collective

a. Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. For example: a pencil, two pencils,
three pencils… Thus, countable nouns have a singular and plural form.

b. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. These nouns are concepts, substances,

information, feelings, materials, etc. Uncountable nouns are not individual objects and
thus do not take a plural form. For example: work, water, anger, metal, sleep…

c. Collective nouns refer to a group of things or individuals. A collective noun can be

singular in form when referring to a group of people or things. For example: audience,
class, school, family, jury, staff, team, flock, herd…

Compound

a. A compound noun is made up of two or more words. A compound noun can be

written in three ways: a single word like haircut or football, two words like ice cream or
swimming pool, and hyphenated words like mother-in-law or dry-cleaning.

Gender Specific

a. A gender-specific noun refers to the male/masculine or female/feminine form of a

word. More often, in English, a noun will remain genderless. However, if the noun is a
word referring specifically to something male or female, then its gender will be
masculine or feminine.

Examples: Dad, king, actor, bull (refer to male so it is gender-specific) Sister, queen,
actress, cow (refer to female so it is gender-specific) Pencil, vehicle, dog, cat (refer to
neither male or female so it is genderless) Parent, teacher, friend, doctor (refer to neither
male nor female, but since it refers to people we know the noun must be either male or
female. These nouns are also known as common gender nouns)
 7. Conclusion
Without conjunctions, you’d be forced to express every complex idea in a series of
short, simplistic sentences: I like cooking. I like eating. I don’t like washing dishes
afterward. Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the
choppiness of multiple short sentences. An article is a word that identifies (or modifies)
a noun. A noun may be a person, place, thing, or idea. Each noun is also either a count
noun (countable) or a mass noun (uncountable). There are two types of articles:
indefinite and definite. The articles a and an are indefinite articles and the article the is a
definite article. The noun and its use in a sentence is the determining factor when
considering which article to use to modify the noun.
 8. Bibliography

Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman
grammar of written and spoken English. Pearson

Caplan, N. (2012). Grammar choices for graduate and professional writers. University

of Michigan Press.
Carter, Ronald and Michael McCarthy, (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English: A
Comprehensive guide Spoken and Written English Grammar and Usage, New York:
Cambridge University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R, (1976). Cohesion in English, London: Longman.

Mahendra, I. P (2013). The Conjunction Analysis in Novel“If I Stay By Gayle Forman”.

Denpasar: Udayana University.

Setyawan, H. (2013). Analysis of Students' Errors in Using Correlative Conjunction in

Their Writing. Lampung: STBA Teknokrat.